INT J CURR SCI 2013, 8: E 133-144 RESEARCH … SCI Jagat.pdfNaturally, the cultivation of oyster...
Transcript of INT J CURR SCI 2013, 8: E 133-144 RESEARCH … SCI Jagat.pdfNaturally, the cultivation of oyster...
INT J CURR SCI 2013, 8: E 133-144
RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 2250-1770
Mushroom cultivation and vermicompost production: A complementary for each other
and modern tools for social upliftment of downtrodden people
Jagatpati tah
Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Department of Botany
The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan-713 104, West Bengal, India
Corresponding author: [email protected] / [email protected]
Abstract
Till-to-date, more than seventy percent people are dependent on agricultural practices for their livelihood. Out of this
seventy percent, more than sixty percent people are small and marginal farmers. Indeed, the cultivable land is not increasing
as the human population increasing recurrently. As a result, the volume of land lord is sub-dividing and ultimately
converting marginal farmers. On the other hand, rather, cultivable land is decreasing due to urbanization and
industrialization. Naturally, the tough competition is rising towards more and more production of food stuff from a unit area
of land. Though, the landless people are trying to encroach the forest/vested land for their shelter and collection of their own
food. Forest department is still facing difficulties for managing the forest administration work day to day. Considering all
these constraints, scientists are being pressurized by national leaders for exploring scientific know-how in a easy way for
producing more and more quality food stiff from minimum land area. Keeping all these views in mind, this write-up has
been made to highlight the self reliant programme for undertaking small scale industry by incorporating modern scientific
approaches of mushroom cultivation and vermicompost production as it is made for each other. The aims and objects of this
write-up are to draw attention of the private and public sectors to think about the composite complementary project to root
out unemployment not only to earn the money but also to give a delectable gift to society.
Keywords: marginal farmers, way for producing, self reliant, composite complementary
Received: 20th
July; Revised: 06th
August; Accepted: 24th
August; © IJCS New Liberty Group 2013
Introduction
Mushrooms as such have been recognized by UN
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) as a food
contributor of protein-rich nutrition to those parts of the
world which depend predominantly on cereal diet.
Nutritionally edible mushrooms can take place of green
vegetables of bean, meat etc. and enriched in high protein
and vitamins as balanced diets. Mushrooms cultivation in
India has been receiving particular attention these days as it
is considered as a good source of foreign exchange earner.
In our tropical plains, four types of mushrooms are
generally cultivated for general commercial purposes viz.
(i) Pleurotus sp. (ii) Volvariella sp. Agaricus sp. and iv)
Calocybe sp. out of these, Volvariella and Calocybe sp. is
the most temperature tolerant species (25-43oC) and the
Agaricus sp. is the cold tolerant species (15-25oC).
Naturally, the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus
sp.) and milky white (Calocybe sp.) mushrooms have
become popular in the tropical part in India. In India Bose
(1921) had first marked out the cultivation of mushrooms.
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Later, Su and Seth (1940), Thomas et al. (1943) have first
cultivated the paddy straw mushroom species has been
done in several parts of India viz., Himachal Pradesh, West
Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam
etc. Though mushroom substrate plays an important role
for yield component and healthy fruit body of mushroom.
But in some cultivars have the physiological as well as
anatomical capability to resist heavy metallic ions from the
substrate to store it in the pileus. Heavy metallic ions,
anatomical features of different parts of three different
classes of mushroom cultivars heave been cited in this
context. The rejected substrate is a good organic carbon
rich component for vermicompost production which can
work miracles in restoring degraded soil in the tea gardens
of the Nilgiris, rice plantations and agro industry (Rai,
1997).
Earthworms as a resource in tropical
agroecosystems experimented by Senapati (1998). Keeping
an eye on the present agricultural scenario, we can see that,
at present, the major portion of the agricultural production
and yield in India is running on chemical fertilizers. In
India, chemical fertilizers came into use a few years after
independence that is by the end of 1950’s and the
beginning of 1960’s. At this period, there became a huge
food scarcity in India. In order to meet up this huge
demand of food, first time, ammonium sulphate was used
in the agricultural fields to boost up the nitrogen source in
soil for plant growth and development. Ammonium
sulphate constituted of 20 to 22% of nitrogen. By this time,
some high yielding varieties of crops and vegetables were
also introduced in India. After a quite long use of
ammonium sulphate, the soil stopped responding to this
fertilizer. By the end of 1970s’, urea was introduced in the
agricultural fields instead of ammonium sulphate. This new
chemical fertilizer (urea) constituted of 44 to 46% of
nitrogen, which was just double of the previous one.
Continuous and enormous use of urea ultimately made the
soil completely polluted and sterile. The agricultural fields
totally lost their potentiality of producing crops and the soil
becomes silted. Sometimes, farmers use the super
phosphate for soil treatment to make the homogeneous
semi-solid mixture. But, super phosphate compound is
constituted by sulfuric acid which helps to increase acidic
property of the soil. In a word, farmers do not to use the
balance quantity of NPK for each crop. Soon it was
discovered that due to the excess use of chemicals, the
plants and crops lost their natural features and immune
system. The greenish canopy of plants got boosted; the
tissues and cells got enlarged, became swollen and soft. As
a result, pests and harmful insects injected their antenna
into the mesophyll tissues of the crop and ultimately it is
becoming ruin. As a result low output is achieving against
high investment. In order to prevent this new-born
problem, more chemicals in the form of
pesticides/fungicides came into the market, got sprayed
over the plants and then entered into our digestive system
in the form of food. This gave birth to not only many minor
diseases but also to some major and fatal diseases like the
deadly cancer or any unknown new short of disease. This is
because of the chemicals which are used as pesticides or
fungicides consist of heavy metallic components among
which some components are highly carcinogenic. The
International Scientist, Charles Darwin had introduced the
concept of organic fertilizer named, Vermicompost (an
organic fertilizer) a long ago during 1858. After almost
over a century, when chemical fertilizers had already
destroyed the agricultural fields of the developed countries
and the superpowers like the United States of America and
Composite farming at a glance
Mushroom
Culture
Vermiculture
Technolgy
Kitchen
gardening
Rhizome
crops
Floricultural
Nursery
Recipes
Preparation
Pulvarizer
Unit
Office Room
Pond digging
Fishery
Store room
Duckery
[upto 500
ducks]
Distillation
plant
Store room Store room
Poultry
(500/lot
Goatery [in
10 yrs’
period]
Horticultural
Nursery
Aromatic
Plants
Medicinal
Plant
Store room Layering
(500/lot)
the USSR, these countries started manufacturing
vermicompost on a commercial scale and took the
initiative to save their fields, crops and their own health
without any hazards.
India being a developing nation, started to take the
initiative of commercial manufacturing of vermicompost
almost thirty years late, that is, by the end of 1980’s and
the beginning of 1990’s. Some agricultural fields were
saved but surprisingly, still now in 2012 also, 55% of
India’s agricultural fields are running completely on
chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Still now, 60% of the
Indian farmers are not even interested to use organic
fertilizers because some of them still don’t understand the
harmful effects of the chemicals and some of them are not
able to procure the balanced NPK status of organic
fertilizers. In the present agricultural scenario, the major
problem which is occurring is that vermicompost is coming
at the market at a very high price which is not at all
affordable by the riff-raff farmers (Tah, 2012). On the
other side, the agricultural fields have lost all their fertility
and balanced nutritional contents. All the fields are now
needed to be properly conditioned by using vermicompost
in a proper quantity on regular manner.
Materials and Methods
After proper spawning the mushroom bags were
kept in mushroom cropping house for incubation till pinnae
formation. The poly bags were exposed in defuse light
condition i.e. in room light condition just after pin
formation of each treatment of bags for availing
fructification of mushroom. The data of different metrical
traits viz. i) days to 1st pin formation, ii) days to 1st
fructification, iii) yield of 1st fructification, iv) days to 2nd
pin formation, v) days to 2nd fructification, vi) yield of 2nd
fructification, vii) days to 3rd pin formation, viii) days to 3rd
fructification ix) yield of 3rd fructification were observed
and recorded them properly. The DNA and RNA content
of mushroom fruit body and the heavy metal consumed by
the mushroom fruit body were also measured by suitable
laboratory method and noted all these metrical and
biochemical parameters for taking into consideration for
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further computation following standard statistical model.
Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) is grown in tropical
environment round the year by selecting suitable species
and cultivars .It grows in dead and deck organic substrate
having a specific C:N ratio. But it is surprising that
mushroom can provide a good amount of balanced
nutrients source as well as component that’s why it is
called medicinal crop. It is interesting to measure the
chemical components including heavy metallic ions. When
it grows in heavy metallic contaminated substrate status the
heavy metal is absorbed by oyster mushroom fruit body.
These fruit body were taken for estimation of heavy
metallic ion by AAS instrument and the anatomical
features were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM).
The experimental poly bags were considered in the
mushroom cropping house following Randomized Block
Design (RBD) having proper uniform schedule
measurements. However, our observations were
concentrated towards yield attributes of the agri-
horticultural crops. Random samples of mushroom fruit
body were considered for metrical and biochemical
analysis. The fruit body samples were analyzed and
estimated its mineral contents like sodium, potassium,
copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium, chromium, iron,
copper, zinc, lead, calcium, mercury and arsenic by atomic
absorption spectrometry (AAS). In mushroom fruit body
samples though metals like sodium, calcium, copper, lead,
potassium, mercury and cadmium are below their
permissible limit but it has been found that the presence of
magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc and arsenic have been
exhibited above their maximum limit. There are many
variety as well as species are available, but from that we
have selected only three verity of Pleurotus sp. for our
experiment, which are as follows: Oyster Mushroom
(Pleurotus sp.) (i) P. sajor-caju (ii) P. flabellatus (iii)
P. sacaya.
The spawn was allowed to incubate on different
composition substrates viz, (1) Paddy straw, (2) Wheat
bran, (3) Sugarcane straw and (4) Saw dust.
Fig. M1. Different substrate before mixing
These four basic types were again mixed with each
other as noted below: i)1x2, ii) 1x3, iii) 1x4, iv) 2x3, v)
2x4, vi) 1x2x3, vii) 1x2x4, viii) 1x2x3x4, ix) 2x3x4 x)
3x4.
Fig. M2. Mixing of substrate after sterilization
The use of a pressure cooker to sterilize Pleurotus
substrate is not recommended since sterilization kills
beneficial micro organisms (Changs and Hayai, 1978)
which are present in the substrate, as well as the harmful
ones. Mushrooms are cultivated on substrate without
trappings (Arnold Ralph, 1996). In addition, nutrients in
the compost are broken down by sterilization into forms
Fig.1. Some photographs on the uses of Vermicompost
Fig. M-3. Incubation Fig. M-4. Fruiting Fig. M-5. Spawn packet
Fig. M-6. Unopened bag Fig. M-7. Fruitbody in bags Fig. M-8. Fruitbody in bed
Fig. M-9. A bunch of fruit body Fig. M-10. A single pin Fig. M-11. Fruitbody(Calocybe indica)
Fig. M-12. Calocybe fruit body in spawn
bag
Fig. M-13. Calocybe fruit body in
polyjar
Fig. M-14. Calocybe fruit body in
polyjar
more favorable for the growth and development of
competing micro organisms (FAO, 1983). Thus, substrates
that are sterilized are easily contaminated unless spawned
under very aseptic conditions, as in media and spawn
preparation. Steaming at 100oC (pasteurisation) is more
acceptable because the cost is lower (the steamer may only
Fig. V-1. Calocybe indica in
vermicompost
Fig. V-2. Calocybe indica in
vermicompost
Fig. V-3. Volvariella sp. in vermicompost
Fig. V-4. Coprinus sp. in vermicompost Fig. V-5. TCP in vermicompost Fig. V-6. After releasing of verms
Fig. V-7. Before harvesting Fig. V-8. Effect on marigold Fig. V-9. Effect on rose
Fig. V-10. Vermicompost use in
Strawberry crop in Bangladesh
Fig. V-11. Propagules with
vermicompost in Bangladesh
Fig. V-12. Hardening of TCP in
Bangladesh
to be an ordinary large-capacity casserole or a drum) and
substrates thus steamed are less susceptible to
contamination. The substrate is steamed for 2-3 hrs,
depending on the volume and the size of the bags. When
using a lower temperature (60-700C) as in the case of room
or bulk pasteurisation, the substrates, whether in bulk or
already packed in bags, are steamed for at least 6 to 8 hrs.
Plate shows a range of low-cost steamers designed for the
tropics (Oei, 1996).
• Spawning is carried out aseptically; preferably using
the same transfer chamber or the same inoculation
room as is used in spawn preparation.
• Grain or sawdust spawn is commonly used to
inoculate the substrate in bags.
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With grain spawn, the bottle is shaken to separate the
seeds colonized with the white mycelium. After lifting
the plug and flaming the mouth of the bottle, a few
spawn grains (about 1 to 2 tsp.) are poured into the
substrate bag. Both the plug of the spawn and the
plug of the compost bag are replaced and the next
bags are then inoculated. The newly inoculated bags
are slightly tilted to distribute the grains evenly in the
shoulder area of the bag around the neck.
Instruments and techniques
Standard solutions of different metal ions were
prepared using chemicals of analytical reagent grade. A
Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Model AA
646) with flame absorption, emission and arsenic analyzer
was used to determine the metal ion concentration under
specified conditions (Nag and Das, 1992). The metal
parameters were measured using standard techniques
recommended by ‘A practical guide to physico-chemical,
chemical and microbiological water examination and
quality assurance’ Fresenius et al. (1988). Protocol for
heavy metal measurement: Slow digestion by nitric acid >
Volume make up by dist. Water > Preparation of standard
soln > Measurement of absorbed heavy metals by AAS.
Results
Yield
Yield ranges from 100-125% of the dry weight of
the substrate and depends on the substrate quality and
combination as well as the way in which the substrate has
been managed during the fruiting season. From the
experimental observations, the richer the combination and
the whiter and denser the mycelium, the greater will be the
mushroom yield. The heavy metallic contents absorbed by
mushroom fruit body were analyzed by appropriate
methods as stated below for assessing the total quantity
within the fruit body. Using a nap sack plastic sprayer, the
water was sprayed on the surface of the open bags of
mushroom as and when required.
Discussion
Each and every character has been observed very
minutely and data of all recorded characters have been
analysed following ANOVA Model of Singh and
Chaudhury (1942), Panse and Sukhatme (1967). Anova
was tabulated in each case which has been exhibited in a
combined table to understand the significance of variety or
treatment at a glance. From this table it is easily visible that
the value of variance ratio of all the characters found to be
significant either in P 0.05 or P 0.01 level except the
characters days to 3rd fructification and weight (g) in 1st
fructification. The value of variance ratio were found to be
significant at 1% level in case of the characters i) Days to
2nd fructification, ii) Length of Stripe in 1st fructification
(Table 1), iii) Length of stripe in 2nd fructification, iv)
Length of Pileus in 1st fructification, v) Breadth of Pileus in
2nd fructification (Table 1), vi) Breadth of Pileus in 2nd
fructification and vi) Total Yield (Table 1). The values of
variance ratio were found to be significant in all remaining
characters viz. i) Length of Pileus in 3rd (Table 1), ii)
Length of Stripe in 3rd Fructification, iii) Weight of fruit
body in 3rd fructification, iv) Days to 2nd fructification
(Table 2) and v) Days to 1st fructification (Table 1). The
present study follows the observations of the significant
difference in the yield of sporophore in the presence
case could be due to difference in composition of the
substrate or presence or absence of stimulatory
subatances in the substrate that promote growth of
mushroom. This present observation also lend support
from Zadrazil (1978) who established the fact that
mushroom yield depends upon the nature if substrate used.
Flow Chart for Vermicompost Production Unit
Collection of raw materials i.e. green-garbage, biodegradable any garbage, cow dung, chaps grains of cereal, excretory
product of any animal etc. and stored in the fermentation chamber
↓
Allow it to neutralize the pH for a couple of weeks by means of artificial manipulation if need
↓
Transfer the neutralized mixture to experimental vats
↓
Release the earthworms in to these experimental vats
↓
Make turn up the compost 2/3 times week-1 and maintain required moisture level by adding extra water so that earthworms
cannot get any stress condition for about a month
↓
Observe the vermicompost mixture then allow it for harvesting
↓
Sieve the mixture and separate the earthworms from the compost
↓
Transfer earthworms for rearing again
↓
Make packets/sacs of vermin product as per need of quantity in each sac/packet
↓
Keep the packets/sacs in the store room for selling it in the market
Table 1. Combined ANOVA of different species of Pleuratus sp
Character Source of
variation
df MS F value Remarks
Days to 1st fructification Replication 2 4.33 1.3659
ns
Treatment 2 24.33 7.6750* Sig. at 5%
Error 4 3.170
Days to 2nd fructification Replication 2 6.33 3.499ns
Treatment 2 22.33 12.1689* Sig.at 5%
Error 4 1.835
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Days to 3rd fructification Replication 2 32.33 2.7317ns Not sig.
Treatment 2 67.00 5.6611ns
Error 4 11.835
Total weight in 1st fructification (g) Replication 2 283.11 0.4602ns Not sig.
Treatment 2 353.44 0.5745ns
Error 4 615.15
Total weight in 2nd ructification (g) Replication 2 38.11 1.2450ns
Treatment 2 1615.44 52.7749** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 30.61
Total weight in 3rdfructification (g) Replication 2 241 1.4770ns
Treatment 2 1940.66 11.8942*
Error 4 163.16
Length of Stripe of fruit body in 1st
fructification (cm)
Replication 2 0.98 6.5333* Sig.at5%
Treatment 2 10.9 72.66** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.15
Length of Stripe of fruit body in 2nd
fructification (cm)
Replication 2 0.24 1.0909
Treatment 2 12.40 56.3636** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.22
Length of Stripe of fruit body in 3rd
fructification (cm)
Replication 2 0.16 0.32
Treatment 2 8.34 16.68** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.05
Length of Pileus in 1st fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.18 2.7692
Treatment 2 22.24 342.1538*
*
Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.065
Length of Pileus in 2nd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.195 3.75ns
Treatment 2 19.37 372.5** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.052
Length of Pileus in 3rd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.14 0.666ns
Treatment 2 18.97 90.33**
Error 4 0.21
Breadth of Pileus in 1st fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.02 0.16666ns
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Treatment 2 4.81 40.0833** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.12
Breadth of Pileus in 2nd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.0033 0.0379ns
Treatment 2 4.75 54.5977** Sig.at 1%
Error 4 0.087
Breadth of Pileus in 3rd fructification (cm) Replication 2 0.005 0.0515ns
Treatment 2 3.88 40.00** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 0.97
Total yield of mushroom fruit body in three
fructifications(g)
Replication 2 1472.22 7.21* Sig. at 5%
Treatment 2 9228.11 45.211** Sig. at 1%
Error 4 204.11
Table 2. Estimation of nucleic acids from Pileus (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)
Var. RNA DNA
P. sajor caju 0.64 0.118
P. flabellatus 0.67 0.130
P. sacaya 0.71 0.142
Table 3. Estimation of heavy metal (µg/gm) (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)
Var. Cu Zn Fe
P. sajor caju 1.62 5.01 20.51
P. flabellatus 1.02 4.12 28.00
P. sacaya 1.15 4.36 19.85
Var. Cu Zn Fe
Table 4. Estimation of nucleic acid (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)
Treatment DNA content RNA content
1 0.207 0.065
2 0.207 0.061
3 0.207 0.061
4 0.206 0.064
5 0.208 0.066
6 0.206 0.066
7 0.204 0.063
8 0.208 0.069
Table 5. Estimation of heavy metallic ions (Mean of 3 observations out of 8 treatments)
Treatment Cu Zn Fe
1 1.62 5.01 20.51
2 1.52 5.03 20.49
3 1.55 5.03 20.53
4 1.02 5.07 20.52
CD: 5.0939
Krishnamoorthy and Muthusamy (1997) while analyzing
chemical constituents of different substance before
cultivation of milky white mushroom also found variation
in carbon content in different substrates. Our observation
also lends support from Wavare et al. (2006) who also
decreasing carbon content from 5.5-14.8% in different
substrate after Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivation. Yadav
(1995) also reported reduction in carbon content of spent
substrate upto 20.2% after Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivation.
Increase in nitrogen content of the spent substrate has also
been reported earlier (Brisaria et al., 1987; Nalathambi
and Marimuthu, 1993; Waver et al., 2006). This
observation is also in agreement with the observation made
by earlier researchers (Geeta and Shivaprakasam, 1994;
Kumar et al., 2000; Wavare et al., 2006). The present
observation lend support from Wang et al. (1993) who
observed that H. marmoreus completely decomposed
cellulose and hemicellulose, but decomposed lignin
partially, indicating it to be a brown rot fungus. Tomvolk
(2003) is also in agreements to the present observation and
reported that H.ulmarius was first named as, Pleurotus
ulmarius and letter moved out of the genus Pleurotus and
out under genus Hypsizygus as Pleurotus species cause
white roy and Hypsizygus cause brown rot. It has been
found that the substrate combinations were Treatment (iii),
(v), (vii) and (x) and the less survivalist were found
Treatment (vi) and (ix). In case vermicompost it is said that
use vermicompost and then see the result and show the
result, which are exhibited in Figs.V-1 to V-12. This was
experimented in several crop plants in India and
Bangladesh since a decade (Tah and Bhattacharyya, 2012).
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