Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc...
Transcript of Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc...
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…with thanks to
Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics
Primary Causes of Heart DiseaseInsulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol”
Ivor Cummins, BE(Chem) CEng MIEI
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Disclosure
1. My work is supported by David Bobbett and the Irish
Heart Disease Awareness (http://www.ihda.ie/)
2. David Bobbett and the IHDA are funding myself and Dr.
Gerber’s new book which includes the content in this
presentation
3. No financial ties to the heart imaging industry (!)
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BE Chemical Engineering (Biochemical)
6 years Medical Device Engineering
20 years High-Volume Engineering
Structured Problem Solving Focus
Myself:
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Myself:
Abnormal blood test readings
Apparently a medical mystery
Apply engineering problem-solving skill
Mystery resolved – and then some…
2013, Personal health issue arises:
BE Chemical Engineering (Biochemical)
6 years Medical Device Engineering
20 years High-Volume Engineering
Structured Problem Solving Focus
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Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Surveillance: 2005–2011 and Cardiovascular Health Study.
Mozaffarian D et al. Circulation. 2015;131:e29-e322
Why you should be interested in this chat…
A. In this room, over a third of you
From the graph “Annual number of adults per 1000 having diagnosed heart attack or fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) by age and sex”
…will have a heart attack by your early 70’s.
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Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Surveillance: 2005–2011 and Cardiovascular Health Study.
Mozaffarian D et al. Circulation. 2015;131:e29-e322
Why you should be interested in this chat…
…will have a heart attack by your early 70’s.
From the graph “Annual number of adults per 1000 having diagnosed heart attack or fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) by age and sex”
B. You could do some pretty simple measurements
- and mostly know who’ll be going down…
A. In this room, over a third of you
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Content
1. The Cholesterol Conundrum High Level
2. Beyond Cholesterol - to CVD Primary Causes
3. The Ultimate Test for CVD Presence - CAC
4. A Critique of “Cholesterol as Cause”
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The ‘Cholesterol Conundrum’
(the quick version!)
PART 1
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
Cholesterol!
Triglyceride!
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
BodyFat
YER
LIVER !
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
BodyFat
YER
LIVER !
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
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From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
ATHEROSCLEROSIS(and MORE…)
TgChChCh
LDLOX
LDL Particle
Count / ApoB
Blood Sugar HDL
Blood Triglyceride
Middle
Obesity
Blood
Insulin
Blood Pressure
Blood Clotting AGE’s
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LDL Particle
Count / ApoB
From VLDL to LDL….. to Damaged LDL
YER
LIVER !
BodyFat
Tg
Tg
Tg
ATHEROSCLEROSIS(and MORE…)
TgChChCh
LDLOXBlood Sugar HDL
Blood Triglyceride
Middle
Obesity
Blood
Insulin
Blood Pressure
Blood Clotting AGE’s
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PART 2Beyond ‘Cholesterol’
To The Primary Drivers of Heart Disease
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‘Cholesterol and Disease’ Experts are called ‘Lipidologists’
What do Leading-Edge Experts Say?
One of the USA’s foremost is Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA, NCMP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Education
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‘Cholesterol and Disease’ Experts are called ‘Lipidologists’
What do Leading-Edge Experts Say?
One of the USA’s foremost is Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA, NCMP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Education
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‘Cholesterol and Disease’ Experts are called ‘Lipidologists’
What do Leading-Edge Experts Say?
One of the USA’s foremost is Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA, NCMP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Education
My translation:
1) In reality, the majority of Heart Attacks are due to INSULIN RESISTANCE
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‘Cholesterol and Disease’ Experts are called ‘Lipidologists’
What do Leading-Edge Experts Say?
One of the USA’s foremost is Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA, NCMP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Education
My translation:
1) In reality, the majority of Heart Attacks are due to INSULIN RESISTANCE
2) LDL is a near-worthless predictor for cardiovascular issues*
*(people with LDLc above 200mg/dL, or 5.3mmol/L are rare…)
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So what’s this ‘Insulin Resistance’ thing then?
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So what’s this ‘Insulin Resistance’ thing then?
LDLWell, if this is ‘LDL’ as a causal
driver of Coronary Vascular
Disease…
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So what’s this ‘Insulin Resistance’ thing then?
INSULIN RESISTANCE
LDL
…then this is
INSULIN
RESISTANCE !
Well, if this is ‘LDL’ as a causal
driver of Coronary Vascular
Disease…
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INSULIN RESISTANCE - PHASE 1
”The Adipose Tissue falls first…”
I
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SA
T
MHNW (Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
INSULIN SENSITIVE. Risk Level
AdipoShield© - Bodyfat as universal Energy Buffer System
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SA
T
MHNW (Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
SA
T
MONW (Metabolically Obese Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
INSULIN RESISTANT. Risk LevelINSULIN SENSITIVE. Risk Level
AdipoShield© - Bodyfat as universal Energy Buffer System
VA
T
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SA
T
MHNW (Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
SA
T
MONW (Metabolically Obese Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food SA
T
MUO (Metabolically Unhealthy Obese)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
INSULIN RESISTANT. Risk LevelINSULIN SENSITIVE. Risk Level
AdipoShield© - Bodyfat as universal Energy Buffer System
VA
T
VA
T
INSULIN RESISTANT. Risk Level
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SA
T
MHNW (Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food SA
T
MHO (Metabolically Healthy Obese)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
SA
T
MONW (Metabolically Obese Normal Weight)
Bad Food
Excessive Food SA
T
MUO (Metabolically Unhealthy Obese)
Bad Food
Excessive Food
VA
T
INSULIN RESISTANT. Risk LevelINSULIN SENSITIVE. Risk Level
INSULIN SENSITIVE. Risk Level
AdipoShield© - Bodyfat as universal Energy Buffer System
VA
T
VA
T
INSULIN RESISTANT. Risk Level
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And what can IS vs IR Obesity Phenotypes Tell Us?
Insulin-sensitive obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E506–E515, 2010.
~45 y.o.
BMI:45
IS
Obese
IR
Obese
GIR 42.4 14.2
Fast Ins 4.4 15.4
HbA1c 5.3 5.7
Trig/HDL 1.8 4.1
LDL 3 3.1
IS IR
2.X
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And what can IS vs IR Obesity Phenotypes Tell Us?
Insulin-sensitive obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E506–E515, 2010.
~45 y.o.
BMI:45
IS
Obese
IR
Obese
GIR 42.4 14.2
Fast Ins 4.4 15.4
HbA1c 5.3 5.7
Trig/HDL 1.8 4.1
LDL 3 3.1
IS IR
2.X
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And what can IS vs IR Obesity Phenotypes Tell Us?
Insulin-sensitive obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E506–E515, 2010.
2.X
~45 y.o.
BMI:45
IS
Obese
IR
Obese
GIR 42.4 14.2
Fast Ins 4.4 15.4
HbA1c 5.3 5.7
Trig/HDL 1.8 4.1
LDL 3 3.1
IS IR
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And what can IS vs IR Obesity Phenotypes Tell Us?
Insulin-sensitive obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E506–E515, 2010.
IS
IR
2.X
~45 y.o.
BMI:45
IS
Obese
IR
Obese
GIR 42.4 14.2
Fast Ins 4.4 15.4
HbA1c 5.3 5.7
Trig/HDL 1.8 4.1
LDL 3 3.1
IS IR
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Insulin-sensitive obesity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E506–E515, 2010.
“Low macrophage infiltration into omental fat and higher circulating adiponectin
almost entirely predict the IS obese Phenotype r 2=0.98, P < 0.0001”
And what can IS vs IR Obesity Phenotypes Tell Us?
IS
IRIS
IR
2.X
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Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Pancreas
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
Pancreas
GlucagonINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
Pancreas
Glucagon
GLUT4
DNLINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
Insu
lin
Pancreas
GlucagonINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
INS
GLUT4
DNL
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much”
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose Tissue
GLUT4
DNL
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
INS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
Pancreas
“Too Much” #1INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much” #1INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much” #1INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much” #1INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much” #1INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
GLUT4
DNL
Pancreas
“Too Much”
#2
#1INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose Tissue
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
INS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
Pancreas
“Too Much”
#2
#1INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Smoking Genetic
TendencyLow Sleep
/ Exercise
Sedentary
Behaviour
Omega 6
Seed OilsLow Sun /
Vitamin DLow Omega 3
Stress
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose Tissue
“Too Much”
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
INS
INS
INS
#2
Pancreas
#1INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Insu
lin
Smoking Genetic
TendencyLow Sleep
/ Exercise
Sedentary
Behaviour
Omega 6
Seed OilsLow Sun /
Vitamin DLow Omega 3
Stress#3
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose Tissue
“Too Much”
Insulin…
Insu
lin
Insulin
INS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
#2
Pancreas
#1INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Smoking Genetic
TendencyLow Sleep
/ Exercise
Sedentary
Behaviour
Omega 6
Seed OilsLow Sun /
Vitamin DLow Omega 3
Stress#3
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin
… Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
#2
“Too Much” INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS INS INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
PancreasINS
INS INS INS
#1
The Insulin Resistance Journey
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin
… Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
#2
“Too Much” INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS INS INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
PancreasINS
INS INS INS
#1
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Adipose
Macrophage
(Inflammation)
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)Insulin
… Insu
lin
Insulin
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
Insu
lin
#2
“Too Much” INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INSINSINS
INS INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS INS INS
INS
INSINS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
PancreasINS
INS INS INS
#1
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Adipose
Macrophage
(Inflammation)But Blood Glucose is still under control…
…so how do you get into Endgame?
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CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
#2
“Too Much”
Pancreas
#1
Insulin…
Insu
lin
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
Insulin
The Insulin Resistance Journey
Adipose
Macrophage
(Inflammation)
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The Insulin Resistance Journey
CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
#2
“Too Much”
Pancreas
#1
Insulin…
Insu
lin
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
Insulin
Brake Failure
![Page 59: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Insulin Resistance Journey
CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
#2
“Too Much”
Pancreas
#1
Insulin…
Insu
lin
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
Insulin
Free
Fatty
Acids
Glycerol
Brake Failure
Brake Failure
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The Insulin Resistance Journey
CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose TissueINS
INS
INS
#2
“Too Much”
Pancreas
#1
Insulin…
Insu
lin
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
Insulin
Free
Fatty
Acids
Glycerol
Brake Failure
Brake Failure
LIVER
GLUCOSE
OUTPUT
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INS
The Insulin Resistance Journey
CARBOHYDRATES
(i.e. Glucose)
Adipose Tissue
INS
INS
#2
“Too Much”
Pancreas
#1
Insulin…
Insu
lin
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
INS
Insulin
Free
Fatty
Acids
Glycerol
INSERT INSULIN
TO CONTINUE
Brake Failure
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Measuring it - part 1
Metabolic Mayhem
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THE
METABOLIC
SYNDROME
Defined in 1988 by Gerald M Reaven, MDProfessor emeritus in medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine
Diabetes December 1988 vol. 37 no. 12 1595-1607 doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595.
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
THE
METABOLIC
SYNDROME
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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THE
METABOLIC
SYNDROME1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart
Disease
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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THE
METABOLIC
SYNDROME1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
Atherosclerosis
(*Obesity)
Fatty Liver Disease
Gout
Arthritis
Type 2 Diabetes
Stroke
Alzheimer's
Asthma
Etc. etc. …
Cancer
Coronary Heart
Disease
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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THE
METABOLIC
SYNDROME1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
Atherosclerosis
(*Obesity)
Fatty Liver Disease
Gout
Arthritis
Type 2 Diabetes
Stroke
Alzheimer's
Asthma
Etc. etc. …
Cancer
Coronary Heart
Disease
But…didn’t I say earlier that
Insulin Resistance
was the big player…?
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart
Disease
(*Obesity)
Fatty Liver Disease
Gout
Arthritis
Type 2 Diabetes
Stroke
Alzheimer's
Asthma
Etc. etc. …
Cancer1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
INSULIN
RESISTANCE
SYNDROME
Measuring Metabolic Mayhem…
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1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
INSULIN
RESISTANCE
SYNDROME
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart
Disease
(*Obesity)
Fatty Liver Disease
Gout
Arthritis
Type 2 Diabetes
Stroke
Alzheimer's
Asthma
Etc. etc. …
Cancer
Master Measure…
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1. Low HDL “Good Cholesterol”
2. High Blood Triglycerides
3. Large Waist Measurement
4. Elevated Blood Pressure
5. High Blood Sugar
INSULIN
RESISTANCE
SYNDROME
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart
Disease
(*Obesity)
Fatty Liver Disease
Gout
Arthritis
Type 2 Diabetes
Stroke
Alzheimer's
Asthma
Etc. etc. …
Cancer
“IF YOU DOn’t MEASURE It,It DOn’t GEt FIXED.”
Master Measure…
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Master Measures
Measuring it - part 2
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Dr. Joseph R. Kraft, MD, MS, FCAPChairman, Department of Clinical Pathology and Nuclear Medicine,
St. Joseph’s Hospital 1962-1990 (appointed Chairman Emeritus on retirement)
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The Kraft “Diabetes In Situ” Test
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The Kraft “Diabetes In Situ” Test
1. Drink 75g Glucose…
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The Kraft “Diabetes In Situ” Test
1. Drink 75g Glucose…
2. Measure the Insulin Response over time…
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The Kraft “Diabetes In Situ” Test
1. Drink 75g Glucose…
2. Measure the Insulin Response over time…
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The Kraft “Diabetes In Situ” Test
1. Drink 75g Glucose…
2. Measure the Insulin Response over time…
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Kraft Pattern 1- Euinsulinemia (Non-Diabetic)
1
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Kraft Pattern 2, 3, 4 - Hyperinsulinemia (Diabetes in Situ)
2
3
4
1
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Kraft Pattern 2, 3, 4 - Hyperinsulinemia (Diabetes in Situ)
2
3
4
1
“The Earliest Laboratory Diagnosis for
Diabetes” - Dr. Joseph R. Kraft
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Patterns of Insulin Concentration During the OGTT Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese AmericansDIABETES CARE, VOLUME 36, MAY 2013
Kraft predicts Full-blown T2D…2013 Study
DIABETES
INCIDENCE
11 Years Later
OR
IGIN
AL
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Patterns of Insulin Concentration During the OGTT Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese AmericansDIABETES CARE, VOLUME 36, MAY 2013
Kraft predicts Full-blown T2D…2013 Study
DIABETES
INCIDENCE
11 Years Later
OR
IGIN
AL
![Page 84: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Patterns of Insulin Concentration During the OGTT Predict the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese AmericansDIABETES CARE, VOLUME 36, MAY 2013
Kraft predicts Full-blown T2D…2013 Study
DIABETES
INCIDENCE
11 Years Later
OR
IGIN
AL
![Page 85: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
And did you know…
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And did you know…
Menke A, et al. JAMA. 2015;314(10):1021-1029. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029.
That 49%-52% in the US are now…
pre-Diabetic or Diabetic.Pre-Diabetic ≈ Diabetic ≈ Insulin Resistant ≈ Hyperinsulinemic
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And did you know…
Menke A, et al. JAMA. 2015;314(10):1021-1029. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029.
Using Kraft’s test, probably >65% would have
Hyperinsulinemia / Diabetes In Situ
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And did you know…
Menke A, et al. JAMA. 2015;314(10):1021-1029. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10029.
“Those with cardiovascular disease not
identified with diabetes… are simply
undiagnosed” - Dr. Joseph R. Kraft
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Latest Data…2015 Study
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Latest Data…2015 Study
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I’d be surprised if many of the remaining 34% would pass a Kraft Test…
Latest Data…2015 Study
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So now let’s see the
Root Cause Diagram for CVD...and how you avoid the mess.
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Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
IR FATTY LIVER…
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
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Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
IR FATTY LIVER…
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
![Page 95: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
IR FATTY LIVER…
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
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Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE↑OXIDISED
LDL
IR FATTY LIVER…
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
![Page 97: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL ↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE↑OXIDISED
LDL
IR FATTY LIVER…
HEART DISEASE
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 98: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL ↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE↑OXIDISED
LDL
IR FATTY LIVER…
HEART DISEASE
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
And what about the ACTIONABLE Root Causes of this Mess?
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 99: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE↑OXIDISED
LDL
AND
IR FATTY LIVER…
HEART DISEASE
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 100: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Excess
Omega 6
AND
↑OXIDISED
LDL
AND
IR FATTY LIVER…
HEART DISEASE
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 101: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
↑OXIDISED
LDL
AND
Genetic
Tendency
IR FATTY LIVER…
HEART DISEASE
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 102: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
↑OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
AND
Genetic
Tendency
IR FATTY LIVER…
Smoking
HEART DISEASE
Pollutants
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 103: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
↑OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
AND
Genetic
Tendency
IR FATTY LIVER…
Smoking
HEART DISEASE
OTHER
Pollutants
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
![Page 104: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
↑OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
AND
Genetic
Tendency
IR FATTY LIVER…
Smoking
HEART DISEASE
OTHER
Pollutants
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
↑LDL
COUNT
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
![Page 105: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Draft Root Cause Diagram for Cardiovascular Disease
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN↓HDL
↑TRIGLCERIDES↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
↑OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
AND
Genetic
Tendency
IR FATTY LIVER…
Smoking
HEART DISEASE
OTHER
Pollutants
↑Tot/HDL
Ratio
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
![Page 106: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
PART 3The Power of the CAC Score
The Ultimate Test for CVD Presence
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“We Stand on the Shoulder’s of Giants…”
Bruce Brundage
CardiologistFormer Professor David Geffan
School of Medicine UCLA
Doug Boyd
Physicist, Inventor of CAC TechnologyFormer Professor of Radiology (Physics)
UCSF
Harvey S. Hecht
CardiologistProfessor Mount Sinai Medical
Centre New York
John A. Rumberger
CardiologistPrinceton Longevity Centre
Matthew J. Budoff
CardiologistProfessor of Medicine UCLA
Arthur Agatston
CardiologistAssociate Professor of Medicine
University of Miami
![Page 108: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
“We Stand on the Shoulder’s of Giants…”
Bruce Brundage
CardiologistFormer Professor David Geffan
School of Medicine UCLA
Doug Boyd
Physicist, Inventor of CAC TechnologyFormer Professor of Radiology (Physics)
UCSF
Harvey S. Hecht
CardiologistProfessor Mount Sinai Medical
Centre New York
John A. Rumberger
CardiologistPrinceton Longevity Centre
Matthew J. Budoff
CardiologistProfessor of Medicine UCLA
Arthur Agatston
CardiologistAssociate Professor of Medicine
University of Miami
![Page 109: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The CT Scan – and the CAC Score
![Page 110: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
The CT Scan – and the CAC Score
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What about Studies on CAC?
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?
10%10%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
? ? ? ? ?
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?
10%10% 2.4% 5.4% 16% 25% 36%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
? ? ?
![Page 114: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
?
10%10% 2.4% 5.4% 16% 25% 36%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
? ?
![Page 115: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
?
10%10% 2.4% 5.4% 16% 25% 36%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
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?
MUDDY FRAMInGhAM tAkES A GUESS…
10%10% 2.4% 5.4% 16% 25% 36%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
![Page 117: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
?
The calcium scan sees the disease.MUDDY FRAMInGhAM tAkES A GUESS…
10%10% 2.4% 5.4% 16% 25% 36%
Muddy Waters:
Framingham
Risk Score
AND WITHYOUR CAC SCORE ?
0 1-80 81-400 401-600 >600
Framingham Versus Calcium Scoring & CAC
![Page 118: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Always the best test, across all the studies….
Screening for Ischemic Heart Disease with Cardiac CT: Current Recommendations Volume 2012, Article ID 812046, http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/812046
Study Screening Power of CAC Scoring
2005 St Francis Heart Predicted ~10x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2008 MESA Predicted ~8x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment)
2003 Kondos et Al Predicted ~7x Risk with CAC > 170 Vs CAC < 170 (after RF adjustment)
2005 Taylor et al Predicted ~12x Risk with CAC > 0 Vs CAC < 0 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2005 Yeboah et al CAC beat all predictors as always (CIMT, brachial flow dilation etc. failed again).
2008/2010/2012
Pencina/Polonsky et al
CAC re-classified ~60% of Middle-Risk people…20% became High-Risk, 39% became Low-Risk
(CAC blew away CIMT and other predictors by a full order of magnitude)
Budoff et al 2009 CAC = 1 to 10 showed 20x more first-year events vs. CAC = 0 (note factor changes over time…!)
Raggi/Greenland et al
2000/2010
CAC > 400 had 4.8% cardiac events per year, versus 0.1% for CAC = 0.
Greenland et al verified CAC = 0 had 0.1% events over 3-5 years, independent of Risk Factors…
![Page 119: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Always the best test, across all the studies….
Screening for Ischemic Heart Disease with Cardiac CT: Current Recommendations Volume 2012, Article ID 812046, http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/812046
100’s of thousands of people tracked in these and other CAC studies.
Study Screening Power of CAC Scoring
2005 St Francis Heart Predicted ~10x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2008 MESA Predicted ~8x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment)
2003 Kondos et Al Predicted ~7x Risk with CAC > 170 Vs CAC < 170 (after RF adjustment)
2005 Taylor et al Predicted ~12x Risk with CAC > 0 Vs CAC < 0 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2005 Yeboah et al CAC beat all predictors as always (CIMT, brachial flow dilation etc. failed again).
2008/2010/2012
Pencina/Polonsky et al
CAC re-classified ~60% of Middle-Risk people…20% became High-Risk, 39% became Low-Risk
(CAC blew away CIMT and other predictors by a full order of magnitude)
Budoff et al 2009 CAC = 1 to 10 showed 20x more first-year events vs. CAC = 0 (note factor changes over time…!)
Raggi/Greenland et al
2000/2010
CAC > 400 had 4.8% cardiac events per year, versus 0.1% for CAC = 0.
Greenland et al verified CAC = 0 had 0.1% events over 3-5 years, independent of Risk Factors…
![Page 120: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Always the best test, across all the studies….
Screening for Ischemic Heart Disease with Cardiac CT: Current Recommendations Volume 2012, Article ID 812046, http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/812046
100’s of thousands of people tracked in these and other CAC studies.
Study Screening Power of CAC Scoring
2005 St Francis Heart Predicted ~10x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2008 MESA Predicted ~8x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment)
2003 Kondos et Al Predicted ~7x Risk with CAC > 170 Vs CAC < 170 (after RF adjustment)
2005 Taylor et al Predicted ~12x Risk with CAC > 0 Vs CAC < 0 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2005 Yeboah et al CAC beat all predictors as always (CIMT, brachial flow dilation etc. failed again).
2008/2010/2012
Pencina/Polonsky et al
CAC re-classified ~60% of Middle-Risk people…20% became High-Risk, 39% became Low-Risk
(CAC blew away CIMT and other predictors by a full order of magnitude)
Budoff et al 2009 CAC = 1 to 10 showed 20x more first-year events vs. CAC = 0 (note factor changes over time…!)
Raggi/Greenland et al
2000/2010
CAC > 400 had 4.8% cardiac events per year, versus 0.1% for CAC = 0.
Greenland et al verified CAC = 0 had 0.1% events over 3-5 years, independent of Risk Factors…
![Page 121: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Always the best test, across all the studies….
Screening for Ischemic Heart Disease with Cardiac CT: Current Recommendations Volume 2012, Article ID 812046, http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/812046
100’s of thousands of people tracked in these and other CAC studies.
Study Screening Power of CAC Scoring
2005 St Francis Heart Predicted ~10x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2008 MESA Predicted ~8x Risk with CAC > 100 Vs CAC < 100 (after RF adjustment)
2003 Kondos et Al Predicted ~7x Risk with CAC > 170 Vs CAC < 170 (after RF adjustment)
2005 Taylor et al Predicted ~12x Risk with CAC > 0 Vs CAC < 0 (after RF adjustment, and CRP failed)
2005 Yeboah et al CAC beat all predictors as always (CIMT, brachial flow dilation etc. failed again).
2008/2010/2012
Pencina/Polonsky et al
CAC re-classified ~60% of Middle-Risk people…20% became High-Risk, 39% became Low-Risk
(CAC blew away CIMT and other predictors by a full order of magnitude)
Budoff et al 2009 CAC = 1 to 10 showed 20x more first-year events vs. CAC = 0 (note factor changes over time…!)
Raggi/Greenland et al
2000/2010
CAC > 400 had 4.8% cardiac events per year, versus 0.1% for CAC = 0.
Greenland et al verified CAC = 0 had 0.1% events over 3-5 years, independent of Risk Factors…
![Page 122: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
CAC Score
Calcium Score Risk Equivalent 10-Year Event Rate, %
0 Very low 1.1-1.7
1-100 Low 2.3-5.9
101-400 Intermediate 12.8-16.4
>400 High 22.5-28.6
>1000 Very high 37
J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2015;8(5):579-596
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CAC Score Obliterates the “Risk Factors”…!
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And what about CAC Score progression ??
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“Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction in Patients Receiving Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy”
Paolo Raggi, Tracy Q. Callister, Leslee J. Shaw. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000127024.40516.ef
And what about CAC Score progression ??
3.5 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
![Page 126: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
“Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction in Patients Receiving Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy”
Paolo Raggi, Tracy Q. Callister, Leslee J. Shaw. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000127024.40516.ef
And what about CAC Score progression ??
3.5 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
![Page 127: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
“Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction in Patients Receiving Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy”
Paolo Raggi, Tracy Q. Callister, Leslee J. Shaw. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000127024.40516.ef
6 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
And what about CAC Score progression ??
3.5 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
![Page 128: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
“Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial Infarction in Patients Receiving Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy”
Paolo Raggi, Tracy Q. Callister, Leslee J. Shaw. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2004. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000127024.40516.ef
6 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
And what about CAC Score progression ??
3.5 Years Pass by…Starting Score
100-1000
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PART 4“Cholesterol Capers”
Hyperinsulinemia as Prime Driver
….versus Cholesterol as Cause.
2.Y
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LDLc
“The Bad Cholesterol”
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Insulin Versus ‘Bad Cholesterol’
Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-
aged Men. Circulation. 1998;98:398-404
Helsinki: One of the
few studies to properly
use a Kraft-type test…
INSULIN
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Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-
aged Men. Circulation. 1998;98:398-404
Helsinki: One of the
few studies to properly
use a Kraft-type test…
INSULIN
Insulin Versus ‘Bad Cholesterol’
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Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-
aged Men. Circulation. 1998;98:398-404
Helsinki: One of the
few studies to properly
use a Kraft-type test…
INSULIN
Insulin Versus ‘Bad Cholesterol’
![Page 135: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-
aged Men. Circulation. 1998;98:398-404
Hyperinsulinemia /
Insulin Resistance
“Bad
Cholesterol”
Helsinki: One of the
few studies to properly
use a Kraft-type test…
INSULIN
Insulin Versus ‘Bad Cholesterol’
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Hyperinsulinemia Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Healthy Middle-
aged Men. Circulation. 1998;98:398-404
“Bad
Cholesterol”
Hyperinsulinemia /
Insulin Resistance
Helsinki: One of the
few studies to properly
use a Kraft-type test…
INSULIN
Insulin Versus ‘Bad Cholesterol’
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Insulin Vs ‘Bad Cholesterol’ in head-to-head Studies
Circ J 2004; 68: 47 –52
StudyInsulin
/Glucose
‘Bad
Cholesterol’
'Abnormal glucose tolerance – a common risk factor in patients with acute…’ (2004) Highly Significant Not Significant
"Insulin Resistance and Fasting Hyperinsulinemia Are Risk Factors for New…” (2004) Highly Significant Not Significant
“Lipid levels in patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease:…” (2009) Not available Inverse !
“Interrelation between angiographic severity of coronary artery disease and…” (1993) Highly Significant Not Significant
"Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk of First Myocardial…” (2004) Highly Significant Not Significant
“The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol…” (2008) Highly Significant Inverse !
“Low admission LDL-cholesterol…increased 3-year all-cause mortality” (2009) Not available Inverse !
Association of Plasma Tryglyceride and C-Peptide with CHD…” (1990) Highly Significant Not Significant
Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01371.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010
Am J Cardiol. 1993 Aug 15;72(5):397-401
Doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000127024.40516.ef
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp221
Cardiol J. 2009;16(3):227-33.
Diabetologia. 1990 Aug;33(8):489-96.
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Prospective Predictions Based on IR Level
Insulin Resistance as a Predictor of Age-Related Diseases The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86(8):3574–3578
Apparently healthy, non-obese (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) individuals
Split into tertiles of Insulin Resistance by SSPG via Insulin Suppression Test
What happened ~6.5 years later?
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Insulin Resistance as a Predictor of Age-Related Diseases The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86(8):3574–3578
Apparently healthy, non-obese (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) individuals
Split into tertiles of Insulin Resistance by SSPG via Insulin Suppression Test
Well, here’s what transpired:
Prospective Predictions Based on IR Level
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Insulin Resistance as a Predictor of Age-Related Diseases The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86(8):3574–3578
Apparently healthy, non-obese (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) individuals
Split into tertiles of Insulin Resistance by SSPG via Insulin Suppression Test
What happened ~6.5 years later?
Prospective Predictions Based on IR Level
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AND…If CAC Score Obliterates the “Risk Factors”…
…which it does
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The mainstream hypothesis that LDL cholesterol drives atherosclerosis may have been falsified by non-invasive imaging of coronary artery plaque burden and progression.
Medical Hypotheses 73 (2009) 596–600
Then WHY doesn’t LDLc correlate with it?
/CAC
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LDLp (ApoB)
“The New Bad Cholesterol”(ApoB)
LDLp
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What about LDLp/ApoB Independence… ?
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
Excess
Fructose
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
(+ GLUCOSE)↓HDL
↓Tot/HDL
↑TRIG
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
↑ MIDDLE
OBESITY
Heart Disease
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
ExerciseAND
Genetic
Tendency
FATTY
LIVER
IR LIVER…
Excess
Natural
Fats…?
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Genetic
Tendency
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
Smoking
Smoking
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
Excess
Omega 6
AOTHER(Stress etc.)
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ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
Excess
Fructose
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
(+ GLUCOSE)↓HDL
↓Tot/HDL
↑TRIG
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
↑ MIDDLE
OBESITY
Heart Disease
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
ExerciseAND
Genetic
Tendency
FATTY
LIVER
IR LIVER…
Excess
Natural
Fats…?
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Genetic
Tendency
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
Smoking
Smoking
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
Excess
Omega 6
A
“ApoB/ApoA1 ratio in regression model had
an OR of 17.95 for Insulin Resistance” ”Association of the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio, Metabolic
Syndrome Components, Total Cholesterol, and Low-Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol with Insulin Resistance in the Population of Georgia” International
Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 925650
What about LDLp/ApoB Independence… ?
OTHER(Stress etc.)
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ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
Excess
Fructose
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
(+ GLUCOSE)↓HDL
↓Tot/HDL
↑TRIG
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
↑ MIDDLE
OBESITY
Heart Disease
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
ExerciseAND
Genetic
Tendency
FATTY
LIVER
IR LIVER…
Excess
Natural
Fats…?
↑LDL PARTICLE
COUNT ALONE
AS CAUSAL ?
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Genetic
Tendency
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
OTHER(Stress etc.)
Smoking
Smoking
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
?
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
Excess
Omega 6
AB
“ApoB/ApoA1 ratio in regression model had
an OR of 17.95 for Insulin Resistance” ”Association of the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio, Metabolic
Syndrome Components, Total Cholesterol, and Low-Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol with Insulin Resistance in the Population of Georgia” International
Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 925650
What about LDLp/ApoB Independence… ?
![Page 147: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
↑LDL PARTICLE
COUNT ALONE
AS CAUSAL ???
ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
↑VLDL
↑LDL
COUNT
Excess
Fructose
INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
↑ BLOOD
INSULIN
(+ GLUCOSE)↓HDL
↓Tot/HDL
↑TRIG
↑ BLOOD
PRESSURE
↑ MIDDLE
OBESITY
Heart Disease
Excess
Fructose
Excess
Carb
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Excess
Omega 6
AND
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
OXIDISED
LDL
Lack of
Sleep /
ExerciseAND
Genetic
Tendency
FATTY
LIVER
IR LIVER…
Excess
Natural
Fats…?
Sub-Opt
Sun / Vit D
Sub-Opt
K2, C, Mg
Genetic
Tendency
Sub-Opt
Omega 3
Smoking
Smoking
↑ BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Multiple
Non-IR
Mechs
?
Lack of
Sleep /
Exercise
Excess
Omega 6
B
“ApoB/ApoA1 ratio in regression model had
an OR of 17.95 for Insulin Resistance” ”Association of the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio, Metabolic
Syndrome Components, Total Cholesterol, and Low-Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol with Insulin Resistance in the Population of Georgia” International
Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 925650
A
What about LDLp/ApoB Independence… ?
OTHER(Stress etc.)
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Lp(a)
“The Sexy Bad Cholesterol”
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Ask WHY ?
Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality JAMA. 2009 July 22; 302(4): 412–423.
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Ask WHY ?
Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality JAMA. 2009 July 22; 302(4): 412–423.
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Ask WHY ?
Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality JAMA. 2009 July 22; 302(4): 412–423.
![Page 152: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Ask WHY ?
Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality JAMA. 2009 July 22; 302(4): 412–423.
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Ask WHY ?
Why is high Lp(a) only significant for people with existing inflammatory issues?Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
Stroke, and Nonvascular Mortality JAMA. 2009 July 22; 302(4): 412–423.
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WRAPUP“Striking at the Root”
What would I personally prioritise?
2.Y
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
↓Sleep/
↓Exercise
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
↓Sleep/
↓Exercise
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
![Page 159: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
↓Sleep/
↓Exercise
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
↓Sleep/
↓Exercise
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil, - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
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Cancers
Obesity/
HypertensionDiabetes &
Alzheimers
↓Sleep/
↓Exercise
“There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil - to one who is
striking at the root (causes).”
General Chronic
Disease / early
death
Cardiovascular
Disease
INSU
LIN
Etc
.
SIG
NA
LLIN
G
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A Recent Irish Example…
![Page 164: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
![Page 165: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
![Page 166: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
![Page 167: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
Our engineer
demands a…
Calcium Scan
![Page 168: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
* CAC=25. Diffuse Calcification
throughout coronary vessels
* It’s NOT All Good.
Our engineer
demands a…
Calcium Scan
* It’s NOT “No Worries”.
![Page 169: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
* CAC=25. Diffuse Calcification
throughout coronary vessels
* It’s NOT All Good.
Our engineer
demands a…
Calcium Scan
* His Framingham Risk was 5%
* CAC = 25 means arteries of
* His real (MESA) risk is >30%
a 64 year old. (+/- 2 years)
* It’s NOT “No Worries”.
![Page 170: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
* CAC=25. Diffuse Calcification
throughout coronary vessels
* It’s NOT All Good.
Our engineer
demands a…
Calcium Scan
* His Framingham Risk was 5%
* CAC = 25 means arteries of
* His real (MESA) risk is >30%
a 64 year old. (+/- 2 years)
* It’s NOT “No Worries”.
“I’m all over it Ivor…
I’m all over it”
![Page 171: Insulin Resistance Vs “Bad Cholesterol” · PDF filewith thanks to Gabor Erdosi MSc Molecular Biology / Molecular Genetics Primary Causes of Heart Disease Insulin Resistance Vs](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051723/5ab440f77f8b9a86428b9374/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
A Recent Irish Example…
44 y.o. Engineer.
3 children.
Concerned.
* Brother quadruple bypass at 52
* Cousin died of Heart Attack at 50
* Other nasty family history…
* Cholesterol Good
* Other Bloods Good
* All Good – no worries!
* Stress Test Good
* Echocardiogram Good
* All Good – no worries!
* CAC=25. Diffuse Calcification
throughout coronary vessels
* It’s NOT All Good.
Our engineer
demands a…
Calcium Scan
* It’s NOT “No Worries”.
* His Framingham Risk was 5%
* CAC = 25 means arteries of
* His real (MESA) risk is >30%
a 64 year old. (+/- 2 years)
“I’m all over it Ivor…
I’m all over it”