Instruments for the assessment of construction materials ... Eco Institut.pdf · Assessment of...

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Instruments for the assessment of construction materials and its impact on

indoor air quality

Dr. Frank Kuebart

Verona, March 14th, 2013

ECOMAKE 2013

Label für Bauprodukte und Gebäude

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⎬ EU Label-HarmonisierungECA Report 27, 2010

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§ AFSSET, France (solid building products) 2006§ AgBB/DIBt, Germany (floorings) § DICL, Denmark (many building products) § M1, Finland (all building products)§ Agentur 21, ARGE kdR, Germany (Product Declaration, nur EPD)§ Blauer Engel, Germany (many different products) § Ecolabel, Austria (many different products)§ eco-INSTITUT-Label (Bauprodukte und Einrichtungsgegenstände)§ EMICODE, Germany (adhesives)§ EU Ecolabel, Europe (many different products) § GUT, Europe (carpets)§ Grenelle Environnement, France (Building products and interiors)§ IBO-Prüfzeichen, Austria (building products)§ LGA Prüfzeichen, Germany (many building products) § LQAI, Portugal (adhesives, sealants and more) § Natureplus, Europe, (many building products) § Nordic Ecolabel ("Swan"), Sweden (several building products) § TÜV Umweltzeichen, Germany (many building products) § FSC, Europe (timber from non boreal regrown woods)§ PFSC, Germany (timber from non boreal regrown woods)

EU Labelling Systems for Construction Products

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§ Greenguard, USA (many building products) § Californian CHPS / Section 01350, USA (many building products + furniture) § Floor Score, USA (floorings) § BIFMA, USA (office furniture) § CRI, USA (carpets) § Green Label, Hong Kong (several building products)§ ANSI/NSF US (Sustainable Carpet Assesment Standard, California)§ SCAQMD, Rule 1168 (Adhesives and Sealants, South Coast Air Quality Management

District (California)

World Labelling Systems for Construction Products

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Labelling Systems for Sustainable Buildings

§ BEPAC, Canada (Assessment of Environmental Performance of Buildings)§ BREEAM, UK (Assessment of Environmental Performance of Buildings)§ CASBEE, Japan (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building

Environmental Efficiency)§ DGNB, Europe (Sustainability of Buildings)§ Emirates Green Building Council, Emirates (Sustainability of Buildings)§ GI, MINERGIE-ECO, S-Cert, Swiss (Healthy Buildings)§ GREEN STAR, Australia, (Environmental Performance of Buildings) Green

Building Council Australia (GBCA)§ GREEN STAR, New Zealand (Environmental Performance of Buildings)§ GREENSTAR, South Africa (Environmental Performance of Buildings)§ IGBC Rating System & LEED India Green Building Rating Systems§ LEED, USA (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design)§ SEABEP, USA (Systematic Evaluation and Assessment of Building

Environmental Performance)§ SENTINEL, Germany (Healthy and Sustainable Buildings)§ TQB, ÖGNB, Austria (Total Quality Building, unified IBO + TQ)§ IgCC, USGBC, USA International Green Construction Code (app. 2012)

Label für Bauprodukte und GebäudeEuropa und USA

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The German Certification System for the Assessment of Sustainable Buildings

Initiated with the „Abschlussbericht der Enquete-Kommission zum Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen einer nachhaltig zukunftsverträglichen Entwicklung“ (initiated 1995 and published 2001) and hereafter based on the manual for sustainable construction („Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen“) published in 2001 and in cooperation with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (German Association for Sustainable Construction (DGNB)) the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) has developed the assessment scheme for sustainable Construction („Deutsches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen“) in the last 3 years.

DGNB IAQTesting indoor air after completion

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TVOC [µg/m3]

Formaldehyde[µg/m3]

CLPcheck list points

> 3000 > 120 0 not certificate !

≤ 3000 ≤ 120 10

≤ 1000 ≤ 120 25

≤ 500 ≤ 60 50

DGNB provides limit values for imission in new established buildings. Exceeding the recommended limit values impedes certification.

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The (missing) Link

18 Thermal comfort in winter

Health, Comfort and

Confidentiality

Checklist 18-25

25 Safety and hazard

24 Environmental quality

23 Influence by user

22 Visual comfort

21 Acoustic comfort

20 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

19 Thermal comfort in summer

Social and Cultural Quality

IAQ -Guidelines

?

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WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Organic Pollutants

Substance Time-waghed average Averaging time

Acetonitrile 1 µg/m3 AnnualBenzene 1 µg/m3 Unit risc 6 x 10-6

1,2-Dichloroethane 0,7 mg/m3 24 hCS2 0,1 mg/m3 24 hCO 10 mg/m3 8 hDichloromethane 0,45 mg/m3 1 weekFormaldehyde 0,1 mg/m3 30 minPAH 1 ng/m3 Unit risc 8,7 x 10-5

Styrene0,26 mg/m3 1 week

Styrene(0,07 mg/m3) odour threshold

Tetrachloroethylene 0,25 mg/m3 AnnualToluene 0,26 mg/m3 1 weekTrichloroethylene 1 µg/m3 Unit risc 4,3x 10-7

Vinylchloride 1 µg/m3 Unit risc 1 x 10-6

SO2 125 µg/m3 24 h

2005

2000

1987

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RW I - RW II Guidelines for Indoor Air

Substance Odour threshold 1)

[mg/m3]RW I

[mg/m3]RW II

[mg/m3]Publication

Toluene 5,9 0,3 3 1996Dichloromethane 100 0,2 2 (24 h) 1997CO – 6 (1/2) 60 /1/2) 1997Pentachlorophenole – 0,0001 0,001 1997SO2 1,9 0,35 1998Styrene 0,07 (WHO) 0,03 0,3 1998Quicksilver – 0,035 µg/m3 0,35 µg/m3 1999Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate – 0,005 0,05 2002Bicyclic Terpenes 2,5 (Limonene)

3,9 (α-Pinen)0,2 2 2003

Naphthaline 0,08 0,002 0,02 2004TVOC – 1999 / 2006PCB – 2007Hydrocarbons (C9-C14), less aromatic

– 0,2 2 2005

C4 - C11 saturated n- and iso-aliphatic Aldehydes

– 0,1 2 2009

Ad-hoc-AG IRK/AOLG, Richtwerte für die Innenraumluft 1) Standardized Human Olfactory Thresholds, Devos et.al., Oxford University Press, 1990

Graded Assessment System

Revised Assessment System

AgBB-Scheme

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ASSESSMENT SCHEME FOR VOC EMISSIONS FROM CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS

Anforderungsniveau

OCTOBER 2000

„recomended“ „acceptable“

Sum Cancerogene ≤ 10 mg/m31. Test after 3 days

TVOC3 ≤ 1 mg/m3 TVOC3 ≤ 10 mg/m3

2. Test after 28 days

TVOC3 ≤ 0,2 mg/m3 TVOC3 ≤ 1 mg/m3

Sum Cancerogens ≤ 1 mg/m3

o p t i o n a l o b l i g a t o r y

DIBt-Grundsätze ..... Teil 1

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Step IP a r t I G e n e r a l a s s e s s m e n t s c h e m e

Construction product

Check of formulation

Exclusion criteria

Realization of any health risk / Comparison with known products

yesRefuse

no

yes

Request accomplished

no

Step IIConstruction product

Request accomplished

yes

neinAblehnung

Step II

Technical Aproval

Up to now EN harmonized standards do not fulfil basic requirements of CPR and german law.

Basic Requirements, BR, Annex I

3. Hygiene, health and the environment ...b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds

(VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air;

DIN EN 14041 (Elastische Bodenbeläge)DIN EN 14342 (Parkett + Holzfussböden) ≠ BR3

+ = BR314

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French CMR regulationGrenelle Environment 1)

Since 1st Jan. 2010

Only construction products may be sold in France if they show 28 days emission of CMR substances:

• Trichloroethylene• Benzene• DEHP• DBP

ü below 1 µg/m³ eachü tested with ISO 16000 and ü calculated for European reference 2) room

1) French “National Environment and Health Acrtion Plan, PNSE 2, 2009-2013”2) CEN/TC 351/WG 2 "Emissions into indoor air" - WI 351009 Construction products - Assessment of emissions of

regulated dangerous substances from construction products - Determination of emissions into indoor air

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French regulation “Emission to Indoor Air”Grenelle Environment 1)

Grenelle Order relating to the labelling of construction and decoration products with their volatile pollutant emissions

Ratings [µg/m3] C B A A+Formaldehyde > 120 < 120 < 60 < 10

Acetaldehyde > 400 < 400 < 300 < 200

Toluene > 600 < 600 < 450 < 300

Tetrachloroethylene > 500 < 500 < 350 < 250

Xylene > 400 < 400 < 300 < 200

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene > 2000 < 2000 < 1500 < 1000

1,4-Dichlorobenzene > 120 < 120 < 90 < 60

Ethylbenzene > 1500 < 1500 < 1000 < 750

2-Butoxyethanol > 2000 < 2000 < 1500 < 1000

Styrene > 500 < 500 < 350 < 250

TVOC > 2000 < 2000 < 1500 < 1000

ü ISO 16000ü 28 days testü calculated to

EU-Scenario

1) French “National Environnement and Health Action Plan, PNSE 2, 2009-2013”

By 1st Jan. 2012 for new traded products

By 1st Sept. 2013 for all traded products

Belgian VOC-Regulation for theemission of construction products EC notified 1)

• Floorings, Flooring adhesives and Coatings

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Parameter Limit value 28 days

Analogy

TVOC < 1000 µg/m3 analog DIBtanalog French Label A+

TSVOC < 100 µg/m3 analog DIBt

Toluene < 300 µg/m3 analog French Label A+

Acetaldehyde < 200 µg/m3 analog French Label A+

Formaldehyde < 100 µg/m3 French Label A+ = 10 µg/m3

Carcinogens 1A and 1B < 1µg/m3 analog DIBt

R-value 2) < 1 analog DIBt

1) notified in October 2012 under the 98/34 Directive with number 2012/568/B2) LCI-Values: according to harmonized European list, before this according to AgBB, NIK-list

not befor Jan. 2014 (for all new traded products)

Harmonised technical sepcificationEmission testing of construction products

based on the test methodsEmission test chambers ISO 16000 - 9 Analytic of Formaldehyde ISO 16000 - 3 DNPHAnalytic of VOC ISO 16000 - 6 Tenax/Thermal desorption/GC/MSSample preparation ISO 16000 - 11 Test chamber Formaldehyde DIN EN 717 -1 ISO 12460

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CEN/TC 351/WG2 based on mandate M366 and work item 351006 appoints test method„Construction products – Assessment of emissions of regulated dangerous substances from construction products – Determination of emissions into indoor air“

Now Technical Specification CEN/TS 16516 (Document N0189) „Construction products — Assessment of release of dangerous

substances — Determination of emissions into indoor air““

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Prüfszenario (Referenzraum) CEN/TC 351/WG 2 und DIN EN ISO 16000-9

Measures / squares CEN/TC 351/WG2CEN/TC 351/WG2 DIN EN ISO 16000-9 1)DIN EN ISO 16000-9 1)

Room height 2,5 m 2,5 m 2,5 m2,5 m

Room volume 30 m3 30 m3 17,4 m317,4 m3

Floor and ceiling 3 m x 4 m = 12 m2 3 m x 4 m = 12 m2 7 m27 m2

Walls (without window, door) 31,4 m2 31,4 m2 24 m224 m2

1 Door 2 m x 0,8 m = 1,6 m2 2 m x 0,8 m = 1,6 m2

1 Window 2 m2 2 m2

very small surface (e.g. sealants)

0,2 m2 0,2 m2 0,2 m20,2 m2

Scenariowith air change n = 0,5 h-1

Loading L [m2/m3]

specific ventilation

q [m3/(m2 x h)]

Loading L [m2/m3]

specific ventilation

q [m3/(m2 x h)]

Floor 0,4 1,25 0,4 1,2

Wall 1,0 0,5 1,4 0,4

small surfaces (e.g. door) 0,5 1,0

very small surfaces (e.g. sealants)

0,007 71 0,01 44

1) i.A. Danish children roomDanish Standard/INF 90 „Directions for the determination and evaluation of the emission from building products” (Anvisning for bestemmelse og vurdering af afgasning fra byggevarer), Dansk Standard, København, 1994

q low

Loadinghigh

SER = q x C

q = n / L

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ISO/DIS 16000-28 Odour Emission Test

Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers:The odour characteristics addressed in this standard are the perceived intensity, hedonic tone and the acceptability.

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Odour is energy relevant

• Odour intensity and energy consumption are correlated by ventilation.

• Future oriented energy efficient (sustainable) buildings must be constructed with low emitting products.

Odour intensity [pi]

Conc. [µg/m3]

AFSSET 1) FrankreichAgence française de sécurité sanitaire de l'Environnement et du travail

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Difference to AgBB:• no SVOC• no odour test• NIK not identic with AgBB

(AgBB 185, AFSSET 214 compounds)

NIK [µg/m3] AFSSET AgBB ECA 18

Fomaldehyde 10 EN 717-1 10

Styrene 250 860 70

Toluene 300 1900 1000

Ethylbenzene 770 4400 1000

Octenale 6 18 60

AFSSET refers NIK -determination predominantly to indoor related limit values:1. Innenraum Luft-Qualitäts-Richtlinien (IAQ)

1. VGAI (valeur guide de qualité d’air intérieur (VGAI))2. INDEX-Study (EU)3. WHO

2. References tochronical respiratory deseases IRIS-EPA*, ASTDR**, OEHHA***

3. Work sphere limit values / safety factor1. Lowest values of EU, F, D, USA2. Lowest values of other countries

4. NIK from analogue substance from AFSSET-list5. NIK from AgBB* Integrated Risk Information System der US-EPA**Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry*** Office of Environmental and Health Hazard Assessment

1) since 1s tJuli 2010 ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire

M1 and M2

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Criteria for emission class M1 and M2 Emission rates

ICL Danish Indoor Climate Label

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Der Zweck des IK-Zeichens besteht darin, das Innenraumklima in Gebäuden zu verbessern und zugleich:• Den Produzenten ein Werkzeug zu geben, um Innenraumklima-freundlichere

Bauprodukte zu entwickeln• Den Verbrauchern ein Werkzeug zu geben, um Innenraumklima-freundlichere

Produkte auszuwählen• Allen Beteiligten ein Werkzeug zu geben, um ein besseres Verständnis von dem Einfluß

der Produkte auf das Innenraumklima zu bekommen

Die Bestimmung des Innenraum-relevanten Zeitwerts umfasst die folgenden Stufen:•VOC Prüfkammer-Emissionsmessung•Umrechnung von

Prüfkammerkonzentrationen in Standardraumkonzentrationen

•Berechnung des Innenraum-relevanten Zeitwerts (Time-Value), an dem die individuelle Konzentration max. 50% des niedrigsten Schwellenwerts der Irritation beträgt.

•Sensorische Bewertung der Prüfkammer-Emission

•Partikel- und Faserfreisetzung

Indoor-relevant time-value

½ Irritation Threshold

10 days 20 days 30 daysTime

Irritation Threshold

Concentration

Irritation Threshold

½ Irritation Threshold

Thomas Witterseh Danish Indoor Climate Labelling Danish Technological Institute

Emission rate

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ECA-Report 27, 2012 Working Group for Label-Harmonization in EU

AFSSET R-value (based on LCI)France Carcinogens

TVOCSum of “not-yet-assessed“ VOC

AgBB/UBA

R-value (based on LCI)Germany Carcinogens

TVOCSum of “not-yet-assessed“ VOCTSVOC

DICL IrritationDenmark Odour acceptability

M1 TVOCFinland Formaldehyde

AmmoniaCarcinogens

Odour acceptability

Coordinated by Joint Rresearch Center (EC) 1)

Optional CriteriaNot assessable VOC

TSVOCOdour acceptability

Core CriteriaCore CriteriaR-Value LCI harmonized list

Carcinogens EU Cat. 1 + 2, harmonized list

TVOC limit 200 - 1000 µg/m3

Formaldehyde limit in discussion

1) More labels and EU LCI-Group in phase II, 2010

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One test for several levels or one test for all international levels ?

Costs

Harmonization

• Minimum test parameters and limit values should be harmonized.

• Harmonization means accreditation of test laboratories and notification of labelling organizations.

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One Test + individual Test Criteria

Core Criteria

+ individual

One Test withCore CriteriaLCI / R-ValueCarcinogens

TVOCFormaldehyde

Core Criteria

+ individual

Core Criteria

+ individual

Core Criteria

+ individual

Core Criteria

+ individual

Core Criteria

+ individual

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Prüfszenario / reale Nutzung

geprüft 3 m x 4 m = 12 m2 je 30 m3

Raumvolumen 3 m x 4 m x 2,5 m = 30 m3

✓geprüft 3 m x 4 m = 12 m2 je 30 m3

eingebaut 31,4 m2 je 30 m3 ✓

Fenster 2,0 m2Tür 1,6 m2

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Do AgBB or labelled products guarantee a healthy IAQ?

• Scenario considers the tested product only• Real life situation can be very different

30** Gewichtsanteil ohne Wasser

Credit 4.1 - 4.5 forLow Emitting Materials

Credit 4.1Adhesives and Sealants

Credit 4.3Flooring Systems

Credit 4.2Paints and Coatings

Credit 4.4Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products

Credit 4.5Systems Furniture and Seating

SCAQMD Rule 1168

Carpet: CRIGreen Label and Green Label PlusAdhesives: VOC < 50 g/L

Hard Surface Flooring: Floor Score

Concrete, Wood, Bamboo, Corc:

SCAQMD 1113Adhesives: SCAQMD 1168California Section 01350Collaborative for High performance Schools (CHPA)

Green Seal Standard Architectural Paints: GS 11 Anticorrosive Paints: GS-03 (max 250 g/l)

Clear Wood finishes, floor coatings, etc.:

SCAQMD Rule 1113

= particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), plywood:must contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins

Option 1: Greenguard IAQ Certified

Option 2:EPA Large Chamber Testing Protocol for VOC Emission, Limits Values see Table 1

Option 3:ANSI / BIFMA M7.2011 or X7.2011 for furniture systems and seating,Limits Values see Table 1

List of VOC content







SCAQMD Rule 1113





Adhesives

50 - 100 g/l **







SCAQMD Rule 1113





Primers

250-750 g/l **







SCAQMD Rule 1113




Option 3:ANSI / BIFMA M7.2011 or X7.2011 for furniture systems and seating,Limits Values see Table 1Sealants

250 - 420 g/l **







SCAQMD Rule 1113





Special applications

max 850 g/l **







SCAQMD Rule 1113





LEED = Leedership in Energy and Environmental Design

Greenguard USA, I

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GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI)

The testing and measurement methodologies are consistent and comply with those of the California Department of Health Services' CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174 “Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers 2004” (CA Section 01350) and ANSI/BIFMA M7.1-2011 “Standard Test Method for Determining VOC Emissions from Office Furniture Systems, Components and Seating.”

GGTM.P066, “Standard Method for Measuring and Evaluating Chemical Emissions from Building Materials, Finishes, and Furnishings using Dynamic Environmental Chambers”

1) Defined to be the total response of measured VOCs falling within the C6 – C16 range, with responses calibrated to a toluene surrogate.2) Defined to be the total response of a specific target list of aldehydes (2-butenal; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde; 2, 5- dimethylbenzaldehyde; 2-methylbenzaldehyde; 3-and/or 4-methylbenzaldehyde; butanal; 3-methylbutanal; formaldehyde; hexanal; pentanal; propanal), with each individually calibrated to a compound specific standard.3) Any VOC not listed must produce an air concentration level no greater than 1/10 the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) industrial workplace standard (Reference: American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway, Building D-7, and Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438).4) Applicable to furniture, including components and construction materials, and flooring.5) Particles applicable to fibrous, particle-releasing products with exposed surface area in air streams (a forced air test with specific test method) and for wood finishing (sanding) systems.

Greenguard USA, II

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Maximale Konzentrationen im jeweiligen Szenario und für die jeweilige Produktklasse nach 7 d

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The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association

Chamber testingSampling max. 10 days after productionChamber condition 23 °C und 50 % rH Analysis after 3 and 7 days in testing chamber

ScenarioComplete Workstation in „full scale“-testing chamberPartly testing in small chambers is allowed for spare parts and small pieces of furniture (q = 1,0 to 2,5 m3/(m2 h))

AssessmentDetermination of the area specific emission rate Detailed scenarios for office and private sector with individual loading factor and air exchange rate.Extrapolation of the 14 days emission rate with „Power Law“

ANSI/BIFMA M7.1_2011 Testing standard for emission testANSI/BIFMA X7.1_2011 Requirements for very low emitting furniture

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The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association

Detailed requirements for the loading factor and the determaniation of the emission rate:

Californa Section 01350OEHHA / CREL

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1) Office of Environment Health Hazard Assessment

2012 16,5 µg/m3

2013 9,0 µg/m3

1)

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Thank you

for your kind attention !

„Man kann nicht in die Zukunft schauen,aber man kann den Grund für etwas Zukünftiges legen –

denn Zukunft kann man bauen.“Antoine de Saint-Exupéry-

Unauthorized translation:„One cannot see into the future, but one can lay the

foundation for things to come – for the future is something one can build.“

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