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Transcript of Instrumentation
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Instrumentation
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Chromatography
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Chromatography• Chromatography is the collective term
for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases.
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Paper Chromatography
Chromatogram of 10 essential oils coloured with vanillin reagent.
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Development of Chromatogram
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Paper Chromatography
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Paper Chromatography
Principle
Different components of the mixture have different interactions with the mobile phase and stationary phase so the different components of mixture will travel different distances along the paper.
This separates the components of the mixture.
Processes
1.Add solvent (mobile phase) to chromatography tank
1.Apply spot of mixture to chromatography paper
2.Dry
3.Place in chromatography tank so that spot is just above mobile phase.
4.Components of mixture separate out as the mobile phase moves up through the paper
Uses
Separates Coloured Substances
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Thin Layer Chromatography
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Thin Layer Chromatography
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Thin Layer Chromatography
PrincipleDifferent components of the mixture have different interactions in the mobile phase and the
stationary phase (a thin layer of silica on the glass plate) so the different components will travel different distances along the silica.
This separates the components of the mixture.
Processes1.Add solvent (mobile phase) to chromatography tank
2.Apply spot of mixture to TLC plate
3.Dry
4.Place in chromatography tank so that spot is just above mobile phase.
5.Components of mixture separate out as the mobile phase moves up along the TLC plate
UsesSeparation of dyes taken
from fibres in forensic work
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Column Chromatography
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Gas Chromatography
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PrincipleDifferent components of the mixture have different interactions with the stationary phase (liquid supported on a porous bed inside a long coiled column) and mobile phase (inert gas for example nitrogen or argon).The different components will travel at different speeds along the column.
This separates the components of the mixture.
Gas Chromatography
Processes
Injection
Transport of the sample along the column
Separation in the column
Detection
UsesDrug tests on athletes
Blood alcohol tests
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
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PrincipleDifferent components of the mixture have different tendencies to absorb onto very fine particles of a solid in the HPLC column Solvent that is pumped under pressure through column so the different components will travel different speeds along the column.
This separates the components of the mixture.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Processes
1.Injection
2.Transport of the sample along the column
3.Separation in the column
4.Detection
UsesGrowth promoters in meat
Vitamins in food
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HPLC of a mixture of compounds
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All chromatography needs:
Chromatography Type
Stationary phase Mobile phase
Paper Paper Organic or aqueous solvent.
Thin layer Silica gel supported on plastic film
Organic or aqueous solvent.
G.L.C. High boiling point liquid on inert solid support.
Inert gas e.g. nitrogen.
• support material – stationary phase• solvent (or carrier gas) – mobile phase.
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Spectroscopy• Spectroscopy is analysis of the interaction
between electromagnetic radiation and matter.
• Different types of radiation interact in characteristic ways with different samples of matter
• The interaction is often unique and serves as a diagnostic "fingerprint" for the presence of a particular material in a sample
• Spectroscopy is also a sensitive quantitative technique that can determine trace concentrations of substances.
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Mass Spectrometry
Gas SampleEnters Here
Filament current Ionises the Gas
Ions accelerate towards charged
slit
Magnetic Field deflects lightest ions most
Ions separated by mass expose film
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/faq/how-does-mass-spec-work.shtml
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Mass Spectrometry
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PrinciplePositively charged ions are separated on the basis of their relative masses as they move in a magnetic
field
Mass Spectrometry
Processes1.Vaporisation2.Ionisation
3.Acceleration
4.Separation
5.Detection
UsesIdentify compounds e.g.
1.in analysis of gases from waste dumps
2.in trace organic pollutants in water
3.in drug testing
Measure relative atomic mass
Measure relative abundance of isotopes
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Mass Spectrometry
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Atomic Weights and Mass Spectra
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GC-MS Chromatography Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
Applications of GC-MS include 1. drug detection 2. environmental analysis 3. identification of unknown samples.
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
IR Source
Sample
Reference
Splitter Detector Processor Printout
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Absorptions of Bonds in Organic Molecules
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/MoleculeHTML/CO2_html/CO2_page.htmlhttp://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/MoleculeHTML/CH4_html/CH4_page.html
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
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IR of Methanol
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
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Infra Red Absorption Spectrometry
PrincipleMolecules of a substance absorb infra red light of different frequencies. The infra red radiation is
absorbed by vibrations of the bonds in the molecules. The combination of frequencies absorbed
is peculiar to the molecules of that substance (fingerprinting technique).
Processes
1.Infra red radiation passes through the sample2.The sample absorbs infrared radiation at specific wavelengths which are detected
3.Absorption spectrum is produced
Uses
Identification of compounds e.g. in
Plastics
Drugs
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
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Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotomer
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Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry
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Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry
Principle•Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by molecules results in the promotion of electrons from
their ground state energy levels to higher energy levels
•Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration
Processes1.Ultraviolet light is passed through the sample and a blank
2.The sample absorbs ultra violet radiation at specific wavelengths which are detected
3.Absorption spectrum is produced
UsesQuantitative determination of organic compounds
1.Drug metabolites
2.Plant pigments
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UV of Benzene
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Spectra
Continuous Spectra
Line Spectra
Emission Spectra
Absorption Spectra
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Emission Spectra
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Atomic Absorption
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Atomic Absorption Spectra
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
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• bottom step is called the ground state • higher steps are called excited states
Summary: • line spectra arise from transitions between
discrete (quantized) energy states
Energy Staircase Diagram for Atomic Hydrogen
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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Atomic Absorption(Magnesium in Water)
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Atomic Absorption(Lead in Petrol)
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Principle
Atoms in the ground state absorb light of a particular radiation characteristic of an element.
Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration
Processes
1.Sample solution is sprayed into the flame, and the sample element is converted into atoms in the element.2.Ground state atoms absorb radiation from a source made from the element3.Absorption spectrum is produced
Uses1.Identification of elements
2.Concentration of elements
3.Analysis of heavy metals in water e.g. lead, cadmium
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Colorimetry A colorimeter is a device used to test the concentration of a solution by measuring its absorbance of a specific wavelength of light.
To use this device, different solutions must be made, and a control (usually a mixture of distilled water and another solution) is first filled into a cuvette and placed inside a colorimeter to calibrate the machine. Only after the device has been calibrated can you use it to find the densities and/or concentrations of the other solutions.
1. Wavelength selection2. Printer button, 3. Concentration factor adjustment4. Lamp5. Readout6. Sample compartment7. Zero control (100% T), 8. Sensitivity switch.
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Colorimetry
Filter or Diffraction grating to select appropriate beam of light
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Colorimetry
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Processes1.Light of a particular wavelength is passed through a number of samples of known concentration.2.A graph of absorbance against concentration is plotted3.The absorbance of the unknown is noted and using the graph the concentration of the unknown can be found
UsesUsesAnalysis 1.Lead in water2.Fertilisers in water
e.g. nitrates and phosphates
Principle
1.If a solution is coloured then the intensity of the colour is proportional to the concentration.
2. The percentage of light absorbed by the coloured solution in the colorimeter is
proportional to the concentration.
Colorimetry
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• http://www.le.ac.uk/spectraschool/
Spectra Websites