1History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Instructor E-Sources

PowerPoint™ Presentation Chapter 9

Early Twentieth-Century Texas

The History of TexasThe History of TexasHarlan Davidson, Inc.Harlan Davidson, Inc.

2History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Learning Outcomes (9)

• Cite key reasons for the transformation of Texas,

• account for the differences between the rural and urban character and how concerns were politicized,

• understand how and why labor organization developed,

• appreciate the impact of the Black Bourgeoisie as well as the Black Migration.

3History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• The Texas EconomyThe Texas Economy– OilOil

• Corsicana strike• Spindletop ~ 1901• Oil related industries

– Refining– Oil field equipment– Natural gas

• Texas boomtownsGladys City Spindletop

4History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• The Texas EconomyThe Texas Economy– Extraction industries Extraction industries

• SlaughteringSlaughtering• Oil drillingOil drilling• Coke miningCoke mining• Cotton seed pressingCotton seed pressing• Four millingFour milling

– ManufacturingManufacturing• Ship buildingShip building• Oil & petrochemicalsOil & petrochemicals

5History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• The Texas EconomyThe Texas Economy– Urban GrowthUrban Growth

• Texas cities ~ Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, Ft. Worth, & El Paso

• Galveston– 1901 Hurricane– Commission Plan governance

• Modernization– “city beautiful” movement– Urbanization & new technologies

6History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• The Texas EconomyThe Texas Economy– WorkersWorkers

• 48 hour work-week48 hour work-week• Wage increase and cost of living Wage increase and cost of living • Women and workWomen and work

– new technologiesnew technologies– “ “women’s work”women’s work”– the New Womanthe New Woman

– Labor UnionsLabor Unions• Factors influencing declineFactors influencing decline• 1920 Galveston dockworkers strike1920 Galveston dockworkers strike

7History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• The Texas EconomyThe Texas Economy– Agriculture & rural lifeAgriculture & rural life

• Cotton remains kingCotton remains king• LivestockLivestock• MechanizationMechanization• Tenant farmingTenant farming

– ““Halfers” & “croppers”Halfers” & “croppers”– The diversification challengeThe diversification challenge

8History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early 20th Century Texas

• Texas SocietyTexas Society– Farm laborersFarm laborers

• Migrant Hispanic workersMigrant Hispanic workers• Day laborersDay laborers

– Farm women & familiesFarm women & families• New technologies minimal impact New technologies minimal impact

– Less then 5% electrification of farmsLess then 5% electrification of farms– Less than 15% water in kitchenLess than 15% water in kitchen

– Family Patterns ~ changing demographicsFamily Patterns ~ changing demographics

9History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

• Blacks in TexasBlacks in Texas– RacismRacism– UrbanizationUrbanization

• Political “bosses,” Charles Bellinger & San AntonioPolitical “bosses,” Charles Bellinger & San Antonio• Nixon v HerndonNixon v Herndon, ruling & denial, ruling & denial

– SegregationSegregation• Public facilitiesPublic facilities• NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods

– ViolenceViolence• Race riotsRace riots• lynchinglynching

10History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

• Blacks in TexasBlacks in Texas– Rural BlacksRural Blacks

• Farmer’s Improvement Society• The cooperative movement

– Urban LifeUrban Life• Black migration• Escape routes

– Cities– Northern states– Africa

11History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

• Blacks in TexasBlacks in Texas– The Black bourgeoisieThe Black bourgeoisie

• Professionalization• Negro Business League

– Social, Religious, & Fraternal OrganizationsSocial, Religious, & Fraternal Organizations• Black Churches

– cornerstone of social life– Leadership training

• Fraternal organizations & Lodges– Black Masons– Black chapters of Knights of Pythias

12History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

Tillie Brackenridge in Tillie Brackenridge in San Antonio, ca. 1900San Antonio, ca. 1900

13History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans• Blacks in TexasBlacks in Texas

– EducationEducation• School Segregation• Teacher accreditation

– Social, Cultural & Social, Cultural & Recreational life Recreational life• Juneteenth celebrations• Baseball & Boxing• Sports heroes• Texas Blues• Black newspapers

““Rube” Foster Rube” Foster Calvert nativeCalvert native

14History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

• TejanosTejanos– DiscriminationDiscrimination– Working Conditions & Organized LaborWorking Conditions & Organized Labor

• Migrant pickers• The “Big Swing”• Industrial unionism

– Self-help organizations• Social services & political bosses• League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

15History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

• TejanosTejanos– Social, Cultural, & Recreational ActivitiesSocial, Cultural, & Recreational Activities– Tejano sportsTejano sports– Festivals & holidaysFestivals & holidays– MusicMusic

• Corridos• Conjunto• Orquestra

• Other ethnic groupsOther ethnic groupsConjunto Alamo: Leandro Guerro & Frank Corrales

16History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Ethnic Texans

1905 Confirmation class, Temple B’nai Israel, Galveston, Texas1905 Confirmation class, Temple B’nai Israel, Galveston, Texas

17History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Early Twentieth-Century Texas

• Literature and the ArtsLiterature and the Arts– Frontier adventure talesFrontier adventure tales– Historians, writers, & the artsHistorians, writers, & the arts

• 1897 Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)• Texana

– J. Frank Dobie– Walter Prescott Webb– Roy Bedicheck

• Novelists & poets– Katherine Anne Porter– Francis D. Allan

• Elizabeth Ney• Texas Music

18History of Texas, 4e© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.

Key Words & Terms (9)Magnolia Petroleum Co. (Mobil)Lone Star Gas Co. (ran 1st pipeline)Humble Oil Co.Texas CityDesdemona ("Hog Town")Fort Worth ("Cow Town")commission form of govt.-Galvestoncity-manager form of govt.Houston Ship ChannelTexas State Federation of Labormechanization of agricultureboll weevilNixon v. Herndon (1927)Jesse WashingtonNAACPGeorge Pierce Garrison TSHAJ. Frank DobieWalter Prescott WebbMaury Maverickde jure segregation

Marcus GarveyLiberiaThe Black BourgeoisiePrairie View A & M1906 racial disturbance in BrownsvilleLongview race riot (1919)Andrew "Rube" Foster"greaser"“halfers" or "croppers""King Cotton," la pizcaJim Wells, Manuel Guerraconjunto, corridosPaulino Bernal"folk islands"Little Joe y La FamiliaFreddie FenderKatherine Anne PorterElizabeth NeyHenry A. McArdleRobert Jenkins & Julian Onderdonk