calcium aluminatesProceedings of the international conference 2014

edited by charles Fentiman, Raman mangabhai and Karen scrivener

calcium aluminatesSince its invention in 1908 calcium aluminate cement has been the subject of much research and because of its unique attributes has found its way into many applications. While it is still used to make mortars and concretes in the same way as Portland cements but for challenging environments (heat, abrasion, rapid hardening, chemical resistance, etc.), the last decades have seen its steady growth in a wide range of blended cements systems sold as “dry-mixes”, like tile adhesives and self-levelling underlayments. Another growing field of application is for waste water infrastructures as it demonstrates exceptional resistance to microbiologically induced corrosion.

In fact, calcium aluminate cement is often “an enabling technology” that allows solutions to be found for difficult applications where the alternatives may be more costly and environmentally unfriendly. The papers included in these proceedings of the international conference held in Avignon, France, in 2014, demonstrate continuing research and development in academia and industry, with new products and uses regularly coming on stream.

This volume includes recent work on all aspects of calcium aluminates, starting from their mineralogy, hydration and physical performance through to their durability in various environments, including the ongoing evolution of calcium aluminate technology. Attention is also given to their applications, including: admixtures, building chemistry formulations, refractory applications, civil engineering and architectural uses and continued developments for biogenic corrosion resistance applications.

alsO aVailaBle FROm iHs BRe PResscOncRete usage in tHe lOndOn 2012 OlymPic PaRK and tHe OlymPic and PaRalymPic Village and its emBOdied caRBOn cOntentFB 49, 2012

HandBOOK FOR tHe stRuctuRal assessment OF laRge Panel system (lPs) dWelling BlOcKs FOR accidental lOadingBR 511, 2012

stRuctuRal aPPRaisal OF eXisting Buildings, including FOR a mateRial cHange OF use DG 366 (4-part set), 2012

cOncRete RePaiRsEP 81, 2007

cOncRete stRuctuRes in FiRePerformance, design and analysis BR 490, 2007

cOncRete in aggRessiVe gROundBRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 2005

Fentiman, m

angabhai and scrivener

IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB

www.brebookshop.comEP 104

9 781848 063167

ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7

calcium alum

inatesProceedings of the international conference 2014

CALCIUM ALUMINATES Proceedings of the International Conference 2014

ALSO AVAILABLE FROM IHS BRE PRESS CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS Proceedings of the Centenary Conference 2008 EP94, 608pp, 2008 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION FOR WALLS OF MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS BR135, 3rd edition, 32pp, 2013 CONCRETE USAGE IN THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC PARK AND THE OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC VILLAGE AND ITS EMBODIED CARBON CONTENT FB49, 36pp, 2012 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROCESSES ON CONCRETE DG527, 12pp, 2012 HANDBOOK FOR THE STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF LARGE PANEL SYSTEM (LPS) DWELLING BLOCKS FOR ACCIDENTAL LOADING BR511, 236pp, 2012 STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL OF EXISTING BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FOR A MATERIAL CHANGE OF USE DG366, 4-part set, 60pp, 2012 CONCRETE REPAIRS EP81, 2 volumes, 146pp, 2007 CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN FIRE: Performance, design and analysis BR490, 80pp, 2007 CONCRETE IN AGGRESSIVE GROUND BRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 68pp, 2005 Visit www.brebookshop.com for details of these and over 1700 other titles for construction professionals.

CALCIUM ALUMINATES Proceedings of the International Conference 2014 Palais des Papes, Avignon, France, 18–21 May 2014 Principal Supporter Kerneos Aluminate Technologies Co-supporters Calucem, Cementos Molins, Çimsa Cement and Górka Cement Meeting organised by Cement and Concrete Science Edited by C. H. Fentiman, R. J. Mangabhai and K. L. Scrivener

iv

IHS (NYSE: IHS) is the leading source of information, insight and analytics in critical areas that shape today’s business landscape. Businesses and governments in more than 165 countries around the globe rely on the comprehensive content, expert independent analysis and flexible delivery methods of IHS to make high-impact decisions and develop strategies with speed and confidence.

IHS Global Ltd is a private limited company registered in England and Wales (no. 00788737). Registered office: Willoughby Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB. www.ihs.com

Details of all publications from IHS BRE Press are available from: www.brebookshop.com or IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road, Bracknell RG12 8FB, UK Tel: +44 (0) 344 328038, Fax: +44 (0) 344 328005, Email: brepress@ihs.com © IHS 2014. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or be stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without prior written permission of IHS. Requests to copy any part of this publication should be made to:

The Publisher, IHS BRE Press, Garston, Watford WD25 9XX, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1923 664761, Email: brepress@ihs.com Printed using FSC or PEFC material from sustainable forests.

EP 104 ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7 First published 2014 Cover photos: Left: The crystal structure of monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) produced by Dr Bruno Touzo, Kerneos Aluminate Technologies, for these Proceedings using VESTA software. For more information see Momma K. and Izumi F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2011, 44, 1272–1276. Top right: The entrance to the Tunnel des Valois photographed in 2013 – Paper 48, page 535 by F. Sorrentino and D. Damidot. Centre right: Scanning electron microscope image of fresh self-levelling underlayment blend after ageing at 35 °C and 90 % RH for 3 days – Paper 37, page 412, by J. Plank, E. Dubina and M. R. Meier. Bottom right: Biodeterioration phenomenon in sewer networks – Paper 56, page 632, by J. Herisson, E. D. van Hullebusch, M. Guéguen-Minerbe and T. Chaussadent. All URLs accessed January 2014. Any third-party URLs are given for information and reference purposes only and the Editors and IHS do not control or warrant the accuracy, relevance, availability, timeliness or completeness of the information contained on any third-party website. Inclusion of any third-party details or website is not intended to reflect their importance, nor is it intended to endorse any views expressed, products or services offered, nor the companies or organisations in question.

Any views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Editors or IHS. The Editors and IHS have made every effort to ensure that the information and guidance in this publication were accurate when published, but can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. To the extent permitted by law, the Editors and IHS shall not be liable for any loss, damage or expense incurred by reliance on the information or any statement contained herein.

v

PREFACE

Calcium Aluminates constitute the primary components of Calcium Aluminate Cements (CACs), also known as high-alumina cements (HAC) and sometimes also aluminous cements. In fact they are a range of cements in which calcium aluminates are the principal constituents.

Since the last International Conference (the Centenary Conference) in 2008, we have seen an increase in the use of these cements as a component to make blended cements, with different hydration products. These can be in binary systems, for instance with ground granulated blast-furnace slag or in ternary systems, usually with calcium sulfate and a source of lime (such as Portland cement). Manufacturers of CACs have also introduced new grades of milled calcium aluminates destined for use as components in such blended formulations so having considered this we have dropped the ‘cement’ part of the title. By doing this we are also recognising papers that feature the use with CACs of calcium aluminate aggregate.

This is now the fourth open International Conference on calcium aluminate cements with previous meetings in London in 1990, Edinburgh in 2001 and more recently the Centenary Conference in Avignon in 2008. The Proceedings of three previous meetings are still widely used as standard texts on CACs, and we anticipate that the same will be true of these Proceedings.

The response to the call for papers has been excellent, and these Proceedings demonstrate a growing interest and real progression in the knowledge and understanding about this class of cement. Not only do we see a continued drive to better understanding of alternative hydratable aluminates but also further exploration in the use of the already mentioned blended systems with papers covering issues such as ageing and effective admixtures for formulated systems, destined for building chemistry and also refractory use.

CACs have always found their way into a wide range of applications and this range seems to be expanding with papers on new areas, such as for dental cements and also use as an admixture, including as an admixture to improve lime based architectural mortars. Their merit in architectural applications is shown by papers dealing with fungal and bacterial attack on concretes. Resistance to biological attack is demonstrated by an excellent set of papers related to biogenic attack consistent with increasing use worldwide as the cement of choice for sewer pipes, especially in warm climates.

It is sometimes difficult to select the best sequence for papers but for this meeting it has been a relatively simple choice as the environmental aspects of CACs are of common interest for all. The opening paper demonstrates the role of CACs as an enabling technology to improving the life cycle analysis (LCA) of drymix formulations.

We would like to thank all the authors for their hard work in preparing their contributions and for meeting the rather tight deadlines that have enabled these Proceedings to be ready in time for the conference. The papers included in these Proceedings have all been reviewed by members of the Scientific Review Panel who have willingly given up their time to read the manuscripts carefully and offer the authors

vi

valuable assistance in refining their papers. We are profoundly grateful to them all as we are to our Scientific Advisors who have provided constant support throughout.

The Editors would like to thank Kerneos Aluminate Technologies, Calucem, Cementos Molins, Çimsa Cement and Górka Cement for their unfailing financial and practical support for this meeting – without their assistance the Conference would not have been possible. In particular, we acknowledge Francois Saucier (Kerneos), Frank Michael Kindler (Calucem), Antonio Bedmar (Cementos Molins), Tuğhan Delibaş (Çimsa Cement) and Piotr Palichleb (Górka Cement), who have been of particular help with the practicalities of organising this event. We also wish to thank the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) for their support and assistance in various ways and in particular for promoting the meeting on their website.

Finally, but certainly not least, the Editors would like to extend particular thanks to Jonathan Silver and Yvonne Wilder of IHS BRE Press for all their hard work in the production of these Proceedings.

The Editors express the wish, on behalf of all authors, that readers find the volume topical and useful in their work: also, that it stimulates further work on this interesting and useful class of materials. Charles Fentiman Cement and Concrete Science, Horsham, UK Raman Mangabhai Cement and Concrete Science, London, UK Karen Scrivener EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland May 2014

vii

Organising committee

Prof. Karen Scrivener EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Raman Mangabhai Cement and Concrete Science, UK Dr Charles Fentiman Cement and Concrete Science, UK Steve Brooks Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), UK Scientific Advisors

Prof. Mark Alexander University of Cape Town, South Africa Prof. John Bensted University of London, UK Dr Anjan K Chatterjee Conmat Technologies Private Ltd, India Stefano Carrà Mapei SpA, Italy Dr Jerzy Czechowksi Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Poland Dr Christophe Eychenne-Baron Kerneos SA, France Dr Charlotte Famy Saint-Gobain Weber, France Prof. Lucía Fernández-Carrasco Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain Prof. Dr. Robert J. Flatt Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Switzerland Prof. Kevin Folliard University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA Prof. Jason Ideker Oregon State University, USA Ferdinand Leopolder Drymix.info, Germany Prof. Dr Ing. Marcela Muntean University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania Prof. Dr Juergen Neubauer University of Erlangen, Germany Prof. Dr Rüdiger Oberste-Padtberg Ardex GmbH, Germany Prof. Dr Johann Plank Technical University of Munich, Germany Prof. Dr Dr Herbert Pöllmann University of Halle, Germany Prof. Etsuo Sakai Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Dr Markus Schmid Calucem Technical Centre, Mannheim, Germany Prof. Michael Thomas University of New Brunswick, USA Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tokyay Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Robert Viles Fosroc International, UK Prof. Dr İsmail Özgür Yaman Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Scientific Review Panel

Prof. Mark Alexander Dr Mar M. Alonso Professor Phil Banfill Dr Paul Barnes Steve Brooks Bob Cather Dr Anjan K Chatterjee Dr Yunbo Chen Dr Alison Crumbie Dr Tuğhan Delibaş Dr Andrew Dunster Dr Christophe Eychenne-Baron Dr Charlotte Famy Prof. Lucía Fernández-Carrasco Dr Herve Fryda Dr Ellis Gartner Dr Valerie Geoffrey Dr Christophe Gosselin Dr Tina Hjellström Dr Alsbeta Hutlova

Prof. Jason Ideker Prof. Marc Jolin Dr Barbara Lothenbach Dr Thomas Matschei Peter Mills Ron Montgomery Prof. Marcela Muntean Prof. Dr Juergen Neubauer Tony Newton Dr Kunle Onabolu Prof. Dr Dr Herbert Pöllmann Prof. Etsuo Sakai Dr Markus Schmid Dr Francois Sorrentino Prof. Mike Thomas Dr Neven Ukrainczyk Bob Viles Stewart Whiteley Dr Hong Wong Dr Renhe Yang

viii

Glossary of terms and abbreviations Cement chemists’ shorthand is widely used in these proceedings wherein the following abbreviations are used: C CaO S SiO2 A Al2O3 F Fe2O3 Š and $ SO3 Some examples: CA mono calcium aluminate (CaO∙Al2O3) C4AF tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO∙Al2O3∙Fe2O3) C3A∙CŠ∙H12 calcium monosulfoaluminate (4CaO∙Al2O3∙SO3∙12H2O),

also called AFm or monosulfate AH3 gibbsite (Al2O3∙3H2O) CAH10 monocalcium aluminate deca hydrate (CaO∙Al2O3∙10H2O) CŠH2 calcium sulfate di hydrate (CaO∙SO3∙2H2O),

also called gypsum Some commonly used abbreviations related to cement(s): AFm monosulfate AFt ettringite CA mono calcium aluminate CAC calcium aluminate cement HAC high alumina cement CH calcium hydroxide C4AF tetracalcium aluminoferrite (ferrite) ggbs ground granulated blast-furnace slag LCC low cement castables LOI loss on ignition OPC ordinary Portland cement pfa pulverised-fuel ash w/c water/cement ratio w/s water/solid ratio

ix

CONTENTS

Preface v Organising Committee, Scientific Advisors and Scientific Review Panel vii PART ONE – INTRODUCTION

1

1 Environmental footprint of Calcium Aluminate Cements (CAC) E. Henry-Lanier, B. Espinosa and C. Eychenne-Baron

3

2 Quantitative and qualitative analysis of CAC and its hydrate products S. Ng and T. Hjellström

17

PART TWO – CALCIUM ALUMINATES AND THEIR HYDRATION

31

3 Mineral composition and hydration of a C12A7 rich binder B. Touzo and P. A. Andreani

33

4 Ultra fast hydration opening new application fields: a comparison of different calcium aluminate technologies H. Fryda, J. Estival, S. Berger, F. Bordet, P. A. Andreani, A. Martinet and P. Brigandat

42

5 Kinetics of CA and CA2 dissolution determined by QXRD and corresponding enthalpies of reactions F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, S. R. Klaus and J. Neubauer

54

6 Application of heat flow calculation to synthetic calcium aluminate cement mixes S. R. Klaus, J. Neubauer, F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, A. Buhr and D. Schmidtmeier

65

7 Crystal structures and XRD data of new calcium aluminate cement hydrates H. Pöllmann, R. Kaden and S. Stöber

75

PART THREE – RELATED PHASES AND THEIR STRUCTURES

87

8 Synthesis and crystal chemistry of strontium aluminates H. Pöllmann, S. Stöber, P. Mohr and R. Kaden

89

9 Mono- (strontium-, calcium-) aluminate based cements H. Pöllmann and R. Kaden

99

10 Synthesis and crystal chemistry of manganese containing perovskites: phases with perovskite structures S. Stöber, H. Pöllmann, G. Redhammer and S. Schorr

109

11 Hydraulic phases in the system BaO-Al2O3 R. Kaden and H. Pöllmann

120

12 Hydration and properties of calcium magnesium aluminate cement J. M. Auvray, H. Fryda, C. Zetterstrom, C. Wöhrmeyer and C. Parr

130

x Contents

13 Investigations on the hydratable compounds in the CaO-Al2O3-ZrO2 system D. Madej, J. Szczerba and W. Kagan

140

PART FOUR – BLENDED CEMENT SYSTEMS

151

14 Thermodynamic modelling of effect of time and silica on the conversion process B. Lothenbach

153

15 Hydration study of a calcium aluminate cement blended with anhydrite G. Le Saout, B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld, P. Taquet and H. Fryda

165

16 Impact of different calcium sulfate sources on the early hydration of two different grades of calcium aluminate cement C. Stabler, C. Breunig, F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer, J. Neubauer, H. Fryda and R. Kwasny-Echterhagen

177

17 Hydration of calcium aluminate cement based systems with calcium sulfate and limestone J. Bizzozero and K. L. Scrivener

189

18 Impact of calcium sulfate type on hydration and properties of ettringite systems S. Berger, H. Fryda, D. Niepmann, D. Tourlakis and F. Bordet

197

19 Parametric study of binary and ternary ettringite-based systems I. Martin, C. Patapy and M. Cyr

210

20 Course of hydration of ferrite phase in a ternary binder model mix J. Neubauer, D. Ectors and F. Goetz-Neunhoeffer

222

21 Hydration and microstructure of rapid-strength binders based on OPC accelerated by early ettringite formation J. Bizzozero and K. L. Scrivener

231

22 Long-term hydration and mechanical behaviour of Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulfate blends D. Torrens-Martín and L. Fernández-Carrasco

242

PART FIVE – VOLUME STABILITY

251

23 Ultra high early strength shotcrete: new binder composition approach J.-D. Lemay, M. Jolin and R. Gagné

253

24 Effect of temperature on length change of cementitious material using Portland cement – calcium aluminate cement - anhydrite - blast furnace slag system H. Mori, E. Maruya, A. Sasaki and T. Takahashi

265

25 Volume stability of CAC-CaSO4-CaCO3-H2O systems during drying L. Baquerizo, T. Matschei and K. L. Scrivener

274

26 Expansion mechanisms in ettringite systems J. Bizzozero, C. Gosselin and K. L. Scrivener

284

27 Volume stability of calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulfoaluminate cement systems M. P. Adams and J. H. Ideker

295

PART SIX – ADMIXTURES

307

28 Rheology of calcium aluminate cement based concrete: controlling the “pot life” M. Jolin, J.-D. Lemay, B. Bissonnette and É. Crépault

309

Contents xi

29 A new setting accelerator upon lithium sulfate technology for calcium aluminates based materials J. Estival, J. Mahiaoui, V. Watt, P. Taquet and J. F. Colombet

321

30 Polycarboxylate ether based superplasticiser for calcium aluminate cement mortars N. Ukrainczyk, J. Sipusic and N. Vrbos

333

31 Effect of PCE admixtures on fluidity, hydration and microstructure of calcium aluminate cement pastes M. M. Alonso, F. Puertas and M. Palacios

341

32 Formation of organo-mineral phases in calcium aluminate cement involving polycarboxylate superplasticizers O. Storcheva, S. Ng, J. Plank, I. Dekany, E. Metwalli and P. Müller-Buschbaum

352

33 The influence of mineralogical composition of high alumina cement on its physical - mechanical properties C. Stancu, N. Angelescu and M. Muntean

364

34 Action mechanism of admixtures in ettringite systems J. Pommay, H. Fryda, F. Bordet and D. Tourlakis

371

35 Latex-modified calcium aluminate cement A. F. Bentivegna, J. H. Ideker and K. J. Folliard

383

36 Alkaline earth glycolates and their application as CAC admixtures R. Kaden and H. Pöllmann

396

PART SEVEN – AGEING OF FORMULATIONS 405

37 Ageing behaviour of SLU mortar formulations based on a ternary binder system comprising OPC/CAC/AH exposed to elevated moisture and atmospheric CO2 J. Plank, E. Dubina and M. R. Meier

407

38 Ageing of cement and drymix: consequences and solutions J. Mahiaoui, J. Estival and H. Fryda

422

PART EIGHT – CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS IN REFRACTORY APPLICATIONS

435

39 Testing of calcium aluminate cement bonded castables and influence of curing conditions on the strength development A. Buhr, D. Schmidtmeier, G. Wams, S. Kuiper and S. Klaus

437

40 Mixing optimization of an alumina based LC-castable by applying variable power inputs J. Kasper and O. Krause

450

PART NINE – CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS IN WIDE RANGING APPLICATIONS

457

41 Influence of sulfate on physical properties of quick-hardening cement compounds H. Hara, T. Higuchi, M. Morioka, T. Hurnaus, J. Plank and E. Sakai

459

42 Push-out bond strength of new calcium aluminate cement (endobinder) R. C. Morais, L. F. R. Garcia, F. C. P. Pires-de-Souza and H. L. Rossetto

470

43 The use of calcium aluminate cement in terrazzo type floor tiles T. Delibaş, Ö. Kirca and İ. Ö. Yaman

479

xii Contents

44 Durability of rapid-strength concrete produced with ettringite-based binders E. G. Moffatt and M. D. A. Thomas

488

45 Calcium aluminate cement application in lime binders proposed for architecture restoration A. Defus

498

PART TEN – DURABILITY 509

46 Development of an accelerated test of fungal biodeterioration: application to calcium aluminate cements A. Govin, I. Albuquerque and P. Grosseau

511

47 Influence of the chemical composition of mortars on algal biofouling E. Dalod, A. Govin, R. Guyonnet, P. Grosseau, C. Lors and D. Damidot

523

48 Mineralogy of a 90 years old structure “le tunnel des Valois” F. Sorrentino and D. Damidot

535

49 10 year exposure of Ciment Fondu mortars in a marine environment P. F. G. Banfill

545

50 The performance of CAC concrete in an aggressive marine environment H. Yi and M. D. A. Thomas

556

PART ELEVEN – DURABILITY IN BIOGENIC APPLICATIONS 571

51 Performance of various concretes in the Virginia experimental sewer over 20 years A. M. Goyns and M. G. Alexander

573

52 The impact of calcium aluminate cement and aggregates on conversion and on field performance in sewers M. Valix, A. W. H. Cheung, J. Sunarho and H. Bustamante

585

53 The influence of water/powder ratio on the resistance to sulfuric acid on hardened calcium aluminate cement containing blast furnace slag T. Sugiyama, K. Tabara, M. Morioka and E. Sakai

600

54 Acid resistance of calcium aluminate cement concrete blended with supplementary cementitious materials for application in sewer pipes N. Motsieloa, M. G. Alexander and H. Beushausen

608

55 A new method for evaluation of cement-based material resistance against biogenic attacks in sewer-like environments: comparison between CAC and BFSC linings M. Peyre Lavigne, J. N. Foussard, A. Cockx, E. Paul, A. Bertron and G. Escadeillas

621

56 Biogenic corrosion mechanism: study of parameters explaining calcium aluminate cement durability J. Herisson, E. D. van Hullebusch, M. Guéguen-Minerbe and T Chaussadent

633

57 Development of a reproducible, representative and accelerated biogenic corrosion test to deliver durable structures in sewer networks J. Herisson, M. Guéguen-Minerbe, T. Chaussadent and E. D. van Hullebusch

645

Author Index 659

Subject Index

661

calcium aluminatesProceedings of the international conference 2014

edited by charles Fentiman, Raman mangabhai and Karen scrivener

calcium aluminatesSince its invention in 1908 calcium aluminate cement has been the subject of much research and because of its unique attributes has found its way into many applications. While it is still used to make mortars and concretes in the same way as Portland cements but for challenging environments (heat, abrasion, rapid hardening, chemical resistance, etc.), the last decades have seen its steady growth in a wide range of blended cements systems sold as “dry-mixes”, like tile adhesives and self-levelling underlayments. Another growing field of application is for waste water infrastructures as it demonstrates exceptional resistance to microbiologically induced corrosion.

In fact, calcium aluminate cement is often “an enabling technology” that allows solutions to be found for difficult applications where the alternatives may be more costly and environmentally unfriendly. The papers included in these proceedings of the international conference held in Avignon, France, in 2014, demonstrate continuing research and development in academia and industry, with new products and uses regularly coming on stream.

This volume includes recent work on all aspects of calcium aluminates, starting from their mineralogy, hydration and physical performance through to their durability in various environments, including the ongoing evolution of calcium aluminate technology. Attention is also given to their applications, including: admixtures, building chemistry formulations, refractory applications, civil engineering and architectural uses and continued developments for biogenic corrosion resistance applications.

alsO aVailaBle FROm iHs BRe PResscOncRete usage in tHe lOndOn 2012 OlymPic PaRK and tHe OlymPic and PaRalymPic Village and its emBOdied caRBOn cOntentFB 49, 2012

HandBOOK FOR tHe stRuctuRal assessment OF laRge Panel system (lPs) dWelling BlOcKs FOR accidental lOadingBR 511, 2012

stRuctuRal aPPRaisal OF eXisting Buildings, including FOR a mateRial cHange OF use DG 366 (4-part set), 2012

cOncRete RePaiRsEP 81, 2007

cOncRete stRuctuRes in FiRePerformance, design and analysis BR 490, 2007

cOncRete in aggRessiVe gROundBRE Special Digest 1, 3rd edition, 2005

Fentiman, m

angabhai and scrivener

IHS BRE Press, Willoughby Road Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 8FB

www.brebookshop.comEP 104

9 781848 063167

ISBN 978-1-84806-316-7

calcium alum

inatesProceedings of the international conference 2014