INSTRUCTIONS:
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INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in
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REVIEW FOR THE
U.S. HISTORY FALL FINAL EXAM
English settlers in western Virginia suffered from low
tobacco prices and frequent Indian attacks
Poor farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, blamed Virginia’s governor
for not protecting them and started a rebellion; it would be
called “Bacon’s Rebellion”
Connecticut was important for creating the
first written constitution in
U.S. history called The Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut
Much like the later U.S. Constitution, the Fundamental Orders provided a framework plan for government
“Puritans” believed that the Anglican Church compromised too far by allowing some Catholic rituals; they felt the Anglican Church needed to be “purified”
The Anglican Church rejected the Puritans’ reform ideas, which led to some Puritans seeking a place in the New World where they could practice their ways of religion
John Winthrop was the Puritans’ political and religious leader; they founded the Massachusetts Bay ColonyThe Puritans did not want to break away from the
Anglican Church; they wanted to set an example of how “true Christianity” should be practiced and inspire reform
within England’s church
One of the most important middle colonies was
Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn
Penn was a member of
a religious sect called the Quakers; they were strongly
in favor of social equality and
religious tolerance
Penn founded the colony of
Pennsylvania on these principles
Early in the colonial times, the Spanish
established a colony in what is now Florida
The English created the royal colony of
Georgia to serve as a “buffer zone”
between English colonies and Spain’s
colony in Florida
Mercantilism By the 1650s, Britain began to embrace the economic policy of mercantilism, which is based on the idea that
colonies exist to generate wealth for the mother country
The system of mercantilism increased demand for raw materials from the colonies
The colonies needed many laborers, which led to the Atlantic Slave Trade
English plantations owners felt that slaves were a more dependable supply of labor, so there were far more slaves
than indentured servants in the English colonies
The vast majority of slaves came
from the coast of
West Africa
Benjamin Franklin represented opportunity in America by rising to fame through his printing
business, scientific inventions, and political leadership in the Enlightenment Era
A movement called the Great Awakening began; preachers used
gatherings called “revivals” to encourage religious conversions
By the 1700s, church attendance in the
colonies had declined
The preacher Jonathan Edwards was a leader of the Great Awakening,
using “fire and passion” at camp
revivals to encourage people to examine their faith
The Great Awakening led to
the growth of Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches in the
American colonies
The French and Indian War was a conflict between
France and England
The English won the war, and the Treaty
of Paris was the agreement that ended the war
In the Treaty of Paris, the French lost most of their North American empire
“Salutary neglect” was the policy in which England did not strictly enforce its laws regarding who their colonies were allowed to trade with; they allowed the American colonies to conduct trade with other
countries besides England to keep them happyBut when the French and Indian War was over, the
English had much debt; because the English needed money, they ended salutary neglect
The English began levying taxes on the colonists and strictly enforcing trade regulations in an effort
to raise money and pay off their war debtsThe American colonists were upset at the new taxes and the English taking more control over
them, which would eventually lead to the colonists fighting England to gain independence
In reaction to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty
were formed; they were a group that protested the new English restrictions
and became leaders of the colonial resistance
The Townshend Acts led to the colonials protesting that they were being taxed unfairly: “no taxation
without representation”
Tensions increased after the so-called “Boston Massacre”, a fight between a mob
of colonists and British soldiers
Paul Revere’s etching of the Boston Massacre became an American best-seller
Colonists injured British soldiers by throwing
snowballs and oyster shells
With only four dead, this was hardly a “massacre”,
but it reveals the power of colonial propaganda
The Tea Act of 1773 led to the “Boston Tea Party”
In reaction to the Boston Tea Party, the British passed laws that would be called the
“Intolerable Acts”
The shots exchanged between British troops and American colonists at Lexington and Concord was the
start of the American Revolution
In his written work, Common Sense, Thomas Paine
sharply criticized the British Parliament
while making a powerful argument
for the American colonists to declare their independence
from Britain
The Americans formally stated their break from Britain and the reasons for doing so with the Declaration of
Independence (penned by Thomas Jefferson)Many of the ideas in the Declaration were influenced by
the ideas of the Enlightenment
Benjamin Franklin made a major
contribution to the success of the
American Revolution by serving as a
diplomat to France
Franklin secured an alliance with France;
the French would help the Americans in the
war with England
On Christmas Eve 1776, George Washington gave
Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River and
surprising British troops in Trenton, New Jersey
The surprising victory at Trenton showed how determined the Americans were to defeat the British
The Battle of Yorktown proved to be the decisive
victory for the Americans over the British, who
negotiated an end to the war after
this battle
Washington’s Continental Army had help from the French: the French Caribbean fleet and
Rochambeau’s army contributed to the victory
The Articles of Confederation were America’s first national government, but the Articles were weak and ineffective
Among its many weaknesses were the Articles’ inability to enact and collect taxes, the restriction of trade between states, and worthless paper money
printed by state governments
Poor farmers in western Massachusetts were
angered over high taxes and the possibility of
losing their farms
Shays’ Rebellion proved to be THE most convincing event that led to the Constitutional Convention of
1787, in which the Articles were eliminated
Daniel Shays led an uprising and closed down
debt courts, then threatened a federal
arsenal
The approval of the Great Compromise at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention guaranteed
representation based on population in the House and equal representation for each state in the Senate
Victory for the small states
Victory for the large states
The 3/5 Compromise Northern and Southern states could not agree whether or not
to count slaves in a population size; if slaves counted, Southern states would have great representation in the HouseThree-Fifths Compromise settled the issue: three of every five
slaves would count in the populationThis Compromise had the effect of increasing Southern
representation in the House of Representatives, but not as much as it could have been
Separation of Powers
Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances were included in the Constitution for the purpose of ensuring
the national government did not have too much power
Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances were included in the Constitution for the purpose of ensuring
the national government did not have too much power
Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFEDERALISTS were in
favor getting rid of the Articles of Confederation
Federalists wanted to ratify (approve) the
Constitution; they were educated and organized,
led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Hamilton and Madison authored “The Federalist Papers”, which had the
purpose of promoting the ratification of the
Constitution
ANTI-FEDERALISTS did not want to get rid of the Articles of Confederation
Anti-federalists were against ratifying the
Constitution because they felt it gave too much
power to the national government
They argued that the Constitution was an illegal change in the government
To win ratification, the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights to protect citizens’ liberty; all 13 states
then agreed to ratify the Constitution
The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments of the Constitution;
they protect citizens’ rights and were put in place to reassure those who feared the
power of the national
government
In his farewell address in 1796, George Washington warned America against the dangers
of getting involved in foreign affairs, political parties, and sectionalism
One of the parts of Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan for the United States was a
national bank (the Bank of the United States)
In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the principle of judicial review was established;
the Supreme Court had the power to declare acts by Congress unonstitutional
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was important because it outlined how states would enter the
Union in the future (for example, when a territory had over 60,000 people, it could apply to be a state)
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson
authorized the Louisiana Purchase
from France for $15 million
Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana, but he did it anyway; this went against his own principle where he insisted
on limited interpretation of the Constitution
The Americans claimed victory in the War of 1812 with Britain; this led to a rise in American
nationalism (pride in one’s nation and identifying oneself with a nation)
The Erie Canal was a massive construction project; it was a man-made waterway that connected New
York City to the Great Lakes; the Canal made New York City the largest port city in America
Issued by President James Monroe in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine
declared that European powers were forbidden
to interfere with any countries in the Western
Hemisphere (such as Mexico and South
America)
European imperialism in the Western
Hemisphere would be viewed as a threat to
the United States
In return, the United States promised to intervene in any conflicts in Europe
The cotton gin, mechanical reaper, and the steel plow are inventions that helped fuel the agricultural boom
associated with the first industrial revolution
Horace Mann was a lawyer interested in education reform in
the early 1800s
Mann saw education as a way to form
children into productive citizens
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton held the first
U.S. convention on the rights of
women in Seneca Falls, NY
President Andrew Jackson had the Cherokee Indians forcibly relocated out of Georgia to lands west of
the Mississippi River because gold had been discovered in north Georgia
With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Jackson gave the Cherokees land west of the Mississippi, appropriated funds to remove them by force if necessary, and relocated them
from their homes in Georgia (the “Trail of Tears”)
Nullification is the argument that states have the right to ignore federal laws that they think are unfair
Southerners argued that tariffs helped Northern industry, but hurt Southern
farmers, so the Southern states
refused to collect the tariffs
The “Nullification Crisis”: Vice President John Calhoun was in favor of nullification, while President Andrew
Jackson saw nullification as a threat to the nation
The differences between the North and South led to sectionalism, which is placing the
interests of a region (or section) of a country above the interests of the whole country The perfect example of sectionalism
at this time was the formation of the Republican Party, which was opposed to the spread of slavery
into the new territories
The abolitionists were people who
wanted to completely get rid of slavery in
AmericaThe abolitionist
movement brought the issue of slavery to the forefront of
reform movements, which increased
tensions between the North and South
The idea of “popular
sovereignty” means that the
people of a state or region make
decisions for themselves by
voting
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850(1) The slave trade
ended in Washington DC (NORTH LIKES THIS)
(2) Following the idea of popular sovereignty, the people of Utah and New
Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery
(SOUTH LIKES THIS)
(3) California entered as a
free state (NORTH LIKES
THIS)
(4) A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North (SOUTH LIKES THIS; this provision
caused the most controversy)
RESULTS OF THE DRED SCOTT LAWSUIT
(1) Southerners were pleased because the court said that Blacks were not citizens and had no rights, including the right to sue
(2) The Missouri Compromise was ruled
unconstitutional and was effectively repealed
(3) Northern abolitionists were furious
In the American Civil War, the two sides in the conflict were the United States of America (the Union, located in the North) and the Confederate States of America
(the Confederacy, located in the South)
UNION (NORTH)
CONFEDERACY (SOUTH)
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR(1) The larger
population in the North meant more
troops
(2) The North had far greater industrial capacity (to make
more weapons, ammunition, etc.)
(3) The North had a huge railroad network and a superior navy, so they could move troops and supplies to where
they were needed much faster than the South could
CONFEDERACY’S GOALSTo win this war, the North had to invade the South; the South
had “home field” advantage, as well as
better military leadership
The Confederacy planned to fight a defensive war and outlast the Union,
eventually making the North tire of the fighting and quit
General Grant and General Sherman considered “total war” necessary to defeat the South;
Sherman targeted not only Southern soldiers, but civilians, too
Using the “scorched earth” policy, Sherman’s forces left a trail of
destruction as they advanced; the Battle of Atlanta ended in the city’s destruction
Vicksburg, 1863 (USA)
General Grant became the
overall commander of
the Union Army after he took control
of the Mississippi by
forcing Vicksburg to
surrender
“The Declaration of Independence shows the principles of freedom that our government was founded upon.”
“This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other
republics have failed.”“We need to make sure that the
Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of government.”
“…all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom...”
At the conclusion of the bloody Battle of Antietam,
President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
an executive order that would free all of the slaves
in the states rebelling against the United States
The 13th Amendment
abolished slavery, making it illegal
The 14th Amendment defined citizenship
and established civil rights for all citizens
(this was to guarantee civil rights
of former slaves)
The 15th Amendment gave all African-
American males the right to vote
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONThis was also known as
“Radical Republican Reconstruction”
Its goals: (1) divide the South into military districts occupied by Union soldiers
(2) The South had to ratify the 14th Amendment
(3) The Freedman’s Bureau was established
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONThe resistance to changes by the South after the war led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures;
some examples of resistance:
(1) Southern legislation against the 14th Amendment
(2) Enactment of the “Black Codes” in Southern states
(3) Election of former Confederates into Congress
This painting portrays “Manifest Destiny”, the idea that Americans were destined to expand westward and take
all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific
The Ku Klux Klan was an organization that used violence, lynching, and intimidation to promote White supremacy
and keep Blacks in unequal positions in society
President Andrew Johnson obstructed the Congressional Reconstruction, doing things like firing military generals who were overseeing the Southern states and firing his
Secretary of War (who supported Congress’ plans)When he fired the Secretary of War, he violated a law
called the “Tenure of Office Act”; Congress wanted Johnson out of office because of how he obstructed
Reconstruction, so they used the violation of this Act as the reason for impeaching him
Politicians during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant were seen as corrupt; there were two well-known scandals that
involved bribe-taking
(1) “Credit Mobilier”: attempts by railroad companies to bribe
Republican Party members to gain land grnts for profit
(2) “Whiskey Ring”: involved whiskey distillers bribing government officials to
avoid paying taxes
The railroads were America’s first “big
business” that sparked the post-Civil War
industrial revolution
During the Gilded Age, Chinese
immigrants built the west-to-east leg of
the transcontinental railroad
John D. Rockefeller’s company, Standard Oil,
was a monopoly
A monopoly is when a single company owns an
entire industry (in this case, Standard Oil dominated the
oil industry)
This cartoon portrays Standard Oil as a monster
monopoly that has its tentacles wrapped around
all aspects of the oil industry and controls the
government
Edison’s electric light bulb, Bell’s telephone, and Bessemer’s
process for making steel were some important inventions
during the Gilded Age
After 1900, most immigrants coming to the United States were from Southern and Eastern Europe (such
as Italy, Russia, Poland, and Austria-Hungary)
Most foreign immigrants who came to the U.S.
from Europe were processed at Ellis Island
near New York City
People born in America viewed the new immigrants
with fear, suspicion, and hatred
These feelings caused “Nativism”, the idea that
immigrants posed a threat to the American way of life
An example of Nativism in the late 1800s was the
government passing the Chinese Exclusion Act,
which limited the arrival of Chinese immigrants
American cities grew enormously during the
Gilded Age
Steel allowed for the building of skyscrapers
and bridges
Elevated trains and subways improved transportation
On the negative side, immigration led to overcrowding
in tenement buildings
During the Gilded Age, labor unions began; unions exist to help
laborers
The most successful union was the American
Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel
Gompers
His goal was to improve wages and working
conditions for skilled industrial workers
During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hour workday; when
violence broke out between the labor union and business management, public opinion turned against unions, viewing them as violent and “un-American”
Violence erupted during the Homestead Strike (1892) at one of Carnegie’s steel
plants; federal troops were called to re-open the plant with replacement workers
Theme #2: Strikes & Labor Unrest
In 1894, Eugene Debs led railroad workers on a national strike when the Pullman Palace Car
Company cut wages by 50%
President Cleveland sent the army to end the strike;
Strikers in 27 states resisted U.S. troops and dozens died
IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE FINAL EXAM
Review created by
Christopher JaskowiakAssisted by
Eric Duncan, Scott Wilbanks, and Chris Moore