Institutions and livelihoods in water resources management: perspectives from the Limpopo River...
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Transcript of Institutions and livelihoods in water resources management: perspectives from the Limpopo River...
Institutions and livelihoods in water resources management: perspectives
from the Limpopo River Basin
Collin C. Mabiza
Supervisors:Prof. P. Van der Zaag
Dr. E. Manzungu
CPN 17 Final Workshop15-18 June 2009
Johannesburg, South Africa
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Outline
A. Objectives of the study; theoretical framework
B. Structure of the study
C. Cases
D. Overall conclusions
E. Future plans
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A. Objectives
• to analyze water management practices at the local level
• to analyze institutional practices relating to conservation agriculture in a rainfed agricultural system
• to analyze competition for water between a city and other users
• to investigate conceptions of water resources planning at the local and national level
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Institutions
Water resources Development
Water resources Planning
Water Allocation
Operation and
Maintenance
Theoretical framework
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B. Structure of studyCase study approach used
Main cases:
1. Dynamics and complexities of water resources management at the local level
2. Institutional perspectives on practices in conservation agriculture in a rainfed agricultural system
3. Competition for water between a city and other water users
4. A comparison of conceptions (and practices) of water resources planning at the local and national level
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Study Area
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Case 1:Dynamics and complexities of water resources management at the local level
Main research questions
a. how do institutions influence:
access to water resources
interactions among water users
b. How do physical-technical factors influence water management
at the local level
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Borehole Shallow well
Small reservoirWindmill
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Distribution of water sources in Ward 1, Insiza District
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1.1 Access to water
Based on culture; geographical space; and investment Culture based access:
access to all water sources for all water users for primary water uses
Water is God-given therefore is for all users
Geographical space based access: Access restricted to specific water user groups sharing
geographical space Restrictions apply particularly for non-primary water uses
Investment-based access Access restricted to users who have invested in hydraulic property Common in irrigation schemes
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1.2 Interactions Characterised by cooperation/conflict Cooperation: environmental factors; nature of technology;
environmental frame cooperation
Intra-village interactions Cooperation influenced by proximity (and familiarity) of water users to each other
Inter-ward interactions Conflict more common Based on seasonal competition for water Social relations distorted by administrative boundaries
contributory
Manifests in rule breaking; infrastructure breakdowns
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1.3. Conclusions
a. Access Culturally-defined access allows all users water for primary
needs-across all sources “If you deny someone water, then what do you want them to do, die?”
(15/09/2007)
Access to water for primary needs not tied to geographical locality
b. Right to water to water accompanied by responsibility to maintenance
Water infrastructure collapse partly due to inability to enforce the responsibilities of water users
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Conclusions (cont)
c. Institutional practices connect with practices in other socio-economic spheres e.g. water point committee members also committee
members in other social institutions; irrigators tithe; Investment in property
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Case 2: An institutional perspective on conservation agriculture practices
Main research questions
1. What water management practices exist in a rainfed agricultural system?
2. What are the roles of the state and NGOs in conservation farming?
3. What is the role of rainfed agriculture to livelihoods?
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2.1 Local practices Based on planting dates Indigenous physical techniques not common
2.2 Other practices: Use of conservation agricultural (CA) practices:
basins dead level contours; ripper tine
To conserve soil water
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2.3 Role of NGOs:Actively promoting CA
Funding farmer trainingFunding input/implement schemes
CA promoted as the panacea to crop cultivation among the poor in a semi-arid environment
NGO message behind the practices:Increase yields, conserve resources Ideal technology for resource poor farmers in a water scarce environment
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2.4 The state Traditionally agents of agricultural extension State-driven agricultural extension weakened by:
Economic down-turn since the 1990s Hemorrhaging human resource capital
At training level (extension worker training) Implementation level
Negative perceptions Weakened state institutions
• Extension now led by NGOs
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2.5 Rainfed agriculture Climatic factors make crop failure more likely than not
Socio-physical factors working against crop cultivation draught power soil type input availability and costs
Livelihoods security through: livestock sales remittances gold panning
every household has at least one member panning for gold
Crop cultivation almost a side activity
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2.6 Conclusions The precarious nature of rainfed agricultural systems
either too much/little rainfall
Inconclusive evidence on the science behind conservation agricultural systems the physical structures the extension practices: e.g. no certainty on adoption rates
because new farmers recruited each year, old ones drop out
Farmers working the donor system not the agricultural system
Need for clarity between charity and development Extension approaches employed leads to the perception that CA
is technology for the disadvantaged
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Case 4: Conceptualisation of water resources planning Main research questions:
1. how was the Mzingwane catchment plan made?
2. what differences are there between the Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan and the Ward Water Resources Plan?
3. what conceptual issues does catchment planning raise?
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4.1 Legislated planning Planning legislated in both the pre- and post-water sector
reforms Water Acts
Legislation makes plans basis for: river system development Water allocation
Legislation gives general planning procedures 1998 Water Act: planning to be done by the national water
authority together with concerned catchment council
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4.2 Pilot planning Catchment planning piloted in the Mupfure and Mazowe
Catchments Part of the wider water institutional reform pilot scheme
Gwayi Catchment also site of a planning experiment after the reforms Planning done by consultants
In all cases plans still to be gazetted and become law
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National strategy/Water Act
Data collection(consultation/
Desk top study)
Catchment Outline plan
4.3 How the Mzingwane Catchment Plan was made
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4.4 Snap shot of the Mzingwane Catchment Plan
Summary of catchment hydrology
Water demand and use
Indicates potential dam sites
Water allocation scenarios
Expected development
takes a long term approach to water resources management [20 year horizon (to 2025)]
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4.5 Ward Water Resources Plan
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4.6 Water resources planning: Local level
Resource mapping
Identification of issues
Planning
Prioritisation of issues
Water users
Plan
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4.6.1 Water resources mapping
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4.6.2 Identification and classification of issues
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• P
4.6.3 Prioritisation of issues
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4.6.4 The Ward Water Plan
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4.6.5 Thin slice of ward water plan Infrastructure development
30 more boreholes in ward 10 deep wells 12 small dams
Institutional development Strengthening of Water Point Committees
Operation and maintenance Training of pump minders
Watershed management– Controlling gold panning
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4.7 Conclusions
Conceptual grey areas
Type of plans: Strategic/operational short term/medium term/ long term?
Content of plans water allocation water resource development
socio-economic development Planning procedures who should be involved Stage(s) at which stakeholders be involved
agenda setting/data collection/plan evaluation processes involved
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c. Contradictions in water resources management: Catchment and subcatchment councils created to
operationalise institutional decentralisation Catchment planning has led to centralised water resources
management: at state level: through Act and ‘Catchment Planning
Guidelines’ at catchment level: through domination of planning process
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Catchment vs. ward water plans
• Catchment plan more of a hydrological assessment
• Based on scientific facts• Neither operational, nor
clearly strategic• Hydrologically bound• Abstract
• Ward water plan a livelihoods shopping basket
• Based on lived in reality• An operational plan• More integrative:
water resources development;
institutional development; environmental protection
• Considers administrative boundaries
• Concrete
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Outstanding case*: Case 3Competition for water between a city and agriculture
Main objective to analyse competition for water between a city and agriculture
Main research questions:1. how is water allocation between a city and agriculture determined?
2. how does a city in a water scarce environment secure water?
3. how does competition for water between a city and agriculture manifest impact on institutional dynamics between the city and other stakeholders?
*Reconceptualization of existing case
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Institutions in water resources management: overall conclusions
Formal institutions: performance undermined by conceptual haziness
Informal institutions variance between the normative framework and practice in water
resources management
Importance of context as a driver for conceptual framework at the local level: development issues
Local level more integrative in approach subcatchment level: watershed management catchment level: allocation and planning
Gaps between water allocation and resource development At the national level: resource development
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Progress to date: Empirical chapters: one submitted, two rough drafts in place Data collection: three cases completed; one under
construction Background material: all data collected Three cases presented as symposium papers
Activity Progress to date Expected date of completion
Field work 70 % August 2009
Case write up 50 % December 2009
Thesis write up March 2009
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• Acknowledgements• Supervision Funding• Prof. van der Zaag Challenge Programme CPN 17
• Dr. Manzungu International Foundation for Science (IFS)
• Dr. Ahlers
• Logistics Data• ICRISAT Ministry of Water Resources and
• Dpt. Of Geology (UZ) Infrastructural Development
• My dad ZINWA-Head Office; Mzingwane Branch
• Data collection Mzingwane Catchment Council and• Blessing Svikiro all subcatchment councils
• Khumbulani Ndlovu Ward 1, Insiza RDC, Zimbabwe
• Lewis Ndlovu Department of Water and Forestry Affairs (SA)
• Motivation
• Nesio
• Friends I’ve made along the way
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Thank you