Gender and Institutional Dimensions of Agricultural Technology
Institutional structures for productive use of agricultural water
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Transcript of Institutional structures for productive use of agricultural water
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Water for a food-secure world
Sanjiv de SIlva
19th March, 2013, Cambodiana Hotel, Phnom Penh
Session 2: Directions for agricultural water management in
Cambodia: a discussion
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Water for a food-secure world
Objectives & Key Questions
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Water for a food-secure world
Objectives of the Session
• Recognize issues constraining the PIMT approach to irrigation management
• Generate discussion and debate on options• Less about seeking consensus; more about
a dialogue with in-country experts • Acknowledge the significant in-country
research that underpins these dialogues.
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Water for a food-secure world
Key Questions• Try to fix the present system?
– What would it take to do this?
– Is it really worth fixing?
• Consider other models?
– What models are working now? Where are they working best?
– What models should we invest in or explore further?
– What do we do with the existing systems?
• What do we need to do to add value to water?
– What’s done best by the public sector / by the private sector? / by public-private partnerships?
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Water for a food-secure world
PIMT & the Current Sittuation
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Water for a food-secure world
PIMT not working: Do we have a consensus?
• Apparent consensus in many evaluations
• ISF collection nowhere near O&M costs
• Poor leadership in water governance (allocation planning, conflict resolution, etc.)
• Failed to deliver the needed flexibility in water delivery to make irrigation efficient.
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Water for a food-secure world
Many Reasons for Status Quo
• Biophysical and geographic restrictions on water availability and delivery
• Inappropriate system design and poor construction impeding equitable water delivery and intensifying O&M burden
• Absence of hydrological data and coordination structures exacerbates conflict over water in dry season
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Water for a food-secure world
Many Reasons for Status Quo (2)
• Mandate limited to water: not empowered to address other factors that constrain irrigated agriculture
• Vague linkages in legal framework with more powerful local institutions (e.g. Commune Councils)
• Low farmer technical and organizational capacities and insufficient extension services
• Constraints often mutually re-enforcing
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Water for a food-secure world
So What are the Options?
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Water for a food-secure world
Should we…
• Try to fix the present system?
– What would it take to do this?
– Is it really worth fixing?
• Consider other models?
– What models are working now? Where are they working best?
– What models should we invest in or explore further?
– What do we do with the existing irrigation systems?
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Water for a food-secure world
Context is important here
• Session 1: need to investigate irrigation options (groundwater, more surface pumping) for conjunctive use– Substitutes to gravity in some areas and
supplementary in others
• Implies spatial variability and institutional forms will need to respond to different irrigation strategies
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Water for a food-secure world
Some implications of conjunctive use
• Not a one-size-fits-all approach
• GW will be especially challenging:– Many individual users/groups– Attributing pollution/over-extraction to particular polluters
or pumpers is difficult
• Regulatory options– Command-and-control approaches (e.g. licensing and
metering) is impractical– Indirect approaches like financial disincentives (e.g.
energy pricing) or incentives (e.g. subsidies)– Voluntary compliance involving a wide network of actors,
ranging from the private to the public sector
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Water for a food-secure world
Intermediate institutions: A missing link?
• Need for co-ordination at an appropriate hydrological scale is frequently acknowledged
– Especially if irrigation strategies become more diverse
• What should be the appropriate scale?
• Functions and structure?
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Water for a food-secure world
Successful Irrigation Management is Not Only About Water
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Water for a food-secure world
Value Addition Beyond Water• Success of AWM: access to water + enabling
farmers to make productive use of that water
• Farmers unable to do this individually. Institutions to support collective smallholder action can
• A range of modes for doing this are being tested: private sector entrepreneurs; public-private partnerships; farmer cooperatives
• Can these support AWM by leveraging private entrepreneurship and brokering public-private partnerships?
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Water for a food-secure world
Renewed Interest in Farmer Cooperatives (FCs)?
• Promoted as an integrated approach to agricultural development: production and post-harvest processes
• Gaining support with government and donors? • An alternative to FWUCs or another layer?• A private sector model (shareholding) for public
objectives? • Can FCs address some FWUC constraints to
benefit smallholders?
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Water for a food-secure world
Small-scale private sector service providers
• Provide a range of rural services: well drillers, pump installers, rainwater jars and water filter suppliers, individuals who collect and deliver water, small companies supplying pipe water to households.
• Creating rapidly expanding water markets with little public sector assistance. Able to leverage funds, offer good quality services and products, and maintain accountability for any problems that arise.
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Water for a food-secure world
Small-scale private sector service providers
• IDE’s Farm Business Advisors (FBAs)– Trains independent private micro-
entrepreneurs to provide high-quality agricultural products; in-kind credit; technical advice and market information to small-scale farmers
– Helps low-income households improve, intensify, or expand market-oriented agriculture production.
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Water for a food-secure world
Small-scale private sector service providers
• The Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Program (CAVAC)– Linking suppliers to farmers and farmers to
consumers – Identifies innovations to overcome constraints (e.g.
distance and disconnectedness; poor infrastructure, and scarce resources and information
– Low-cost irrigation; progressive farmers as change agents; using input supplier networks to provide advice to farmers; networks between model farmers, government agencies and private sector.
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Water for a food-secure world
Building synergies?
• So several independent initiatives, some structured and managed; others more spontaneous and random, driven by opportunity and initiative
• Each offers potential to ease one or more farmer constraints
• Are there opportunities to enhance their impacts, or will intervention stifle them?
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Water for a food-secure world
Thank you