LIVING conservation

Institute of Zoology

Science for ConservationAnnual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2007/08

IoZ objective 1

To undertake relevant,high-quality biological researchand research training

We maintain and developresearch links with Zoology andother relevant departments

We maintain and developresearch links with academicbodies, especially the Centre forEcology and Evolution

We run MSc courses inWildAnimal Health andWild AnimalBiology with the Royal VeterinaryCollege and an MSc course inConservation Science see page 27

Collaboration with most relevantoutside bodies for our coreresearch interests see page 33

IoZ objective 2

To anticipate and respond toconservation research prioritiesidentified by conservationorganisations

Our research is influenced byorganisations in the CambridgeConservation Forum

Our research is influenced byLondon-based conservation issues

Research questions are influencedby our formal links with theWildlife Conservation Society andNatural England

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s ConservationProgrammes see page 20:• Bushmeat and forests• Carnivores and people• Deserts and rangelands• Marine and freshwater• UK native species• Island ecosystems

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s livinganimal collection:• Animal health and welfare research• Reproductive monitoring

with ZSL

with

with institutionsin London

with otherorganisations

IoZActivities

}}

IoZ objective 3

To communicate outcomes and results toscientists, conservation practitioners andthe wider community

We run a programme of meetings andpublications see page 22:

• Journal of Zoology and AnimalConservation

• Annual programme of eveningscientific meetings

• Biannual international symposiaon topical themes in conservationbiology

• Technical publications to supportbest practice in zoos (InternationalZooYearbook) and in fieldconservation (Conservation Reports)

• Conservation Science and Practice bookseries published withWiley-Blackwell

We contribute to theTropicalBiology Association programme andCambridge Student Conference

Our meetings facilities andprogramme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

Our meetings facilities andprogramme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

IOZ research strategyThis table summarises the main aspects ofour research strategy, and the way in whichit is to be implemented with our partnersand collaborators. A full version of thestrategy is available on request.

HEFCE funded programme

We undertake research and research training. Current themes are:• Biodiversity and macroecology see page 8• Behavioural and population ecology see page 10• Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 12•Wildlife epidemiology see page 14• Reproductive biology see page 16We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 27

Science Plan. The major topics:(a) Biodiversity patterns and processesHow can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial,temporal and biological scales?(b) People and the environment in a changing worldHow can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongsidehuman population growth and development?

Xxxxxxxxxxxx X

(below)African straw-coloured fruitbats Eidolon helvumSee page 14

© D. Hayman

© 2008 The Zoological Society of London.Registered charity no. 208728

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Foreword 1

foreword

It’s hard to fix something if you don’t know how it works in the first place.The need for good science to underpin conservation practice and policy hasnever been greater as pressures on the environment continue to grow. Thisyear’s report demonstrates once again the diversity of research and trainingcarried out at the Institute of Zoology in response to this need.

Scientific highlights have included a global map of the distribution of emerginginfectious diseases, which reveals that most diseases come from areaswhere large human populations come into contact with areas of highbiodiversity, and hence identifies the importance of managing human-wildlifeinteractions to minimise the risk of future outbreaks. Diseases are not only athreat to humans, and research into the role of chytridiomycosis in globalamphibian declines, rabies in African wild dogs, and malaria in Australian birds,has continued to improve our understanding of how pathogens affect wildanimal populations.

Institute research also continues to provide clear evidence of how practicalobjectives in conservation can be underpinned by good quality research.Notably, the Indicators and Assessments Unit has contributed to thedevelopment of scientifically robust global biodiversity indicators, providinginformation that underpins national and international conservation planningtowards the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN MillenniumDevelopment goals.

The importance of conservation science needs to be communicated tomaximize its impact, and we continue to publicise the results of our extensivescientific research to scientists, conservation practitioners, policy makers andthe general public alike, through the activities of the ZSL press office andthe programme of meetings and symposia organised by the Institute. Highattendances at the latter attest to their continued topicality and interest, aswell as the excellence of the speakers we attract.

The link between the Institute and the Department of Zoology at the Universityof Cambridge continues to be rewarding as is seen in the wealth ofcollaborative studies, the strength of publications and the training of students.The focus on conservation biology at Cambridge has integrated very well withthe Institute’s interests and, with a foot in both camps, I regard the growingcollaboration as extremely welcome and important.

Professor Sir Patrick Bateson

President

Contents

Foreword

Introduction

IoZ news

Research news

Research themes

Biodiversity and macroecology

Behavioural and population ecology

Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability

Wildlife epidemiology

Reproductive biology

Indicators and assessments unit

ZSL conservation programmes

Communicating science

ZSL scientific awards 2007

Library

Education and training

Funding

Governance, staff and students

Collaborations

Staff representation

Publications

Student publications

1

2

3

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

27

28

30

33

36

37

40

2 Introduction

The steep learning curve inherent in taking over at the top of IoZ was madesteeper still by the coincidence between my arrival and the government’speriodic Research Assessment Exercise to rate the quality of universitydepartments. IoZ is not obliged to submit to the RAE, but does so as a meansof ensuring that the government gets value from its investment in our science.The last RAE was in 2001, and the intervening six years has seen manyimportant contributions by IoZ scientists to the science underpinningconservation biology. Significant firsts include studies providing evidence of afatal gas and fat embolic condition in cetaceans analogous to decompressionsickness in human divers, a global species richness map for a complete highertaxon (birds), a model to explain the determinants of IUCN extinction risk in allmammalian species, models describing how leadership in foraging animals canemerge spontaneously from initially identical individuals, and molecular-basedevidence that the effects of inbreeding in a wildlife population are morepronounced for complex diseases. During the RAE period IoZ scientistspublished 18 papers in Nature and Science, 14 papers in PNAS, Current Biologyand PLoS Biology, and 625 papers in total. My personal view, which I hopethe RAE panel will share, is that it is an excellent record for a relativelysmall organisation.

The passing of one RAE merely means that thoughts turn to the next, and toways in which IoZ can continue to develop. The revised ZSL Strategic Planconfirmed science as one of the key mission areas for the Society, but alsorecognised the value of teamwork and collaboration in achieving our goals. Areview of our collaborations with the University of Cambridge revealed a broadrange of links, not only with the Zoology department, but also with AppliedMaths, Biological Anthropology, the Cambridge Infectious DiseasesConsortium, and the Microsoft Computational Ecology and EnvironmentalScience Laboratory. The appointment of Professor Rhys Green, with his linksto the conservation NGO community, as Chair of the Joint ZSL/Cambridgecommittee offers further opportunities in this regard. So too does thetranslocation of Dr Jonathan Baillie from IoZ to Director of ConservationProgrammes, and the subsequent development of a cross-societyConservation Committee with representatives from all mission areas.

Tim Blackburn

Director of the Institute of Zoology

Introduction

This year we have had to say goodbye totwo long-serving members of researchstaff. Peter Bennett departed for aReadership at DICE, University of Kent.Peter contributed widely to the scienceoutput and administration of IoZ for morethan 20 years, ultimately becoming thehead of the Biodiversity andMacroecology ResearchTheme. Nick Isaacleft for a research position at the Centrefor Ecology and Hydrology. Nick workedon and off at IoZ for a decade, finally on aNERC fellowship.We wish both Nick andPeter well in their new positions. Last yearalso saw the departure of Phil Cottingham,after more than 20 years of service. Phil’sseemingly effortless contribution to themanagement of IoZ was a boon to allwho work here.We wish him a long andhappy retirement.

At the same time, it is a pleasure towelcome two new staff members. RosieWoodroffe joins us as a Senior ResearchFellow, from her previous position as anassociate professor at UC Davis. Rosie iswell known for her research on theconservation of African wild dogs, andlinks between the European badgerpopulation and tuberculosis in cattle.Nichola Raihani joins us on a four-yearpost-doctoral research fellowship. Nicholahas just finished a PhD at the Universityof Cambridge on cooperative breeding inbabblers, and will be using her time hereto develop a study of this behaviour inAustralian apostlebirds.

Congratulations are due to Kate Jones,who this year achieved a well-deservedpromotion to Senior Research Fellow.Thetalents of our PhD students have alsobeen recognised in various awards. Notably,Amanda Duffus won the prize for the beststudent oral presentation at the Ecologyand Management ofWildlife DiseaseConference, inYork, while Andrew Kingwon first prize in both the UCL GraduateSchool 2007 Poster Competition and thestudent competition at the VI. GöttingerFreilandtage conference. Congratulationsalso go to Daria Dadam for organisingan excellent IoZ student conference andfor winning the prize for the bestpresentation with her talk Dracula andthe cockney sparrow: can haematologyshed light on the decline of theLondon sparrow?

IoZ news 3

IOZ News

(left)Kate Jones

(below left)Amanda Duffus

(below right)Andrew King

(bottom)Daria Dadam

(right)Nichola Raihani

(far right)Rosie Woodroffe

Over the year research undertaken at IoZ

has continued to respond to a wide range

of conservation issues. As a result of this

work, some of which is described below,

ever-more accurate predictions about

population changes in the light of

environmental pressures can be made to

inform national and international

decision-making processes.

The emergence of lethal

chytridiomycosis on Sardinia

The amphibian pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis is theaetiological agent of chytridiomycosis,a disease causing species declines andextinctions around the world.Collaboration between scientists atIoZ, Imperial College and the MuseoNacional de Ciencias Naturales inMadrid has revealed the emergence ofB. dendrobatidis in up to nine countriesin Europe, but to date the only lethal formof the disease reported for Europeremains the emergence in PeñalaraNatural Park, near Madrid. A new IoZcollaboration with ‘Zirichiltaggi’ SardinianWildlife Conservation, a Sardinian-basedNGO, has led to the discovery of thepathogen on Sardinia in the endangeredSardinian brook newt Euproctusplatycephalus, an amphibian speciesfound only on the island. This discoverywas cause for great concern, as theSardinian amphibian fauna is Europe’smost novel and highly endemic andB. dendrobatidis has the capacity tospread with alarming speed. In responseto this, and funded by The People’s Trustfor Endangered Species, Zirichiltaggi andIoZ initiated surveillance for the diseaseacross Sardinia. Corpses of anotherSardinian endemic, the Sardinian paintedfrog Discoglossus sardus were alsodiscovered during field surveys.Furthermore, although the initial brooknewt samples testing positive came fromthe south in the Sette Fratelli mountains,no evidence of infection was detected atother locations in these mountains. Instead,it appears that the more northerly Limbaramountains harbour disease in severaldrainages, with both newts and paintedfrogs infected and dying from disease.

Asian vultures face extinction in

the wild within a decade

Research carried out by AndrewCunningham and collaborators hasrevealed that imminent extinction loomsfor at least three species of vulture inIndia. The oriental white-backed vultureGyps bengalensis population is decliningby more than 40% each year in India,where it has plunged by 99.9% since 1992.Numbers of long-billed vulture G. indicusand slender-billed vulture G. tenuirostrishave each fallen by almost 97% in thesame period. The cause of thecatastrophic decline in vultures isdiclofenac, an anti-inflammatorytreatment for livestock. Althoughmanufacture of the drug was banned inIndia in 2006, and a non-toxicreplacement has been found, farmerscontinue to use black market diclofenacbecause of its cheaper price. Captivebreeding is now the last hope for thesespecies and we are pleased to report thatan oriental white-backed vulture washatched this year in a captive-breedingcentre near Pinjore, northen India, whichwas established with funds from a DarwinInitiative grant to ZSL.

Molecular phylogenetics of

Round Island petrels

The gadfly petrels represent a majorproblem for taxonomists. Morphologicaldifferences between species can be slight,and as a consequence the taxonomy ofpetrels is confused and in need ofrevision. Round Island supports colonies

4

Research News

(above)Snorkelling for newts in theLimbara mountains

(right)Sardinian brook newt

©N.Lindsay

©T.Garner

of two petrel species, Pterodromaarminjoniana and P. neglecta, and isoccasionally visited by a third species,P. heraldica. PhD student Ruth Brown hasbeen carrying out phylogenetic analysisof cytochrome-b sequences in order tobetter understand the status of the threespecies, as well as mechanisms ofspeciation in the petrels.The resultsrevealed no clear distinction betweenarminjoniana, neglecta and heraldica, butthe distribution of sequences suggeststhat each species has been evolvingindependently for a long time withoccasional hybridisation events.

Common dolphin mass strandinginvestigationA team of IoZ staff from the UK CetaceanStrandings Investigation Programmeattended the recent mass stranding ofcommon dolphins that occurred in andaround the Percuil River in Cornwall on9 June. In total, 26 common dolphins diedor were found dead during the course ofthe day.The Defra funded CSIP teamcoordinated the post-mortemexaminations of all 26 common dolphins,with the assistance of staff from theVeterinary Laboratory Agency at Polwhele.A comprehensive investigation into themass stranding event is ongoing and afull report, including results of thepost-mortem examinations, will bereleased shortly.

Yangtze River dolphindeclared extinctTheYangtze River dolphin or baiji Lipotesvexillifer was this year declared extinctfollowing an intensive six-week surveyof its habitat. Using high-tech opticalinstruments and underwatermicrophones, SamTurvey and aninternational team of scientists scouredalmost 3,500km of the river, fromYichangnear theThree Gorges Dam to Shanghaiand back again, for signs of the dolphin.The dolphin's population had plummetedfrom 400 in the 1980s to less than 100 inthe mid-1990s.The last searches, in1997–1999, suggested that as few as13 dolphins might still survive.Theexpedition was intended to form the firstpart of an emergency recoveryprogramme to translocate remaining baijito a 21km-long oxbow lake in the naturereserve ofTian'e-zhou for an intensivebreeding programme. Unfortunately, nota single individual was found.The primaryfactor for the dolphin’s decline wasprobably unsustainable by-catch in localfisheries.The extinction of the dolphin,whose lineage separated from all otherspecies of mammal over 20 million yearsago, represents the disappearance of amajor branch of the tree of life.

Chytridiomycosis workshop inDominicaIn April Andrew Cunningham and BeckiLawson organised a regional training

workshop Prevention of Chytrid Spreadand Early Surveillance Measures inDominica. Funded by Defra’s DarwinInitiative, the workshop represented theculmination of a three-year conservationproject addressing the threat ofchytridiomycosis to the area’s uniqueamphibian biodiversity. Chytrid reachedDominica in 2002 and has since resultedin the death of over 80% of the island’spopulation of mountain chicken frogsLeptodactylus fallax.

The Dominican Forestry andWildlifeDivision have joined forces with IoZ tomonitor chytrid outbreaks across theisland. A major outcome of the workshopwas the generation of ideas to prevent themovement of chytrid between the islandsof the Lesser Antilles, including immersingconsignments of fruit from other islandsin seawater to flush out stowawayamphibians which may be infected bychytrid. Future plans for Dominica includethe opening of the now partially-builtmountain chicken frog conservationbreeding centre.

Research news 5

©PAPhotos

©B.Lawson

Yangtze River dolphin

©S.Leatherwood

©R.Brown

(left)Members of the CSIP team from ZSLbegin examination of the commondolphins that died during the massstranding event in Cornwall

6

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organisedinto five Research Themes:Biodiversity and Macroecology page 8Behavioural and Population Ecology page 10Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability page 12Wildlife Epidemiology page 14Reproductive Biology page 16

Each Research Theme group is made up of severalresearch fellows, post-doctoral research assistants andPhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellowor Reader. Most staff work across several ResearchThemes in broad internal and external collaborations.The following pages outline some of the outcomes ofcurrent research programmes in each theme.

Research Themes

Research themes 7

©S.D

urant

The Biodiversity and MacroecologyResearch Theme aims to describe patternsof diversity in the biology, ecology anddistribution of animal species and theirhabitats at regional and global scales, andto test hypotheses about the evolutionaryand ecological processes that mayexplain the origin and maintenance ofthis diversity. We also aim to work withpractitioners to apply this knowledge insetting priorities for conservation action.

Global patterns of avianspecies richnessIt is well known that the tropics are hometo more species than higher latitudes,but species richness patterns are morecomplex than a simple global latitudinalgradient. For example, the current speciesrichness of birds peaks in tropicalmountain ranges, most notably throughthe Andes, Rift Valley mountains, andHimalayas. New research assesses thepossible role of the timing of mountainuplift in promoting diversification indifferent regions. Spatial patterns in therichness of bird species were examined inorder to evaluate how they overlap withpatterns in the richness of higher taxa –genera, families and orders.The resultsshow that hotspots of species richness inthe Andes are congruent with patterns ofgenus richness, hotspots in the Himalayasare congruent with patterns of both genusand family richness, but hotspots in theRift Valley mountains do not reflect highertaxon patterns.These results imply thatthe timing of historical effects on speciesrichness patterns varies across regions.For example, the Rift Valley mountains arerich in species but not in genera or familiesbecause these mountains are young, and sohave only been influencing diversificationpatterns for the past 7 million years or so.In contrast, the Andes are rich in speciesand genera because they are older, and sohave been able to influence diversificationfor the past 25 million years. Overall, thissuggests that diversification rates respondto long-term changes in topography, andthat historical patterns of diversificationare still visible in distributions of birdhigher taxa today.

Thomas GH, Orme CDL, Davies RG, Olson VA, Bennett PM,Gaston KJ, Owens IPF & BlackburnTM (2008) Regionalvariation in the historical components of global avian speciesrichness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 340–351.

(left)Global distribution of the richness of (a) species,(b) genera, (c) families and (d) orders of birds.‘Hotter’ colours indicate higher levels of richness.

Large-scale edge effectsHabitat edges are a ubiquitous feature ofmodern fragmented landscapes and havea profound influence on the spatialdistribution of many species. Determiningthe spatial scale over which organismsare affected by habitat edges (the ‘edgeeffect’) is important for conservationbiology because it defines a transitionfrom degraded to intact, interior habitat,which is home to the most threatenedspecies in fragmented landscapes. Arecent study has found surprisingly large-scale edge effects for beetle communitiesin New Zealand.Typically, edge effects forinvertebrates should penetrate around200–400m inside a forest, but we showedthat as many as one in eight beetlespecies was impacted by habitat edgesover spatial scales of more than 1km.Previous modelling work had shown that1km edge effects can reduce thepopulation size of forest interior speciesby 80% and even lead to local extirpationfrom many habitat patches.These resultssuggest that it is crucial to try to designreserves that minimise edge effects byhaving shapes that are as circular aspossible. Moreover, if the pattern wedetected in New Zealand is mirrored inother parts of the world, it is likely thatlarge areas of forest that we previouslyassumed to be undisturbed may in factalready be under human pressure.

Ewers RM & Didham RK (2008) Pervasive impact of large-scale edge effects on a beetle community. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences of the United Statesof America 105: 5426–5429.

Biodiversity &MacroEcology

Distance to edge (m)

Abundance(beetles.m

-2.day

-1)

0.40

0.32

0.24

0.16

0.08

0.00

-1024

-256 -64

-16 -4 0 4 16 64 256

1024

Forest GrasslandMatrix

(a) Species 1 956

(b) Genera 1 490

(c) Families 1 71

(d) Orders 1 19

8

©R.Ewers

(below)Melanophthalma fulgurita, asmall (~2mm body length)fungus-feeding beetle that israrely found in the grasslandmatrix, increases in abundanceinside the forest, but is mostabundant when severalkilometres from the nearestforest edge.

Global trends in human emerging

infectious diseases (EIDs)

Research published in the journal Natureanalysed the spatial and temporal globalpattern in emerging infectious humandiseases, such as AIDS, Ebola and SARS.This analysis uniquely brought togetherthe fields of macroecology, diseaseecology, socioeconomics and globalchange to look at human diseases on aglobal scale. The study correlated 335emerging infectious disease ‘events’ withglobal patterns in human populationdensity, changes in population, latitude,rainfall and wildlife biodiversity. Theresults were plotted against a measure ofglobal effort to identify new diseases toproduce a risk map of disease emergence,and to identify regions where new EIDsare most likely to originate (emergingdisease ‘hotspots’). Diseases that hostshift from wildlife to humans (zoonotics)were the main source of human emerginginfectious diseases. Areas that have botha high human population density and ahigh wildlife biodiversity have the highestlikelihood of an infectious diseaseemerging into human populations. Thispaper demonstrates that conserving areasrich in biodiversity from developmentmay be an important means of preventingthe emergence of new diseases inhumans. The study also indicates thatglobal resources to counter diseaseemergence are poorly allocated, with themajority of the scientific and surveillanceeffort focused on countries from wherethe next important emerging infectiousdisease is least likely to originate.

Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D,Gittleman JL & Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerginginfectious diseases. Nature 451: 990–994.

Energy, mass and space –

some physics behind animal

ecology and behaviour

When we look at particular types ofbehaviour across a wide range of species,it is clear that size is important. But why isthis so? In recent papers (Carbone et al.,2007; Stephens et al., 2008) we explorebasic questions about the effects of bodysize through its influence on metabolic

Research themes 9

1 2–3 4–5 6–7 8–11

Number of emerging infectious diseases events

Area used by animal (m3)

Area measured by researcher (m2)

Length of side

Ratio of measured to used areas1/3 1/6 1/9 1/12

3 6 9 12

27216

729

1724

9 36 81 144

Abundance overestimated becausearea used is underestimated

Estimated Density (number/m2)

This difference increases withthe size of the area measuredTrue Density

(number/m3)

Abundance

Body Mass

a)

b)

(below)Conventionally, we estimate speciesabundance in two dimensions(e.g. individuals per hectare). Manyanimals, however, such as flyinginsects, forage in three dimensions.Take the example in a) where we aremonitoring five species of insects ofdifferent size monitored in differentsized plots. Conventionally we mightmeasure abundance by countingindividuals overhead and projectingtheir numbers in two dimensions (theblue regions below each plot) to getnumber of individuals/metre 2 ratherthan the number per cubic metre(based on the area in the box).However, the two measures differ notonly in absolute terms, but also inrelation to the size of the areameasured. One can see that the ratioof the measures decreases with anincrease in plot size and thisinfluences our summary graph, b) ofabundance against body size. Suchdifferences could have importantimplications for our understanding ofabundance patterns in animals whichuse space in different ways.

(left)Global richness map of the geographicorigins of EID events from 1940 to2004.The map is derived for EIDevents caused by all pathogen types.Circles represent one degree grid cells,and the area of the circle isproportional to the number of eventsin the cell.

rates, oxygen stores and movement rates.In our study of abundance patterns(Carbone et al., 2007) we examine howfactors such as resource requirements,diet and use of space influenceabundance. It might seem obvious thatsmall animals have smaller resourceneeds than big animals and are thereforemore common. But why don't we havelarge super-species which dominate theplanet? This research suggests that, inaddition to the animals’ resource needs,size influences the use of resources itself.A good example is that large-bodiedpredators tend to hunt prey that live ingroups, whereas small-bodied predatorsoften hunt solitary animals: this leads tolarger bodied species being rarer thanpredicted solely on the basis of theirresource requirements. Our work alsoreveals a profound importance for theway animals use space (see below). Thesefindings help understand the patterns ofrarity and commonness observed innature, and therefore inform theconservation choices made by managers.

Carbone C, Rowcliffe JM, Cowlishaw G & Isaac NJB(2007) The scaling of abundance in consumers and theirresources: implications for the energy equivalence rule.American Naturalist 170: 479–484.

Stephens PA, Carbone C, Boyd IL, McNamara JM,Harding KC & Houston AI (2008) The scaling of divingtime budgets: insights from an optimality approach.American Naturalist 171: 305–314.

Our research in behavioural ecology and

population ecology has two major

interlinked aims: to test fundamental

hypotheses in behavioural and population

ecology and to use our knowledge of the

behavioural and population ecology of

wild species, and the human populations

that interact with them, to inform

conservation policy and management.

Individual variability and

reproductive success in cheetahs

Over 30 years of research on cheetahsAcinonyx jubatus in the SerengetiNational Park, Tanzania, has helpedincrease our understanding of carnivoreecology and behaviour, and last year wasno exception. Thanks to this long-termstudy of free-ranging, known individualcheetahs, three novel aspects of cheetahreproduction and population dynamicshave been highlighted. First, females arehighly promiscuous, with high levels ofmultiple paternity within litters and noevidence of mate fidelity (Gottelli et al.,2007). Second, the annual reproductivesuccess of female cheetahs variesmarkedly between individuals, and theseindividual differences are partly driven bylongevity, in that females that have shortlives raise more viable cubs per year thanthose that live longer (Pettorelli & Durant,2007a). Such a result suggests thatexperience and the increase in thenumber of reproductive events withlongevity are key processes leading to astrong positive correlation betweenlifetime reproductive success andlongevity. Finally, cub survival is litter-dependent, with cubs from the same litterexhibiting more similar fates thanunrelated cubs when it comes to first yearsurvival (Pettorelli & Durant, 2007b). This

‘family effect’ leads to the observedvariance of the long-term reproductivesuccess of cheetah females being twicethe expected variance under theassumption of complete independence offates between cubs. Such reported effectsincrease overall stochasticity indemography and make small cheetahpopulations even more vulnerable toextinction. In the case of highlythreatened carnivores such as cheetahs,this can have serious consequences onthe recommendations for conservationand management. Our results reinforcethe importance of long-term studies thatfollow multiple generations in gaining afull understanding of the factors affectingpopulation dynamics in vertebrates.

Gottelli D, Wang JL, Bashir S & Durant SM (2007) Geneticanalysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B274: 1993–2001.

Pettorelli N & Durant SM (2007a) Longevity in cheetahs:The key to success? Oikos 116: 1879–1886.

Pettorelli N & Durant SM (2007b) Family effects on earlysurvival and variance in long-term reproductive success offemale cheetahs. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 908–914.

Sex roles upside down on antelope

mating arenas

When biologists speak of the Battle of theSexes they usually assume that theconflict is between persistent males whoalways want to mate and coy, choosyfemales. However, this need not alwaysbe the case. In the topi antelopesDamaliscus lunatus of the Serengeti-Maraecosystem, the sexual conflict can run inreverse. The hotshot topi males, who arefound in the centre of mating arenascalled leks, are discriminatory as to withwhom they mate. Females mate manytimes with many different males and themales’ preference for the least matedfemales is thought to maximise theirsiring probability. The females on theother hand aggressively attack othermating couples, which enhances thefemales’ chances of getting mated. Malesmay in turn counterattack, especially ifthey have already mated many times withthe aggressive female. This new insightfrom topi points to the possibility thatrole-reversal in the Battle of the Sexes

10

Behavioural &Population Ecology

©S.D

urant

may be more common than is usuallyassumed, particularly when it comes tospecies where promiscuous females cancause sperm depletion in their favouredmating partners. In topi, the males maymate more than 30 times in half an hourduring peaks in mating activity.

Bro-Jørgensen J (2007) Reversed sexual conflict in apromiscuous antelope. Current Biology 17: 2157–2161.

Conservation and Sustainable Use:

a Handbook ofTechniques

The relentless exploitation of wildlife,whether for food, medicine or other uses,is a key concern for conservationistsworldwide. Indeed, wildlife conservationand sustainable use have recently becomecentrepieces in conservation anddevelopment research. Assessment andinterpretation of information, and ultimateaction in a scientific study of exploitedspecies must consider numerous factors:from the biology, habitat requirementsand population dynamics of the species inquestion to the relationships that peoplehave with their environment and thespecies within it. Any long-termmanagement plan must ensure thatpeople and wildlife can coexist –otherwise it is doomed to fail.Conservation and Sustainable Useprovides a practical and integratedapproach to carrying out research on theconservation of exploited species of anykind. It describes both field and analyticaltechniques for obtaining and interpretinginformation, and integrating biological,social, economic and institutionalanalyses. It also demonstrates how totranslate information into effective actionthrough appropriate interventions, fromlegislation to changing people's attitudes.This is the first time that all these issueshave been covered together in a single,practically-orientated volume. The book isaimed at a wide audience, includinggraduate level students and researchers inconservation biology, human ecology,sociology and resource economics, fieldbiologists, wildlife managers andpractitioners in the fields of conservationand international development. It is also

available free to individuals living andworking outside the developed worldthrough the Gratis Book Scheme, run as acollaboration between the Natural HistoryBook Service, the British EcologicalSociety, the publisher (Oxford UniversityPress) and the authors. Details can befound atwww.nhbs.com/Conservation/gratis-

books.php.

Milner-Gulland EJ & Rowcliffe M (2007) Conservation andSustainable Use: a Handbook ofTechniques. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Research themes 11

©N.H

ill

©J.Bro-Jørgensen

(left)Octopus fisher in Mozambique.Understanding the sustainability ofnatural resource use requires work onboth biology and human behaviour.

The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness

and Adaptability Research Theme is to

develop and apply empirical and

theoretical methods to describe patterns

of relatedness among individuals,

populations and species. Our research

aims to test hypotheses on the effects of

genetic diversity on individual fitness and

population persistence and to apply this

knowledge of genetic structure and

genetic diversity/fitness relationships to

the management of animal populations.

How did stocking affect genetic

variability in Spanish Atlantic

salmon populations?

Unfortunately, Atlantic salmon Salmosalar are declining across their entiredistribution on both sides of the AtlanticOcean. The reasons for this decline arenot fully understood, but are likely toinvolve a combination of factors includingover-fishing, habitat loss, pollution,climate change and the construction ofdams that block migration. One region inwhich Atlantic salmon have beenseriously declining over the last century isnorthern Spain, the southern margin oftheir European range. In Cantabria, one ofthe provinces of northern Spain, three ofthe seven historic populations are nowextinct and the remaining populations areendangered. Scales have been collectedfrom every angled-caught fish since the1940s providing a unique resource ofbiological material for genetic analysis.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the fourCantabrian rivers were heavily stockedwith salmon from a range of foreignsources including Scotland. Our studyaimed to discover whether stocking thefour Cantabrian rivers with foreign-originsalmon had any lasting effects on thegenetics of the populations. By looking atthe mitochondrial DNA (which is passedon to the next generation from themother) for nearly 1,000 salmon caught in

Cantabria from the 1950s up until 2002,we found that the genetic signal of theoriginal Cantabrian populations changedsignificantly. When looking at the fishcaught after the stocking had begun, wesaw a lower proportion of the typicalSpanish mitochondrial DNA sequence andhigher proportions of new sequences thatwe did not see in the Spanish fish caughtbefore stocking had begun. Even from thefish caught from Cantabrian rivers afterthe stocking had ended, we still identifiednot-typically Spanish sequences.Comparing these odd sequences withother researchers' work, we identified thatthese sequences are common in thepopulations that were used to stock theCantabrian rivers. Therefore, importingeggs and juveniles from foreign sourceshas had a lasting effect on the genetics ofCantabrian salmon populations. It isdifficult to say whether this change willhave a negative impact overall; however,the populations are still declining. Furtherwork may assist our understanding of theeffects of changes to an Atlantic salmonpopulation's genetic variability.

Ciborowski K L, Consuegra S, García de Leániz C, Wang J,Beaumont MA & Jordan WC (2007) Stocking may increasemitochondrial DNA diversity but fails to halt the decline ofendangered Atlantic salmon populations. ConservationGenetics 8: 1355–1367.

Ecology and evolution in

the Antarctic

The Antarctic biota has evolved inisolation in an extreme environment overmillions of years. In the Southern Oceanand coastal waters of Antarctica this hasled to a unique fauna adapted to extremelow temperatures, the presence of ice andextreme seasonality. Extreme selectionpressures on organisms from bacteria tofish have resulted in unique changes atthe genomic level, such as the evolutionof antifreeze glycoproteins from digestiveenzymes in the notothenioid fish.However, adaptation to life at extremesinvolves physiological trade-offs that mayconstrain responses to climate change.Antarctica, as elsewhere, is suffering fromincreased temperatures and observationsindicate that the Scotia Arc and theAntarctic Peninsula may be subject to the

12

Genetic variation,fitness & adaptability

©D.H

ay

greatest rate of climate change on Earth.This year Alex Rogers edited andcontributed to two volumes of thePhilosophicalTransactions of the RoyalSociety B, which provided acomprehensive synthesis of Antarcticecology, evolution and the likelyimpacts of climate change on Antarcticecosystems. Antarctica is also a keyregion with respect to the evolution of theglobal deep-sea fauna. A collaborativeproject with Queen’s University Belfastand the British Antarctic Survey hasidentified that at least one importantgroup of deep-sea octopuses originated inshallow water in the Southern Ocean.These animals invaded the deep oceanglobally through the thermohalinecirculation, the cold dense waters thatsink around Antarctica and form thedeepest water layers in much of theworld’s ocean. In January 2009 AlexRogers will take part in a NERC-fundedproject in collaboration with theUniversities of Southampton, Bristol andNewcastle, British Antarctic Survey andWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution,USA, to locate and explore deep-seahydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea.These may form an importantbiogeographic link between ventcommunities in the Atlantic, Indian andPacific Oceans.

Rogers AD (2007) Evolution and biodiversity of Antarcticorganisms: a molecular perspective. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B 362: 2191–2214.

Rogers AD, Murphy EJ, Clarke A & Johnston N (2007)Antarctic Ecology: From genes to ecosystems. Volume 1.PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B 362: 1–166.

Rogers AD, Murphy EJ, Clarke A & Johnston N (2007)Antarctic Ecology: From genes to ecosystems Volume 2:Evolution, diversity and function. PhilosophicalTransactionsof the Royal Society B 362: 2185–2349.

Evolution of olfactory andgustatory receptor genes inDrosophila

Chemoperception plays a key role inadaptation and speciation in manyanimals, and the senses of olfaction andgustation (taste) are mediated by genefamilies which show large variation inrepertoire size among species.The

increasing number of whole genomesequences available for a wide range ofanimals allow analysis of whole genefamilies, how they vary among speciesand how that variation may be associatedwith aspects of their ecology. InDrosophila there are around 60 gustatoryand 60 olfactory receptor genes and it isthought that ecological specialisationinfluences repertoire size, with increasedloss of genes in specialist species. Byanalysing the size of the gustatory andolfactory repertoires among the genomesof 12 species of Drosophila we find thatrepertoire size varies substantially and theloci are evolving by duplication and loss,with striking examples of lineage-specificduplication. Selection analyses imply thatthe majority of genes are subject topurifying selection which reducesvariation among species, but this is less

strong in gustatory genes and in genesprone to duplication. In contrast to someother studies, we find that few genesshow statistically significant evidence ofpositive selection, or selection fordiversification among species. Overallgenome size is strongly correlated withthe proportion of duplicatedchemoreceptor genes, but genome size,specialisation and endemism may beinterrelated in their influence onrepertoire size.

Gardiner A, Barker D, Butlin RK, JordanWC & Ritchie MG(2008) Drosophila chemoreceptor gene evolution: selection,speciation and genome size. Molecular Ecology 17:1648–1657.

Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium (2007) Evolution ofgenes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny. Nature450: 203–218.

Research themes 13

©J.Holopainen

©A.Rogers

The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Themeaims to identify where disease is a threatto wildlife conservation, either as aprimary cause of species declines, or asa threat to remnant wildlife populations,investigate the emergence of disease asa conservation threat and develop anunderstanding of the consequences ofchanges in wildlife disease epidemiology,both to wildlife conservation and welfareand to human health and welfare,particularly where these changes aredriven by anthropogenic forces.

Evidence of zoonotic henipavirusand bat lyssavirus infectionsin AfricaHenipaviruses and bat lyssaviruses areemerging zoonotic viruses that can causefatal encephalitis in humans. Pteropid fruitbats (or flying foxes) Pteropus giganteusare known reservoir hosts ofhenipaviruses, while a wide range of batscarry bat lyssaviruses.The distribution ofpteropid bats was assumed to limit thedistribution of henipaviruses. In northernIndia, we found evidence of antibodies tohenipavirus in fruit bats, thereby extendingthe known distribution of henipavirusesin Asia westward by >1,000km.There areno pteropid bats in Africa, but we foundserological evidence of henipavirusinfection in fruit bats in Ghana,WestAfrica, approximately 5,800km from thenearest pteropid bat populations.Thissurprising discovery provides the firstevidence of henipavirus infection inAfrica. Both of these findings indicatepotential for the zoonotic emergence ofhenipaviruses over a wider geographicarea than previously believed. In Ghana,we also discovered antibodies againstlyssaviruses in three species of fruit bat.

When zoonotic transmission occurs, it isusually due to increased human–batinteractions, such as encroachment offarms into bat habitat.We are now workingto find out if zoonotic transmission occursin Africa and, if so, how this can beprevented.This research will benefit bothhuman health and bat conservation.

Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith CS, Daszak P, Jakati RD,McLaughlin AB, Meehan G, Field HE & Cunningham AA(2008) Evidence for henipavirus infection in Indian Pteropusgiganteus (Chiroptera; Pteropodidae) fruit bats. EmergingInfectious Diseases 14: 1309–1311.

Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern J A,Wang L,Wood JLN & Cunningham AA (2008) Evidence of henipavirusinfection inWest African fruit bats. PLoS ONE 3: e2739doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002739.

Hayman DTS, Fooks AR, Horton D, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC,Cunningham AA &Wood JLN (2008) Antibodies againstLagos bat virus in megachiroptera fromWest Africa.Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 926–928.

Emerging epidemic diseasesin frogs in BritainAnnually recurring epidemic disease,characterized by systemic haemorrhagingor by skin ulceration, has emerged as amajor cause of frog mortality in Britainover recent years.We conducted a seriesof transmission studies to investigatethe cause (or causes) of these diseasesyndromes. Both syndromes wererecreated by exposing frogs to ranaviruscultured from naturally-diseased frogs.Bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila,which had previously been associatedwith similar lesions, were not significantto disease development. Unexpectedly,disease outcomes were influenced byboth the source of the virus and the routeof exposure, indicating that differentranaviruses with different tissue tropismsand pathogeneses (possibly similar toquasi-species in RNA virus populations)are circulating in the British frogpopulation. Immunohistochemicalanalyses of infected frog tissuesdemonstrated that, in comparison to theskin ulceration syndrome, thehaemorrhagic form of ranavirus disease isassociated with virus infection of a widerrange of internal organs, specifically ofcertain tissues, such as the spleen, whichmight be important in the pathogenesisof the haemorrhagic disease.Toads havealso been found with haemorrhagic

14

Wildlife Epidemiology

©D.Hayman

ranavirus disease in Britain. Inoculationstudies indicated that the same, or similar,viruses are affecting both frogs and toadsin the wild and confirm that ranavirus hasemerged as an important cause ofamphibian mortality in Britain.

Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Russell P & Bennett PM (2007)Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in Britain aredependent on the source of ranavirus agent and the route ofexposure. Epidemiology and Infection 135: 1200–1212.

Cunningham AA,Tems CA & Russell PH (2008)Immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirus antigen inthe tissues of infected frogs (Rana temporaria) with systemichaemorrhagic or cutaneous ulcerative disease. Journal ofComparative Pathology 138: 3–11.

Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Russell P & Bennett PM (2007)Experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of commontoads (Bufo bufo) to common frogs (Rana temporaria).Epidemiology and Infection 135: 1213–1216.

Environmental detection andthe threat of free-livingBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis

New research demonstrates the possiblepresence of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis in the environment withthe potential for devastating effects onamphibian populations worldwide.Current surveillance of B. dendrobatidis isbased on the detection of the pathogen inits host but in vitro work suggestsinfective stages may survive in the abioticenvironment for at least 3 months. In acollaborative study involving IoZ, ImperialCollege and the CSIRO in Australia, weused a quantitative PCR method to showthat B. dendrobatidis can be detected insmall (<1 l) volumes of water.The studywas extended to the Sierra deGuadarrama mountain range in Spain atlocations associated with chytrid-related

die-offs and at other sites across Spain.B. dendrobatidis was detected in samplesfrom 64% of the ponds in the Sierra deGuadarrama and at two sites outside thisregion, showing that levels of amphibianexposure to B. dendrobatidis are spatiallyheterogeneous and that the pathogen maybe present in the wild outside the host.Imperial College and IoZ extended thisfirst study by developing a mathematicalmodel to examine the effect of a free-living stage of B. dendrobatidis on hostpopulation dynamics.Theory predicts thathost extinction can be caused by long-lived or saprobic free-living stages.Themodel was used to describe theintroduction of chytridiomycosis into abreeding population of common toadsBufo bufo in the UK, parametrised fromlaboratory infection and transmissionexperiments, as well as publishedinformation regarding toad populationdynamics.The model predicted that thelonger that B. dendrobatidis was able topersist in water, due to either anincreased zoospore lifespan or saprobicreproduction, the more likely it was thatit could cause local B. bufo extinction.Establishment of endemic B. dendrobatidisinfection in B. bufo, with severe hostpopulation depression, was also possible,in agreement with field observations.Although this model is able to predictclear trends, more precise predictionswill only be possible when the life historyof B. dendrobatidis, including free-livingstages of the life cycle, is better understood.

Walker SF, Salas MB, Jenkins D, GarnerTWJ, CunninghamAA, Hyatt AD, Bosch J & Fisher MC (2007) Environmentaldetection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperateclimate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77: 105–112.

Mitchell KM, ChurcherTS, GarnerTWJ & Fisher MC (2008)Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increasesthe probability of host extinction. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London Series B. 275: 329-334.

PFOS and PFOA in the livers ofharbour porpoises in UK watersFor a number of years IoZ has workedwith toxicologists from the Centre forEnvironmental, Fisheries and AquacultureScience (CEFAS) to study the exposure to,and toxic effects of, a range of persistentchemical pollutants in marine mammals

in UK waters. Earlier studies have alreadyfound strong links between elevatedpolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) andmercury levels in UK-stranded harbourporpoises Phocoena phocoena that diedof infectious disease, suggesting thatthese pollutants may have a role inincreasing susceptibility to disease-relatedmortality. Newer sets of persistentorganic pollutants are now emerging inthe marine environment andaccumulating through food webs somarine top predators like dolphins andharbour porpoises can act as importantsentinels of ocean health. In this lateststudy, levels of perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanicacid (PFOA) were investigated in liversamples from 58 UK-stranded harbourporpoises. Although no PFOA wasdetected in any samples, levels of PFOSranged from <16 to 2,420 μg/kg wetweight.These concentrations reflect asignificant contamination of marinemammals in UK waters with PFOS andthis study provides a UK baseline againstwhich monitoring organisations can assessthe efficacy of regulatory controls andvoluntary limitations on their future use.

Law RJ, Bersuder P, Mead LK & Jepson PD (2008) PFOS andPFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoenaphocoena) stranded or by-caught around the UK. MarinePollution Bulletin 56: 792–797.

Research themes 15

©MarineEnvironmentalMonitoring

©S.Walker

©M.Fisher

Our understanding of reproductive biology

comes largely from a small number of

intensely studied model species, but nature

presents a bewildering array of adaptations

with almost every new species we

examine. In the Reproductive Biology

ResearchTheme we aim both to explore

and understand some of this diversity and

to use some of this knowledge for the

development of technologies that may

have practical applications. In addition, we

aim to find out whether and how

environmental change may affect

reproductive and developmental processes.

Sperm size and motility

activation in pipefish

Like seahorses, some of the closelyrelated pipefish species (FamilySyngnathidae) incubate their eggs withina male brood pouch. This has contributedto considerable confusion about spermtransfer mechanisms to the eggs; someauthors have reported that ejaculates arereleased directly into water before theyreach the eggs, while others havesuggested that eggs are fertilised usingspermatozoa deposited directly into thebrood pouch via an internal sperm duct.In collaboration with Borys Dzyuba(National Academy of Sciences of theUkraine) we have presented anatomicalevidence from the freshwater pipefishSyngnathus abaster showing not only thatdirect sperm deposition into the pouch isimpossible, but that spermatozoa mustsomehow travel a significant distance(>4mm) outside the body of the male,to reach and fertilise eggs in the pouch.We also used several potential spermactivating solutions to identify the type ofenvironment most conducive to spermactivation. Spermatozoa released from thetestis were active for a brief period(<5min) in water or 150mM saline, butshowed prolonged (>25 min) motility inovarian fluid. This suggests thatspermatozoa are released into a mixtureof ovarian fluid and eggs while themale and female are in close contact.

These results are of special interest inthis species because there is increasingevidence that it is essentially a marinespecies that has only recently colonisedfreshwater lakes in Ukraine (within thelast 10–20 years). This adaptation wouldensure that the sperm are protected frominappropriate exposure to the externalenvironment which might, at worst, killthem completely or at best, prevent themfrom being activated and taking partin fertilisation.

Dzyuba BB, Van Look KJW, Kholodnyy VS, Satake N, CheungS & Holt WV (2008) Variable sperm size and motilityactivation in the pipefish, Syngnathus abaster; adaptationsto paternal care or environmental plasticity? Reproduction,Fertility and Development 20: 474–482.

16

Reproductivebiology

(below)External reproductive organstructures in:(A) female and (B) maleSyngnathus abaster with enlargedview of boxed areas (C and D).

DC

Sperm duct

Anal fin

Skin fold

2mmOvipositor

5mm

A

Female

B

Male

©B.D

zyuba

Development of successful

artificial insemination technology

for the koala

The koala is widely recognised inAustralia and around the world as aniconic species. While not regarded asendangered, koalas are under threat fromroad traffic accidents, predation by dogs,fragmentation of their habitat and thedisease chlamydia which causes femaleinfertility. The Australian conservationauthorities have therefore developedintegrated strategies to deal with koalamanagement and protection. The stateof Queensland has developed a wideranging strategy that not only includestraditional conservation issues, suchas habitat protection, but has alsorecognised the need to developreproductive technologies for the species.Their immediate priorities are to developartificial insemination procedures thatwould assist zoos with their captive-breeding programmes, and also to protectthe genetic diversity of the koalapopulation by establishing banks of frozensemen that can be used in the future if

important genetic lines have been lost.Artificial insemination in the koala hasnow resulted in the successful productionof more than 31 offspring (Allen et al.,2008b), using in some cases a remarkablylow number of spermatozoa (sometimesonly 3 million) for the insemination.Methods for controlling the femalereproductive cycle have also beendeveloped (Allen et al., 2008a). However,the current protocol for the preservationof koala sperm is still ineffective; only50% of spermatozoa are motile afterfreezing and thawing, the sperm nucleusdecondenses during post-thawincubation, and so far it has not beenpossible to obtain any pregnancies. Wehave been collaborating with SteveJohnston and Yeng Peng Zee (Universityof Queensland) on the development ofeffective methods for assessing spermquality in koalas, and have shown thatmitochondrial function is severelyaffected by the cryopreservation methods(Zee et al., 2007). Consequently, theestablishment of a functional genomeresource bank in this species is dependent

Research themes 17

Dead and swollen sperm

Live sperm

upon a substantial improvement in ourability to cryopreserve spermatozoaeffectively.

Allen CD, Burridge M, Chafer ML, Nicolson VN, Jago SC,Booth RJ, Fraser G, Ensabella T-J, Zee YP, Lundie-Jenkins Get al. (2008a) Control of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)anterior pituitary-gonadal axis with analogues of GnRH.Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20: 598–605.

Allen CD, Burridge M, Mulhall S, Chafer ML, Nicolson VN,Pyne M, Zee YP, Jago SC, Lundie-Jenkins G, Holt WV et al.(2008b) Successful artificial insemination in the koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) using extended and extended-chilled semen collected by electroejaculation. Biology ofReproduction 78: 661–666.

Zee YP, Holt WV, Allen CD, Nicolson V, Burridge M, Lisle A,Carrick FN & Johnston SD (2007) Effects of cryopreservationon mitochondrial function and heterogeneity, lipid raftstability and phosphatidylserine translocation in koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertilityand Development 19: 850–860.

©S.Johnston

(below)Koala spermatozoa that have beenstained to show whether they arelive (green sperm heads) or dead(orange sperm heads).These spermhave also been stained orange witha fluorescent dye (JC-1) that showsactive mitochondria within the livesperm only.

(below right)Koala born by artificial insemination

The Indicators and Assessments unit was

formed in 2006 to consolidate work at

ZSL on defining the status and trends of

biodiversity.The unit is a joint IoZ and

ZSL Conservation Programmes initiative,

and is comprised of a total of 20 staff,

students and interns.The five major

projects of the unit are primarily

designed to produce scientifically robust

global biodiversity indicators for global

targets such as the Convention on

Biological Diversity and the UN

Millennium Development goals.They

also provide biodiversity information at

a level more amenable to national

conservation planning, and a focus for

conservation attention.

Towards monitoring global

biodiversity

Developing indicators that arerepresentative of trends in globalbiodiversity has presented the scientificcommunity with a significant challenge.The Indicators and Assessments unit hasdeveloped and implemented the IUCNRed List Index with a new sampledapproach, permitting the assessment ofthe conservation status and trends oflarge, speciose taxonomic groups. Thisapproach is based on the IUCN Red Listand measures trends in extinction riskthrough time. The group’s output will addaround 15,000 species to the Red Listfrom taxonomic groups which have notbeen assessed before, and is providingnew and detailed information about thestatus and trends of a wide range ofspecies more broadly representative ofbiodiversity than has been possibleto date.

Baillie JEM, Collen B, Amin R, Akçakaya HR, Butchart SHM,Brummitt N, Meagher TR, Ram M, Hilton-Taylor C & MaceGM (2008) Towards monitoring global biodiversity.Conservation Letters 1: 18–26.

Salafsky N, Salzer D, Stattersfield AJ, Hilton-Taylor C,Neugarten R, Butchart SHM, Collen B, Cox N, Master LL,O’Connor S & Wilkie D (2008) A standard lexicon forbiodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threatsand actions. Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x

18

indicators &assessments unit

(below)Distribution of countries that haveNationalThreatened Species Listscompiled using IUCN Categories andCriteria (dark red) or other criteria(bright red).

State of the planetOver the past 35 years, during a timeperiod when the human population hasalmost doubled, trends in vertebratepopulations show a decrease of nearly30%. In a report for the Convention onBiological Diversity produced incollaboration withWWF and the GlobalFootprint network, the Living Planet Indexshows that wild species and naturalecosystems are under pressure to agreater or lesser degree across all biomesand regions of the world.

These findings unveil a deeper issue thatmust be addressed.Tropical areas inparticular suffer from lack of baselineinformation on local and regionalbiodiversity conservation.This barrierweakens the efficacy of conservationmeasures and the ability to predict futurechanges in the health of species andecosystems. In the context of theConvention on Biological Diversity’s 2010target to reduce biodiversity loss,biodiversity datasets are still far frombeing a complete resource in tropicalcountries.This compromises theeffectiveness with which local andregional biodiversity change can bemeasured.The key reasons for thisinclude insufficient funding, lack ofadequate infrastructure and expertise fordata collection, inaccessibility to researchsites due to political upheaval, anddifficulties in getting data published.The situation is exacerbated by the highrate at which tropical forests are beinglost, and lack of data in tropical countrieslimits the extent to which future changescan be successfully predicted. Developingmethods, filling existing gaps on keyregions, habitats, and taxa, investing in

local institutions, and formulating a globalbiodiversity observation system,systematically designed across regionsand taxa, could provide an impetus toaddress the tropical biodiversity data gap.

Collen B, McRae L, Kothari G, Mellor R, Daniel O, GreenwoodA, Amin R, Holbrook S & Baillie J (2008) 2010 & beyond:Rising to the biodiversity challenge. Loh J & Goldfinger S(Eds). Gland, Switzerland:WWF.

Collen B, Ram M, ZaminT & McRae L (2008)The tropicalbiodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in globalmonitoring.Tropical Conservation Science 1: 97–110.

McRae L, Loh J, Collen B, Holbrook S, Latham J,Tranquilli S& Baillie J (2007) A Living Planet Index for Canada. MitchellS (Ed.). Canada:WWF-Canada.

Monitoring biodiversity changeFocusing on species that represent aunique branch of the tree of life, andwhich require urgent attention to ensurepersistence, is the aim of the EDGEprogramme. Camera trap monitoringsurveys set in Sapo National Park, Liberia,are being used to combine severalaspects of the unit’s work. Combining newstandardised camera trap data to monitorwildlife across a network of sites allowsthe development of a standard index ofchange in abundance, called theWildlifePicture Index. Optimal monitoring of asite over time also provides cost effectiveinformation for park management, as wellas baseline biodiversity data in tropicalareas that have data limited coverage.Testing of these newly developedmethods in Sapo National Park hasresulted in the first ever picture of apygmy hippo Hexaprotodon liberiensis(one of the EDGE focal species) in Liberia.

Indicators and assessments unit 19

Living Planet Index

The average of three indices whichmeasure overall trends in populationsof terrestrial (green), marine (dark blue)and freshwater (light blue) vertebratespecies.The index declined by 27%from 1970 to 2005.Bars are 95% confidence limits.

(above)A pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodonliberiensis) captured by camera trapin Sapo National Park, Liberia.

Ind

exV

alu

e

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

01970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Global

LPI

Island Ecosystems

Inbreeding, reproductive successand sperm aberrations in hihiInbreeding depression is a commonlyobserved consequence of declining andendangered species. Of the numerousrecorded phenotypic expressions ofinbreeding, the reduction of fertility isprobably the most apparent. Low hatchingsuccess is certainly the case for the hihiNotiomystis cincta where approximately30% of eggs laid fail to hatch each year.The hihi, an endangered and endemicpasserine with a highly promiscuous anda vicarious polygynandrous matingsystem, has gone through a series ofbottleneck events associated with re-introduction to offshore islands. Currentresearch at IoZ aims to understand howvariation in male sperm quality impactson reproductive success, how this altersestimates of effective population size and,importantly, how inbreeding influencesthis relationship.To understand thisassociation, microsatellite markers weredeveloped specifically for the hihi inaddition to a detailed pedigree from thefocal population.This pedigree allowsaccurate quantification of each male’sreproductive success, combined withdetailed data on sperm morphology andviability, embryo and nestling mortalityand longer term survival of fledglings.Inbreeding, and its impact onreproductive success, is a significant areaof concern for conservation, andpopulation viability will be a useful toolfor future conservation strategies.

Marine and Freshwater

Molecular approaches toconservation of deep-seacold-water coralsThe deep sea is the largest environmenton Earth but the least well known,sampled, and studied.Within this hugearea hard substrata (bedrock, boulders,stones and animal shells or skeletons) arerare but where they occur, for exampleseamounts and canyons, distinct andsometimes spectacular communities ofsessile megafaunal organisms (corals,sponges etc) are present.These providehabitat to hundreds of other species(urchins, seastars, brittlestars etc).Theselocations may be associated with richpopulations of fish that are targeted byfishers. Fishing gear that contacts theseabed has the potential to destroythe animals living at the bottom. Incollaboration with MRAG (MarineResources Assessment Group), theby-catch from the bottom longline fisheryfor Patagonian toothfish Dissostichuseleginoides in South Georgia wasinvestigated (500m–2000m in depth).Significant by-catch of octocorals wasobserved and species were identifiedusing DNA barcoding. Hotspots ofdiversity were highlighted resulting in theinitiation of three special managementareas where fishing effort is greatlyreduced to protect these vulnerabledeep-sea habitats.There are few studieson the by-catch of bottom longline fishinggear and the current study is importantbecause the method is increasingly beingused in deep-sea fisheries.

UK Native Species

Patterns of abundance anddistribution in butterflypopulationsInsects are the most numerous andsuccessful group on the planet,comprising more than half of alldescribed species.They are therefore anessential component to the functioning ofmost terrestrial ecosystems. As insectsare often short-lived, warmth-lovingspecies, they can show rapid and clearresponses to changes in the environment,making them ideal indicators ofecosystem health. Butterflies, in particular,are extremely sensitive to changes in bothclimate and landscape, and many Britishspecies have declined substantially inrecent years. In partnership with theCentre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH)and Butterfly Conservation, IoZ isundertaking research to explore thepatterns of abundance and distribution inbutterfly populations in Britain.Theproject brings together 30 years of datafrom the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme andnew information on the resourcesavailable to butterflies.The research aimsto reveal the factors that determinebutterfly abundance, which will lead to adeeper understanding of the mechanismsthat cause population decline.The resultswill help conservation organisationsimprove site management for the benefitof insects and other wildlife.

20

zsl conservationprogrammes

©S.Patrick

©MRAG

©T.Weeks

Deserts and Rangelands

Monitoring of black-backed jackalsin NamibiaThe black-backed jackal Canis mesomelasis one of the most abundant andwidespread carnivores across southernAfrica, having successfully exploited arange of habitats from remote wildliferefuges where they live alongsideendangered carnivores, to urban areaswhere they come into contact withpeople, domestic animals and livestock.This highly adaptable canid may have animportant role in the transmission ofdiseases such as canine distemper andrabies which have caused mortality insome endangered carnivores. Despite theimportance of the species to the ecologyof the region, the black-backed jackal hasreceived relatively little attention forresearch.To address this, IoZ’s JackalProject has been conducting scientificresearch and annual disease monitoringsurveys on a population of black-backedjackals on the desert coast of Namibia.Recent research has explored the relativeimportance of ecological, social andgenetic factors in determining jackalspace-use, group size, reproductivesuccess and parental behaviour.Throughcollaborations with the Desert ResearchFoundation of Namibia, GobabebResearch andTraining Centre, andWindhoek Polytechnic College theproject has also been involved inproviding research training for Namibianstudents and international volunteers,many of whom have successfully goneon to pursue careers in conservationand research.

Carnivores and People

Jaguars and wild meat hunting inthe Colombian AmazonJaguars Panthera onca require wellconserved habitat, abundant prey andlarge areas to survive. Protected areas arefrequently too small to ensure theirconservation and jaguars are forced toroam over unprotected areas. In Colombiajaguars and indigenous people thatpractise legal subsistence huntingcompete for, and depend upon, the sameprey.The current project uses cameratraps to estimate the density of jaguars,measure prey population abundance andevaluate the sustainability of indigenoushunting, inside and outside AmacayacuNational Park. Jaguar densities variedfrom 3.6 to 2.7 in 100km2 inside andoutside the park, respectively, whichindicates that parks of 14,000km2 are theideal size for long-term jaguarconservation. Only a handful of suchparks exist in Amazonia. Although huntinginside and outside the park is notsignificantly different, the preferred preyfor jaguars and humans showed signs ofdepletion outside the park andunsustainable harvest rates at both sites.This forecasts that the continuing huntingpressure will drive these species to localextinction, and jaguars with them.Consequently management efforts forconservation must be urgentlyimplemented across landscape size scalesin the Amazon basin to ensure the futureof the species.

Bushmeat and Forests

Evaluating dependence on forestproducts in Equatorial GuineaThe unsustainable harvest of forestproducts represents one of the biggestthreats to biodiversity in tropical Africa.However, the widespread use of forestproducts, including bushmeat, fish andwild plants, has led many to propose thatrural populations rely on wildlife for foodand income. Consequently, there is aneed to assess this dependence on forestresources in order to evaluate thepotential impacts to people following areduction in forest offtake whether dueto declining wildlife populations or tomanagement. Food consumption,livelihood activities and income wererecorded in 150 households in two ruralvillages in Equatorial Guinea over oneyear, and showed that people consume,produce and earn significant amountsfrom wildlife resources, particularlybushmeat.The consumption of wildfoods, especially plants, increased duringthe lean season, implying that wild plantsreduce vulnerability to food shortages intimes of stress, and are thereforeimportant for food security. Poorer, foodinsecure and less accessible householdsgained a significantly higher proportionof production and income from wildlife,suggesting that these vulnerablehouseholds with few livelihood optionsrely on wildlife for regular income.Theseresults show that poorer families in moreremote villages are indeed dependent ona range of wildlife resources, and thismust be taken into account in any policyresponses to unsustainable harvests.

ZSL Conservation programmes 21

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on scientific issues relevant to the conservationof species and their habitats.This work directly supports ZSL’s field conservationprogrammes, which are currently run in over 30 countries worldwide.The combinationof applied and pure research means that we are engaged in conservation activitiesat all points along the spectrum, from genes to ecosystems. Here we describe howresearch carried out at IoZ underpins conservation policy and practice, and makes itpossible to source support and funding for conservation work in range countriesin partnership with governments, NGOs and local communities.

©N.Jenner

©E.Payan

©S.Allebone-Webb

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitatingthe communication of science betweenresearchers, professional zoologists andthe public. We achieve this through avaried programme of meetings and thepublication of scientific journals and books.

Publications

Animal Conservation

Now in its eleventh year, AnimalConservation continues to provide aforum for rapid publication of novel, peer-reviewed research into conservation ofanimal species and their habitats.Thefocus is on rigorous quantitative studiesrelating to populations, species orcommunities and their conservation.Subjects covered by the journal includepopulation biology, epidemiology,evolutionary ecology, population genetics,biodiversity, biogeography andconservation economics.

Journal of Zoology

The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminentjournal dedicated to academic zoology,continues to attract an increasing numberof high-quality research papers and reviews.Published monthly, the Journal promoteshypothesis-driven studies that advanceour knowledge of animals and their systems.

Conservation Biology book series

This series includes titles which reflect ourresearch interests. Zoos in the 21st Century:Catalysts for Conservation?, edited byAlexandra Zimmermann, MatthewHatchwell, Lesley Dickie and ChrisWest,was published during the year. Modernzoos and aquariums are playing anincreasingly active and important rolein managing global diversity and thisbook evaluates the unique attributes ofzoos that can contribute to theconservation landscape.

Conservation Science and Practice

book series

Bushmeat and Livelihoods: WildlifeManagement and Poverty Reduction,edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown,provides insight into what species survive

different intensities of bushmeat huntingand trapping, and examines the size ofhousehold consumption and markettrading. Governance, and institutionalimpacts on wildlife management, lessonslearned from agriculture and non-timberforest production, as well as thebiogeographic, cultural and economicdifferences in wildlife trade andconsumption are also discussed.

International ZooYearbook

The focus of Volume 42 is the globalextinction crisis facing amphibians andthe coordinated response of zoos andaquariums, governments, museums,universities, botanical gardens andprivate-sector collaborators.Implementation of the AmphibianConservation Action Plan and initiativessuch as Amphibian Ark and the 2008Yearof the Frog campaign are presented.Theresults of conservation activities in theAfrotropics, Colombia, Ecuador, HongKong, Mexico, Panama, South Asia andTaiwan are also described. All volumes(1–42) are now available online.

Meetings

Scientific MeetingsScientific Meetings are held monthlythroughout the academic year.Topics arevaried, covering a range of conservationand environmental issues.This year’sprogramme included meetings on SharkBiology and Conservation, ReproductiveStrategies in Animal Societies and TheFrozen Ark Project. Scientific meetings arefree and open to anyone who would liketo attend. Details can be found atwww.zsl.org/science/scientific-meetings.

SymposiaIn November ZSL hosted an internationalsymposium Trade-offs in Conservation:Deciding what to Save, organised byNigel Leader-Williams (above middle),Bill Adams (left) and Bob Smith (right).The symposium examined the criticalissues of priority setting and decision-making where resources for conservationare limited. Sessions included importantdebate on the wider non-biological issuesthat surround our assessment of trade-offs and factors that influence the choicesthat we make within a conservationdecision-making framework.A second symposium was held in May,

Avian Reintroduction Biology: CurrentIssues for Science and Management,organised by John Ewen, Doug Armstrong,Kevin Parker and Philip Seddon. Invitedspeakers presented expert opinions on arange of topics that encompass currentpriorities in avian reintroduction biology.

Science for ConservationSeminar SeriesThis series provides our staff and studentswith the opportunity to learn moreabout the work of visiting researchers,collaborators and invited speakers. Arange of subjects was covered duringthe year, including Exposure of GrandCanyon California condors to dietarylead and Evolutionary ecology ofimmune gene variability and its role inparasite resistance, mate choice andconservation genetics.

22

COMMUNICATINGSCIENCE

Stamford Raffles Lecture

The 2008 Lecture was given by JeffreySachs, Director of the Earth Institute atColumbia University and Special Advisorto the United Nations Secretary-General.Common Wealth: Economics for aCrowded Planet examined the challengesof sustainable development in the 21stcentury, focusing on ways to achieve thefour key goals of our global society:environmental sustainability (includinga solution to climate change), thestabilisation of the world’s population,the end of extreme poverty, and a newera of global cooperation to solvecommon problems.

Communicating science 23

ZSL recognises outstanding achievements

in conservation and zoological research

through its annual presentation of awards

and prizes. In 2007 the following awards

were presented:

Frink Medal

Presented to a professional scientist forsubstantial and original contributions tozoology. Awarded to:Professor Tom Cavalier-Smith FRS,University of Oxford, for outstandingcontributions to our knowledge of cell andgenome evolution, large scale phylogenyand the tree of life, and majorevolutionary transitions.

Scientific Medal

Presented to research scientists with nomore than 15 years’ postdoctoralexperience for distinguished work inzoology. Awarded to:Professor Tim Coulson, Imperial CollegeLondon, for major contributions to thefield of quantitative population biologythrough the application of demographicmodels to examine ecological andevolutionary change.Professor Sunetra Gupta, University ofOxford, for research on strain structureamong pathogens, and for contributionsto our understanding of the evolution,maintenance and dynamics of parasitepopulation diversity.

Silver Medal

For contributions to the understandingand appreciation of zoology, includingsuch activities as higher and publiceducation in natural history and wildlifeconservation. Awarded to:Ian Andrews, on behalf of the ScottishOrnithologists’ Club, for The Birdsof Scotland.

Gold Medal

Awarded to:Dame Vivien Duffield DBE, in recognitionof her, and her family’s, longstanding andcontinuing support of ZSL and ZSLLondon Zoo.

The Stamford Raffles Award

For distinguished contributions to zoologyby amateur zoologists. Awarded to:Professor Ted Benton, University of Essex,for his extensive work on bees, butterfliesand dragonflies.

The Marsh Award for Conservation

Biology

For contributions of fundamental scienceand its application to the conservation ofanimal species and habitats. Awarded to:Dr Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International,for the development of an influential newindex to measure trends in the status ofthreatened species.

The Marsh Award for Marine and

Freshwater Conservation

For contributions of fundamental scienceand its application to conservation inmarine and/or freshwater ecosystems.Awarded to:Dr Simon Jennings, Centre forEnvironment, Fisheries and AquacultureScience, for the development of appliedscience programmes that have influencedpolicy decisions both nationally andinternationally.

24

ZSL SCIEnTIF IC AWARDS2007

The Thomson Reuters/Zoological Record

Award

Presented for the public communicationof zoology. Awarded to:Dr Matthew Cobb for his book The Eggand Sperm Race.

Thomas Henry Huxley Award and

Marsh Prize

Presented for the best zoological doctoralthesis produced in the UK. Awarded to:Dr Tim Hawes, University of Birmingham,for his thesis Plasticity in ArthropodCryotypes – a Polar Perspective.

Charles Darwin Award

Presented for the best zoological projectby an undergraduate student attending auniversity in the UK. Awarded to:Janet Maclean, University of Aberdeen,for her project An investigation into thepresence of selection on themelanocortin-1 receptor coatpigmentation gene and how this selectionmight act in water voles that are patchilydistributed in Scottish uplands.

ZSL Scientific awards 2007 25

The Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize

Presented for the best zoological projectby an A-level student or equivalent.Awarded to:Anthony Yong Kheng Cordero Ng,Concord College, for his projectInvestigation into the effect of sleepingpills and caffeine pills on the heart rateof Daphnia magna.

Honorary Fellowship

Awarded to:Professor John Beddington CMG FRS,

Government Chief Scientific Adviserand Head of the Government Officefor Science.

(from left to right)

Brian Marsh OBE (Marsh ChristianTrust)Ian AndrewsProfessorTed BentonDr Simon JenningsJanet MacleanProfessor Sir Patrick Bateson FRSDr Stuart ButchartProfessorTom Cavalier-Smith FRSDrTim HawesDr Matthew CobbProfessor Sunetra GuptaNigel Robinson (Thomson Reuters)ProfessorTim CoulsonRuth Upsall (Concord College)

Professor John Beddingtoncollecting his award fromProfessor Sir Patrick Bateson

AnthonyYong Kheng Cordero Ng

During 2007 1,982 books were added to

the online catalogue, 3,558 journal issues

accessioned and 2,979 loans were made

to Fellows and ZSL staff.

ZSL's Library's serial holdings have beenupdated on a quarterly basis in SUNCAT,http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. SUNCAT canbe used to locate serials withincontributing libraries and includes links tothe web pages of these libraries. As aresult, ZSL has supplied an increasingnumber of document requests fromacademic libraries within the UK.

To launch our Darwin 200 celebrationsand to celebrate World Book Day TheZoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagleunder the command of Captain FitzRoy,R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836, editedand superintended by Charles Darwin[and others], 1838–1842 was the MarchArtefact of the Month on the ZSL website.In July we presented the landmark paperslaunching Darwin and Alfred RusselWallace's work on evolution and naturalselection as the July Artefact of the Monthto celebrate 150 years since they wereread to the Linnean Society. To furtherhighlight Darwin 200 celebrations, allbooks by and about Charles Darwin in theLibrary have been added to the onlinecatalogue at http://library.zsl.org

Thomson Reuters have generouslyprovided ZSL with online access toZoological Record back to 1864. This isan incredibly useful resource for ZSLstaff allowing them easily to searchthe zoological literature from 1864 tothe present.

ZSL Art Cataloguer Ann Datta left in Marchbut continues to develop and enhance thecatalogue as a volunteer. The catalogue,which is almost complete, can be searchedby using the ‘Switch database’ option to‘Art’ in the Library catalogue athttp://library.zsl.org. The Art Cataloguer postwas funded by the Michael Marks Trust.

Pages from John Gould's A monographof the Ramphastidae or family of toucansand one volume of A monograph of theTrochildae, or family of humming-birdsfeature as a special ‘turning the pages’exhibit in the newly opened BlackburnPavilion at ZSL London Zoo. Thesegraphics link the living collection to the

Library collection and present an excitingopportunity for these beautiful books tobe enjoyed by a wider public.

Interest in ZSL’s archives has continued toincrease with a variety of researchersvisiting the Library, mainly to consult theDaily Occurrence books, the 19th centuryCouncil minutes, Minutes of ScientificMeetings, the correspondence collectionand zoo guides. The emerging archivecatalogue can be searched from the mainLibrary catalogue at http://library.zsl.org;

use the ‘Switch database’ function tomove into ‘ARC’, the archives catalogue.

An event to remember Connie Nutkinswas held in the Library in February. Aformer member of staff from IoZ, Connieleft a generous bequest to ZSL for useby the Library.

We are extremely grateful for thecontinued help of our dedicated teamof volunteers and the many Fellowsand Friends of ZSL who continue tosupport the Library with their time, andby donating books, archives, zooephemera and funds for the conservationof items in our collections.

26 Library

LIBRARY

(below)The title page of the first editionof On The Origin of Species,published in 1859

Education and training are central toIoZ’s activities and we have a strongcommitment to hosting researchprojects, particularly those leading toa PhD degree.

Our PhD students are co-registered at auniversity department but most spend themajority of their time at IoZ. During theyear PhDs were awarded to Nicola Jenner(University of Kent) for her studies ofoffspring care in the black-backed jackalCanis mesomelas; Janna Rist (ImperialCollege London) for research on thetrends and conservation-related impactsof the bushmeat trade in Africa; NanaSatake (Royal Veterinary College London)for her studies of the cellular signallingmechanisms in reproduction in boars;Shama Zaki (University of Leicester) forher investigations into the life history andphylogenetic relationships of theEuropean bitterling Rhodeus sericus; andSusan Walker (Imperial College London)for research into the distribution of thechytrid fungus Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis and its association withoutbreaks of chytridiomycosis inEuropean amphibians.

Problem-based learning has beenintroduced as a significant new elementto the MSc courses in Wild AnimalBiology and Wild Animal Health. We haveadopted the reiterative or ‘closed-loopsystem’ of problem-based learning thathas dramatically improved medicalcourses throughout Europe and NorthAmerica. The MSc students attending the2006/2007 courses did exceptionally well:two Wild Animal Biology (MSc WAB)students, Fay Clark and Femke Broekhuis,received distinctions, the first distinctionsachieved by any MSc WAB students inthe four year history of this course. TwoMSc WAH students, Alison Peel and

Katie Colvile, also received distinctions.As usual, graduates have been successfulat gaining wildlife-related posts and arenow working across eight differentcountries in Asia, Africa, Central America,South America and Europe. RichardSuu-ire, a graduate of our course in 2006and Senior Wildlife Officer in Ghana,was appointed President of theCommonwealth Veterinary Associationearlier this year.

A new ZSL MSc course in ConservationScience opened this year. The course isrun in partnership with the Royal BotanicGardens (Kew), the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust (Jersey), and ImperialCollege London (Silwood Park), with30 students spending time at all of theseinstitutions. The course is now attractingoutstanding applications from all over theworld, and is already becoming a leadingfocus for training the next generation ofconservation professionals.

Education and training 27

Education & training

MSc students, Wild Animal Biology

MSc students, Wild Animal Health

(left)Prize winners from the MSc courses inWild Animal Health and Wild Animal BiologyFemke Broekhuis, Katie Colvile, Alison Peel,Fay Clark, with Stephen May who presentedthe awards

As usual, we received our annual coreincome from HEFCE via the University ofCambridge; however this year 50% of ourincome came from other sources,particularly the Research Councils andgovernment departments. In total, 50 newgrants were received during the year.

Defra awarded Paul Jepson and RobDeaville a further £42,688 to develop aweb accessed database for thecollaborative UK Cetacean StrandingsInvestigation Programme (CSIP).This willallow the integration of all data collectedon strandings of cetaceans (whales,dolphins and porpoises) in the UK since1990 and will enable partner organisationsto directly enter information on strandingsvia a web portal. As the CSIP is a publiclyfunded research programme, collatedinformation will be displayed through agovernment data portal, so that for thefirst time the public will be able to accessinformation on UK strandings.

Jonathan Baillie and Ben Collen wereawarded £184,800 from the RuffordMaurice Laing Foundation to fund theproject ‘Delivering the IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species and GlobalBiodiversity’ until 2009. Annual updates ofthis list will be produced and resultsdisseminated to the scientific community,as well as policy-makers and the generalpublic. Methods to retrospectively assessspecies will be developed and carried outon reptiles and fishes, to find trends inextinction risk for these lesser-knownvertebrate groups. A website with anonline database will also be establishedfor Regional Red Lists, to support nationsin understanding the conservation ofbiodiversity in their countries and atregional level.

The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation awardedBen Collen a further £271,950 to fund theIUCN Sampled Red List Index. Over thenext two years, this project will beassessing the conservation status of morethan 10,000 species from eight differentinvertebrate groups.These assessmentswill not only increase the invertebratecoverage of the IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species by two and a halftimes, but will also help set the baselinefrom which more accurate trends inglobal biodiversity can be measured inthe future.

Alex Rogers was awarded £358,397 fromNERC for the project ‘Benthic biodiversityof seamounts in the south west IndianOcean’. Seamounts may host spectacularcommunities of corals, sponges or otherattached fauna along with a high diversityof associated species.They are alsoimportant hotspots of biological activity inthe oceans and many predators such ascetaceans, sharks, tunas and other fishaggregate around or on them to feedand/or reproduce. As a result, seamountsare important areas for fisheries for bothpelagic species, such as tuna, and thosethat are found near or on the seabed(orange roughy or rockfish). Bottomfisheries have the potential to harmseabed communities through the directimpacts of fishing gear, such as trawls, on

28

funding

Research Grants & Contracts £1,900,684

(Government Bodies £485,327)

(Research Councils £571,811)

(Other Organisations £843,546)

Other Income £181,397

Core Grant £2,040,900

delicate organisms like corals. This projectwill explore the biodiversity of seamountsin a region that remains almostcompletely unknown to science in termsof its deep-sea fauna. To do this the UK’sISIS remotely operated vehicle (ROV),capable of diving to 6,500m depth, will bedeployed. It will film, photograph andsample the species that live there, someof which will certainly have never beenobserved or described before, and willstudy how these species are distributedalong the south west Indian Ocean Ridgeand, at smaller scales, on the seamountsthemselves. The impact of deep-seafisheries in this region that developedover the last 10 years will also beassessed in collaboration with partnersfrom the IUCN, the Food and AgricultureOrganisation, the international Census ofSeamounts project and industry.

Alex Rogers was also awarded £344,680from the European Commission for theproject ‘CoralFISH: Assessment of theinteraction between corals, fish andfisheries, in order to develop monitoringand predictive modelling tools forecosystem based management in thedeep waters of Europe and beyond’.Recently cold-water coral reefs were

recognised as occurring in waters as deepas 1,000m off the continental shelf ofEurope and elsewhere in the world. Thereefs, formed mainly by the stony coralLophelia pertusa, were found to host ahigh diversity of other species and sharedmany ecological features with shallow-water tropical coral reefs. Within a shorttime it was also discovered that trawlingoften targeted areas where cold watercoral reefs occur with disastrousconsequences for the coral communitieswhich are smashed to pieces by the heavygear. The CoralFISH project is aconsortium of 16 European partners, fromacademia and industry. It is aimed atstudying the association between fishspecies and coral as well as whatenvironmental factors are required for thegrowth of corals so that their distributioncan be modelled. These data areimportant to enable ecosystem-basedmanagement of deep-sea fisheries inEuropean and north east Atlantic watersthat protects these vulnerable marineecosystems in a manner consistent withthe recent UN Resolution calling forprotection of deep-sea biodiversity(UNGA Res. 61/105). The project willemploy cutting-edge technology includingthe use of manned submersibles andremotely operated vehicles (ROVs).

Funding organisations

American Museum of Natural History

Bat Conservation Trust

BBSRC

Botswana Cheetah and Wild Dogs Programme

British Andrology Society

British Ecological Society

British Herpetological Society

Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium (CIDC)

Centre for Ecology and Evolution

Chester Zoo

Columbus Zoo

Darwin Initiative

Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia)

Defra

Edith Mary Pratt Musgrave Fund (University of Cambridge)

Esmée Fairbairn Foundation

European Commission

European Science Foundation

Gilchrist Educational Trust

Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)

Hobson Vision Ltd

Idea Wild

John S Cohen Foundation

Leverhulme Trust

Natural England

Natural History Museum

NERC

Ocean Park Conservation Foundation

Parkes Foundation

People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES)

PEW Charitable Trusts

Royal Society

Royal Veterinary College

RSPB

Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation

Science Foundation Ireland

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

Society for Reproduction and Fertility

St Louis Zoological Park

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Wellcome Trust

Wildlife Conservation Society

WWF International

Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education

Funding 29

(above)Whip corals Viminella spp. andAcanthogorgia on Coral Garden Hill, FaialIsland, Azores, at a depth of 330m. Phototaken from the submersible Lula (RebikoffFoundation) by Alex Rogers. Project fundedby Lighthouse Foundation, LeverhulmeTrustand EC 7th Framework programme.

©A.R

ogers

The Zoological Society of London

Officers

Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President)

Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DScFRS (Secretary)

Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer)

Senior Management

Ralph Armond MA (Director General)

Jonathan Baillie PhD (Director of ConservationProgrammes)

Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Instituteof Zoology)

David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director)

Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director)

Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director) •

Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director)

ZSL/University of CambridgeJoint Committee

Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL

Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Head, Departmentof Zoology, University of Cambridge

Dr Tony Fincham BSc PhD

Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge (Chairman)

Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS

Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge

Professor Ian Owens PhD, Imperial College London

Professor William Sutherland PhD, University ofCambridge

In attendance:

Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Instituteof Zoology)

Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director)

Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director)

Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge

Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, InstituteAdministrator (Committee Secretary)

Institute of Zoology

Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Instituteof Zoology)

Senior Research Staff

Peter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity andMacroecology •

Chris Carbone DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversityand Macroecology

Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behaviouraland Population Ecology

Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, ThemeLeader, Wildlife Epidemiology

Sarah Durant PhD

William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, ReproductiveBiology

Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS, Postgraduate Tutor

Kate Jones PhD

William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, GeneticVariation, Fitness and Adaptability

Alex D Rogers PhD

Jinliang Wang PhD

Rosemary Woodroffe PhD

Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers

Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse BVMS, MSc, PhD

Sophia Ahmed PhD

Edward Brede PhD

Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhD

Kate Ciborowski PhD

Ben Collen PhD

Roslyn Elliott PhD •

John Ewen PhD

Robert Ewers PhD •

Trenton Garner PhD

Nick Isaac PhD •

Kirsty Kemp PhD

Rhiannon Lloyd PhD

Nathalie Pettorelli PhD

Nichola Raihani PhD

Marcus Rowcliffe PhD

Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMedMRCVS

Anna Santure PhD

Seirian Sumner PhD

Samuel Turvey DPhil

Katrien Van Look PhD •

Postgraduate Research Assistants

Ruth Brown MSc

Katie Colvile

Tom Hart MSc

Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS

Fieke Molenaar DVM MSc MRCVS

Nana Satake MRes

Postgraduate Research Students

Gerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MSc

Sophie Allebone-Webb MRes

Arnaud Bataille BSc

Farid Belbachir

Jon Bielby MSc •

Patricia Brekke BSc

Savrina Carrizo MSc

Natalie Cooper MSc

Ian Craigie MSc

Helen Cross

Robin Curtis

Daria Dadam MSc

Amelia Dickman MSc

Amanda Duffus BSc.H. (SSP), MSc

Gillian Eastwood

Emily Fitzherbert MSc

David Hayman BVM&S, MSc (Con. Bio.), MRCVS

Nicholas Hill MSc

Olivier Hymas

Nicola Jenner BSc •

Andrew King BSc

Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS

Alanna Maltby MSc

Laura Martinez

Kirsty Morris

Maurus Msuha MSc

Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc

Alison Peel BSc(Vet) BVSc MSc MRCVS

Robert Pickles BSc

Janna Rist BSc •

Nana Satake BSc Mres

Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen BSc MRes FRS

Joseph Smith MSc

Michelle Taylor MRes

Amber Teacher BSc MRes

Susan Walker BSc •

Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc

Administrative and Support Staff

Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator)

Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT (Assistant InstituteAdministrator) •

Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator –Information Systems)

Breda Farrell (General Technician)

David Hitchcock (Assistant Institute Administrator –Buildings & Capital Projects)

Joanne Keogh (PA to Head of Institute and Senior Staff)

Alison Rasmussen (Assistant Institute Administrator –Finance)

30

governance,staff & students

Indicators & Assessment Unit Administrators

Anna Chenery MSc (Sampled Red List IndexAdministrator) •

Nadia Dewhurst MSc (Sampled Red List IndexAdministrator)

Sarah Holbrook MSc (Living Planet IndexAdministrator) •

Louise McRae MSc (Living Planet IndexAdministrator)

Mala Ram MSc (Indicators & Assessments UnitAdministrator)

Tara Zamin MSc (Regional Red List Administrator)

Research Technicians

Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician)

Edward Almond (Research Technician) •

George Busby (Research Technician)

Frances Clare (Research Technician)

Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean StrandingsProgramme Manager)

Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician)

Nicola Jenner (Research Technician) •

Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician)

Johanna Nielsen BSc (Research Technician)

Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician)

Jennifer Sears (Research Technician)

Honorary Research Fellows

Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge

Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool

Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for ConservationMedicine, USA

Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London

Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia,USA

Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London

Professor Katherine Homewood, University CollegeLondon

Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London

Dr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protectionof Birds

Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London

Dr Simon Thirgood, Macauley Institute

Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter

Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College

Honorary Research Associates

Teresa Abáiger PhD

Boris Dzyuba PhD

Simon Goodman PhD

Marcella Kelly PhD

Heather Koldeway PhD

Jonathan Loh PhD

Valerie Olson PhD

Nilendran Prathalingam PhD

Sebastien Regnaut PhD

Katrien Van Look PhD

Visiting Research Fellows

Judit Hidalgo Vila PhD

Kamran Safi PhD

Scientific Publications andMeetings

Journals and Meetings

Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publicationsand Meetings)

Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, InternationalZooYearbook)

Lucinda Haines BSc (Journals Manager)

Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Co-ordinator)

Editors Journal of Zoology

Ian Boyd PhD DSc (Editor-in-Chief) •

Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief)

Tim Halliday MA DPhil

Virginia Hayssen PhD

Andrew Kitchener PhD

Philip Rainbow PhD DSc •

Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD

Gunther Zupanc PhD

Editors Animal Conservation

Guy Cowlishaw PhD •

Trenton Garner PhD

John Gittleman PhD •

Matthew Gompper PhD

Todd Katzner PhD

Karen Mock PhD

Stephen Redpath PhD

Editors International ZooYearbook

David Field BSc MBA

Kristin Leus PhD

Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet

Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD

Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol

Library

Anne Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian)

Michael Palmer MA (Archivist)

Marie Hitchcock BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian) •

James Godwin (Library Assistant)

• departures

Governance, staff and students 31

Thomas AlexanderAbdul AlhaiderHajir Al-khaiurllaClaudia AmphlettTzo Tze AngSayako AraiAna ArdidNatalie Ashford-HodgesAlistair AuffretTom AventAshley BarratcloughLeigh BarrettCaroline BennettSapna BhagdevHolly BikElizabeth BoakesKatherine BowgenJon BridleNicholas CamaraClaudia CarraroBernadette CarrollTharsila Trautvetter CarranzaLaura CobainEmily ColemanJennifer CreesDesire DaltonOlivia DanielSimon de GraafThomas Doherty-BoneEmily DolanCaitlin DouglasSam EarleLouise EllenderKate FeldmanCharles FoleyMarion Foley-FisherSarah ForbesJim FouracreThomas GalewskiSophie GaussJennifer GilbertHanna GranrothStephen GreenAnnemarie GreenwoodAnne HilbornIsla Hoffman HeapElise HuchardRhiannon Hughes-LloydPodjana ImratUlrike IrlichMiho IshidaHanna JavedColin JohnstoneKim JohnstoneBlythe JoplingWilliam JusticeChristina KellerGayle KothariLaura Kurpiers

Others working at the Institute, includingvolunteers working on projects in the field

Vincent Le BourlotThibault LengronneSarah LewisPaul LintottKhyne MarHarry MarshallValentina MatosBeatriz MattosKristine MeiseVeronica MelchiondaRachel MellorVictoria MorganClaire NarrawayDarren NevardDeise NishimuraCecilia OrmeJenny Paola Gallo SantosFiona PamplinGiovanni PastorinoHannah PeckGabriela PenicheBenjamin PettitGary PowneyAgnes Rocha-GosselinBitty RoyMaria SanchezJudith SchleicherStuart SempleLaura SimpsonNadia SitasMiriam Isabel SmithCharlotte StaplesDavid StonehillKatherine SullivanMimi SunUma ThiruchelvamClaudia Useche TrujilloKelly ThurstonUrsina ToblerAnthony TurnerLeila WalkerStacey WaringHillary WarnerHazel WatsonAidan WeatherillCatherine WebberRebecca WellingKatherine WellsMichael WilliamsonPenny WilsonSusan WilsonHelen WomackSally Wren

Geospiza parvula taken fromThe Zoology of the Voyage ofH.M.S. Beagle under the commandof Captain FitzRoy, R.N., during theyears 1832 to 1836. Edited andsuperintended by Charles Darwin[and others], 1838–1842

32

Collaborations 33

Collaborations

Afrotheria Specialist Group Conservation prioritiesfor EDGE mammals

American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCNSampled Red List Index

Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled RedList Index

ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada)International programme on the state of the oceans(IPSO)

Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity:indicators of sustainable development in EasternEurope; Bat ultrasonic acoustic monitoringprotocols; Biodiversity indicators for 2010 andbeyond; Sustainable monitoring of bats inThailand

Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) Internationalprogramme on the state of the oceans (IPSO)

Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp.vultures in India

BirdLife International Global biodiversity hotspots;IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservationof Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact of vulturedeclines on public and animal health in India

British Antarctic Survey Chemosynthetically-drivenecosystems south of the Polar Front; Internationalprogramme on the state of the oceans (IPSO);Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins;Molecular approaches to coral conservation biology

British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Buildingcapacity and determining disease threats toGalapagos taxa

British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird HealthInitiative

Bulgarian National Museum of Natural HistoryMonitoring bat biodiversity: indicators ofsustainable development in Eastern Europe

Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation inbutterflies: implications for macroecology andconservation

CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Impactof Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence inBritain; Zoonotic virus infections in African bats;Epidemiology of Eidolon helvum

Care for the Wild International Comparativedemography of elephants in European zoos andrange states

Center for Cartography of Fauna and Flora (Slovenia)Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

Central Science Laboratory Garden Bird HealthInitiative; Health surveillance for species recoveryprogrammes

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) NERCManagement of bumble bee habitat in agriculturallandscapes; Effects of spatial scale on populationabundance and dynamics; Health surveillance forspecies recovery programmes; Resource limitationin butterflies: implications for macroecology andconservation

Centre for Environment, Fisheries and AquacultureScience (CEFAS) Cetacean strandings investigation;IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Centro de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones(Cuba) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetaceanhealth

Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical(Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme

Chester Zoological Gardens Chytridiomycosisemergence in Dominica

Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health andreproduction in elephant populations in Asia

Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) NorthAmerican bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis reservoirs in China

Communications Inc International programme onthe state of the oceans (IPSO)

Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex; Global Mammal Assessment; Spatial patternsof hunting and sustainability in Rio Muni;Evaluating dependence on wild foods among therural poor in Central Africa; Conservation prioritiesfor EDGE mammals

Conservation, Information and Research onCetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whalewatching

Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA)Emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus; Anthropogenicdrivers of emerging infectious diseases

Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per leScienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanicislands

Convention on Migratory Species Living PlanetIndex

CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory(Australia) Anthropogenic change and emergingzoonotic paramyxovirus; Zoonotic virus infectionsin African bats

Deakin University (Australia) Ecology and evolutionof introduced avian malaria

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat use oftigers in altered landscapes and monitoring ofcryptic mammals

Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Functionalresponse mechanisms in social foragers;Optimisation and social constraints in group-livingvertebrates; Coordination of social foragers inpatchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and matechoice in desert baboons

Doñana Biological Station (Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Cientificas) (Spain) Amphibianchytrid fungus in Doñana

Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosisemergence in Dominica;West Indian mammalextinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGEmammals

Environmental Volunteer Programme, Murcia(Spain) Living Planet Index

Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain)Reproductive studies in gazelles

European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index

European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled RedList Index

Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management ofbumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes

Fauna and Flora International Chytridiomycosisemergence in Dominica; Habitat use of tigers inaltered landscapes and monitoring of crypticmammals; Conservation priorities for EDGEmammals; Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring inSapo National Park, Liberia

FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor geneexpression in homing in Atlantic salmon

Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica)Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica

Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetah population

Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity anddetermining disease threats to Galapagos taxa

Galapagos National Park Building capacity anddetermining disease threats to Galapagos taxa;Ecology ofWest Nile virus in Galapagos; Genetics,parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp: impactsof disease vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos

German Primate Centre (Germany) Optimisationand social constraints in group-living vertebrates

Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia)Coordination of social foragers in patchyenvironments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choicein desert baboons

Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring batbiodiversity: indicators of sustainable developmentin Eastern Europe

Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact ofdisease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK

Group on Earth Observations Secretariat (Switzerland)IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece)Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands

Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research(Germany) Ecological and genetic determinants ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence inEuropean amphibian populations

Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic modelsof Amazonian deforestation

IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival byepididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival byepididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

INPA (Brasil) Hierarchical socio-economic models ofAmazonian deforestation

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature(Democratic Republic of Congo) Development of amonitoring and training unit for theWorld HeritageSites of Democratic Republic of Congo

Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitationde la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanicislands

Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon(France) Dynamics of species extinctions

Institute for Problems of Cryobiology andCryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences(Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fishspecies in fresh waters of the Ukraine

Institute of Cancer Research A biomolecularapproach to understanding urogenital carcinoma inCalifornia sea lions

Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic change andemerging zoonotic paramyxovirus

Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation oftheYangtze River dolphin; Conservation prioritiesfor EDGE mammals

Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-seafauna of oceanic islands

34

Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences(CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential of whale watching;Determining age structure of cetacean populations;Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean health

International Association of Astacology IUCNSampled Red List Index

International Pacific Halibut CommissionConservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks

IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Deep-seafauna of oceanic islands

JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) InternationalProgramme on the State of the Ocean

Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation priorities forEDGE mammals

Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health andreproduction in elephant populations in Asia

Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and TherapeuticsDNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approachto understanding urogenital carcinoma in Californiasea lions

Leuser Development Programme Habitat use oftigers in altered landscapes and monitoring ofcryptic mammals

Liberian Forestry Development Authority (Liberia)Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo NationalPark, Liberia

Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanicislands

Macquarie University (Australia) Provisioning rulesand maintenance of group stability in cooperativelybreeding vertebrates

Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index

Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetaceanstrandings investigation

Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage andcancer: a biomolecular approach to understandingurogenital carcinoma in California sea lions;Phylogeographic patterns of disease occurrence inCalifornia sea lions

Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea faunaof oceanic islands

Marine Resources Assessment Group Molecularapproaches to studying the conservation biology ofcorals

Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selectionand the hihi

Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Conservation andmolecular ecology of Round Island petrels

Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Governmentof the Republic of Namibia Coordination of socialforagers in patchy environments; MHC, parasiteloads and mate choice in desert baboons

Ministry of Lands and Resettlement; Government ofthe Republic of Namibia Coordination of socialforagers in patchy environments; MHC, parasiteloads and mate choice in desert baboons

Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology ofpoxviruses in squirrels

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain)Emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis inthe Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Europeanamphibian populations; Conservation priorities forEDGE mammals

Museo Regionale di Scinze Naturali (Madagascar)Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation oftheYangtze River dolphin

National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gypsspp. vultures in India

National Institute for Medical Research Modellingamphibian response to Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis

National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea faunaof oceanic islands

National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-seafauna of oceanic islands

National University of Mongolia Conservationpriorities for EDGE mammals

Natural England Impact of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis emergence in Britain; Healthsurveillance for species recovery programmes

Natural History Museum Cetacean strandingsinvestigation;The Frozen Ark project; Extinction riskand declines in amphibians

Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna ofoceanic islands

New York State Department of Health (USA) WestNile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics,parasitology and ecology of mosquito species:impacts of disease vectors on biodiversity inGalapagos

North-West University, Louis du Perez (SouthAfrica) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN SampledRed List Index

Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) Conservationpriorities for EDGE mammals

Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife Service(Australia) Mammalian biodiversity patterns

O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna ofoceanic islands

Oxford Brookes University Conservation prioritiesfor EDGE mammals

Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Healthsurveillance for species recovery programmes

Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguar density,prey availability and hunting pressure in theColombian Amazon

People’s Trust for Endangered Species Healthsurveillance for species recovery programmes

Prince of Songkla University (Thailand)Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals;Sustainable monitoring of bats inThailand

Queens University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

Queensland Department of Primary Industries(Australia) Anthropogenic change and emergingzoonotic paramyxovirus

Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna ofoceanic islands

Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoringbat biodiversity: indicators of sustainabledevelopment in Eastern Europe

Rothamsted Research Management of bumble beehabitat in agricultural landscapes

Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN SampledRed List Index

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled RedList Index

Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean ResearchDeep-sea fauna of oceanic islands

Royal Society for the Protection of BirdsConservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; GardenBird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for speciesrecovery programmes; Impact of disease in thedecline of house sparrows in the UK; Living PlanetIndex

Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cellsurvival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells;Optimisation and social constraints in group-livingvertebrates; Epidemiology of parapoxvirus insquirrels

Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studieslinking ecology, evolution and physiology

Salmonella Reference Unit, Health ProtectionAgency Garden Bird Health Initiative

SANBI (Kenya) Conservation priorities for EDGEmammals

ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandingsinvestigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative

Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory GardenBird Health Initiative

Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA)International programme on the state of the ocean

Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandingsinvestigation

Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptorgene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA)Genetics of caste determination in polistine wasps;Hierarchical socio-economic models of Amazoniandeforestation

Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola West Indianmammal extinctions

Societe Audubon d’Haiti Conservation priorities forEDGE mammals;West Indian mammal extinctions

State University of New York (USA) IUCN SampledRed List Index

Station d'Ecologie Experimentale du CNRS àMoulis (France) Ecological and geneticdeterminants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisemergence in European amphibian populations

Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red ListIndex

Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparativestudies linking ecology, evolution and physiology

Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammalextinctions

Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use of tigers inaltered landscapes and monitoring of crypticmammals

Swedish Museum of Natural History Sexualselection and the hihi

Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography ofthe Serengeti cheetah population; NationalConservation Action Plan forTanzanian mammals; Anational plan for carnivore conservation inTanzania

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetah population;National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanianmammals; A national plan for carnivoreconservation inTanzania

Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A nationalplan for carnivore conservation inTanzania

Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in alteredlandscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals

Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index

Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna ofoceanic islands

Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia)Coordination of social foragers in patchyenvironments; Optimisation and social constraintsin group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads andmate choice in desert baboons; Functional responsemechanisms in social foragers

UNAM (Mexico) Conservation priorities for EDGEmammals

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring CentreEffectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity;IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index

UNESCO 'Conservation in Crisis' ProgrammeMonitoring and training unit for theWorld HeritageSites of Democratic Republic of Congo

Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymaland oviduct epithelial cells

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlifeimmunogenetics

Universidad de Chile Conservation priorities forEDGE mammals

Universite de Savoie Ecological and geneticdeterminants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisemergence in European amphibian populations

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare GardenBird Health Initiative

University College Dublin (Ireland) Sustainablenational monitoring of bats inThailand

University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandingsprogramme; Monitoring bats in Mongolia;Evolutionary dynamics of major histocompatibilitygenes in Arctic charr; Deep-sea fauna of oceanicislands

University of Auckland (New Zealand) Sustainablenational monitoring of bats inThailand

University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea faunaof oceanic islands

Collaborations 35

University of Birmingham Sexual selection and thehihi; Extinction, island biogeography andcommunity structure in island birds; Ecology andevolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparativestudies linking ecology, evolution and physiology;

University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna ofoceanic islands

University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation inbats; Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems southof the Polar Front; Deep-sea fauna of oceanicislands; Optimisation and social constraints ingroup-living vertebrates

University of British Columbia (Canada)International programme on the state of the ocean

University of California (USA) DNA damage andcancer: a biomolecular approach to understandingurogenital carcinoma in California sea lions;Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution andphysiology

University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads andmate choice in desert baboons; Functional responsemechanisms in social foragers (baboons);Optimisation and social constraints in group-livingvertebrates;Wildlife immunogenetics:understanding neutral and functional geneticinfluences on pathogen resistance;The Frozen Arkproject; Effectiveness of parks in maintainingbiodiversity;Towards a deeper understanding ofextinction; Sexual selection in hihi; Determiningdisease threats to Galapagos taxa; Epidemiology ofzoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Conservation ofamphibians using nuclear transfer technology;Collective decisions and shelter choice in agregarious insect

University of Canterbury (New Zealand) The HopeRiver Forest Fragmentation Project

University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia) Conservationpriorities for EDGE mammals

University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenicdrivers of emerging infectious diseases

University of Delhi (India) Conservation prioritiesfor EDGE mammals

University of East Anglia Management of bumblebee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Relatednessand information in reproductive conflicts in socialgroups; Multiple mating in topi antelopes; GardenBird Health initiative; Pigs, palms, people andtigers: integrating conservation and commerce inSumatra

University of Edinburgh Implications of dog-wildlifeco-existence for conservation and public health;Impact of vulture declines on public and animalhealth in India; Emerging disease threats to UK newts

University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea faunaof oceanic islands

University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers inaltered landscapes and monitoring of crypticmammals

University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of spermcell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelialcells

University of Guayaquil (Equador) Building capacityand determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa;West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics,parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp: impactsof disease vectors on biodiversity on Galapagos

University of Guelph (Canada) Comparativedemography of elephants in European zoos andrange states

University of Kent Emergence of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad;Invasive species as vectors of disease andamphibian declines; Factors influencing cooperativebehaviour and group performance in humans;Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC,parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons;Dynamics of species extinctions

University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetaceanstrandings investigation

University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence inGalapagos; Genetics, parasitology and ecology ofmosquito spp.; Determining disease threats toendemic Galapagos taxa

University of Leicester Population genetics andphylogeography of the European bitterling

University of Liverpool Garden Bird HealthInitiative; Cetacean strandings investigation; Impactof disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK

University of London, University CollegeCoordination of social foragers in patchyenvironments; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal preyconservation in Amazonia; Determinants ofhuman–large carnivore conflict inTanzania; Socialand ecological dynamics of the bushmeat trade;Development of a monitoring and training unit fortheWorld Heritage Sites of Democratic Republic ofCongo; Metapopulation dynamics of colobus in thecoastal forests of Kenya; Human impacts oncarnivore biodiversity inTanzania; Resourcelimitation in butterflies; implications formacroecology and conservation; Echolocation inbats; Marine resources, livelihoods and conservationaround aWest African marine protected area;Changing livelihoods: a comparison of land tenuresystems; Factors influencing cooperative behaviourin group performance in humans.

University of London, Imperial College Comparativestudies linking ecology, evolution ad physiology;Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Habitatrequirements of Sumatran mammals in human-altered landscapes; Macroecology andmacroevolution of mammals; Determinants ofpathogen distribution and prevalence in a multi-host and island system; Sexual selection andextinction in birds; Evaluating dependence on wildfoods among the rural poor in Central Africa;Spatial patterns of hunting and sustainability in RioMuni; Disease susceptibility of three amphibianspecies;Wildlife management indicators for timbercertification inWest African forests; Emergence ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcanmidwife toad; Ecological and genetic determinantsof Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence inEuropean amphibian populations; Invasive speciesas vectors of disease in amphibians; Emergingdisease threats to newts in the UK; Mammaliandiversity patterns; Molecular approaches to theconservation biology of corals; Effects of privateecotourism on a subsistence fishing community

University of London, Queen Mary and WestfieldCollege Population and immunocompetent geneticvariation; Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetaceanhealth; Conservation and molecular ecology ofRound Island petrels; Molecular and adaptivegenetic variation of ranavirus in the UK;Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels; Identifyingemerging disease threats to UK newts;Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum

University of London, Royal Holloway West Indianmammal extinctions

University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN SampledRed List Index

University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity anddetermining disease threats to Galapagos taxa

University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasiteloads and mate choice in desert baboons

University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of spermcell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells

University of New Mexico (USA) Energeticconstraints on animal ecology

University of Newcastle Chemosynthetically-drivenecosystems south of the Polar Front; Epidemiologyof poxviruses in squirrels; International programmeon the state of the ocean

University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project

University of Oxford Habitat use of tigers in alteredlandscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals;Camera trapping as a census tool; IUCN SampledRed List Index;West Indian mammal extinctions

University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assayservice; Reproductive and density assessment ofwild red deer in relation to landscape

University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka Health andreproduction in elephant populations in Asia

University of Queensland (Australia) Semenfreezing in macropods; Comparative studies linkingecology, evolution and physiology

University of Reading Patterns of genetic variabilityduring population decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon

University of Rochester (USA) Modelling theamphibian response to infection byBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis

University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraintson animal ecology

University of Sheffield A postgenomic approach tothe role of odour and gustatory receptors inDrosophila speciation; Enhancement of sperm cellsurvival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells;Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins;Maintenance of group stability in cooperativelybreeding vertebrates; Comparative studies linkingecology, evolution and physiology

University of Southampton Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front;Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands

University of St Andrews A postgenomic approachto the role of odour and gustatory receptors inDrosophila speciation; Patterns of genetic variabilityduring population decline in Iberian Atlanticsalmon; IUCN Sampled Red List Index

University of Staffordshire Resource limitation inbutterflies: implications for macroecology andconservation

University of Stirling Comparative demography ofelephants in European zoos and range states

University of Sussex Communication networks inAfrican elephants

University of Swansea Patterns of geneticvariability during population decline in IberianAtlantic salmon

University of Teesside West Indian mammalextinctions

University of Trondheim (Norway) Provisioningrules and maintenance of group stability incooperatively breeding vertebrates

University of Victoria (Canada) Conservationgenetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinantsof pathogen distribution and prevalence in amultihost and island system

University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraintson animal ecology; Effects of spatial scale onpopulation abundance and dynamics

University of Washington (USA) Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetah population;Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution andphysiology

University of York International programme on thestate of the oceans (IPSO)

University of Zurich (Switzerland) Ecological andgenetic determinants of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis emergence in European amphibianpopulations

Uppsala University (Sweden) Collective decisionand shelter choice in a gregarious insect

US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health andreproduction in elephant populations in Asia

Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of theYangtzeRiver dolphin

Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandingsinvestigation; Health surveillance for speciesrecovery programmes; Zoonotic virus infections inAfrican bats; Evaluating the threat of vulturedeclines to public and animal health in India

Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virusinfections in Eidolon helvum

Veterinary Services Division (Dominica)Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica

Waikato Institute of Technology (New Zealand)The Hope River Forest Fragmentation Project

Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservationpriorities for EDGE mammals

Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetah population;National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanianmammals; Investigating human–large carnivoreconflict inTanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammalprey conservation in Amazonia;Wildlife PictureIndex; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

Wildlife Division (Ghana) Epidemiology of Eidolonhelvum

Wildlife Institute of India Monitoring tigers, largemammals and human–wildlife conflict in India

Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden BirdHealth Initiative

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA)Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of thePolar Front

Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-termdemography of the Serengeti cheetah population

World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled RedList Index

World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index

Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp

‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy)Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts

36 Staff representation

staffRepresentation

Professional Affiliations

Animal Health Information Specialists(UK and Ireland)Ann Sylph (Member)

Bat Conservation Trust, UKKate Jones (Trustee)

British Andrology SocietyWilliam Holt (Chairman)

British Ecological SocietyTim Blackburn (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli(Member)

British Veterinary Zoological SocietyBecki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar(Council Member)

Bushmeat Working GroupGuy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe(Member)

Centre for Ecology and EvolutionTim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee);Kate Jones (Member, Steering Committee)

Centre of Excellence for Invasion BiologyTim Blackburn (International Science Advisor)

Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity Action PlanSteering GroupPaul Jepson (Member)

Charity Archivists and Records Managers GroupMichael Palmer (Member)

Cheetah Conservation FundSarah Durant (Member, International ScientificAdvisory Board)

Conservation InternationalJonathan Baillie (Member, Steering Committee onConservation Outcomes)

Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USAAndrew Cunningham (Associate); Kate Jones(Associate)

Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsAndrew Cunningham (Member,TB Advisory Group;Reviewer, Statuatory and Exotic Diseases ResearchProgramme)

Frozen ArkWilliam Holt (Member, Steering Group)

Global Cheetah ForumSarah Durant (Member, Steering Committee)

Global Invasive Species ProgrammeTim Blackburn (Member, ExpertWorking Group onInvasive Alien Species Indicators)

International Advisory Group for the NorthernBald IbisAndrew Cunningham (Committee Member)

International Council for Exploration of the SeaPaul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group onthe Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans)

International Embryo Transfer SocietyWilliam Holt (Co-chair, CANDES RegulatoryCommittee)

International Foundation for ScienceMarcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific AdvisoryCommittee)

International Union for the Study ofSocial InsectsSeirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for BritishSection)

IUCN SSCJonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCN Sampled RedList Index; Co-chair, IUCN Red ListWorking Group;Member, Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee;Member, Biodiversity Indicators AssessmentsCommittee); Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (Member,Antelope Specialist Group); Ben Collen (Member,Red List IndexWorking Group; Member, UsersWorking Group; Member, Classification SchemesWorking Group); Andrew Cunningham (Member,Veterinary Specialist Group; Member, ConservationBreeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant (Member,Cat Specialist Group); John Ewen (Member,Reintroduction Specialist Group);Trent Garner(Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); DadaGottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Group); KateJones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); AlexRogers (Focal Point, Marine Invertebrate Red ListAuthority); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, VeterinarySpecialist Group; Member, Conservation BreedingSpecilaist Group)

Leverhulme TrustGuy Cowlishaw (Member, Advisory Board for thePhilip Leverhulme Prizes in Zoology)

Linnean SocietyAlex Rogers (Fellow)

Marine Mammal SocietyKarina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member)

Mexican Society of Marine MastozoologyKarina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member, InternationalAdvisor, Veterinary Specialist Group)

Natural Environment Research CouncilAlex Rogers (Member, Peer Review College)

Nature Conservation Trust, South AfricaSarah Durant (Trustee)

Office International des ÉpizootiesAndrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group onAmphibian Diseases)

Royal SocietyWilliam Holt (Member, International FellowshipsAward Panel)

SCOR Panel on New Technologies for ObservingMarine LifeAlex Rogers (Vice Chair)

Sheep TrustWilliam Holt (Trustee)

Society for Conservation BiologyNathalie Pettorelli (Member)

Student Conference on Conservation ScienceGuy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference AdvisoryCommittee)

University of BirminghamTim Blackburn (Honorary Professor)

University of LiverpoolAndrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior ResearchFellow)

University of OxfordTim Blackburn (Visiting Professor)

WildlifeDirectJonathan Baillie (Scientific Advisor)

Zebra Foundation for Veterinary ZoologicalEducationBecki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar(Council Member)

Editorial Positions

Animal ConservationTim Blackburn (Associate Editor), Guy Cowlishaw(Editor); Nick Isaac (Associate Editor);Trent Garner(Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor)

Animal Reproduction ScienceWilliam Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Biological ReviewsGuy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board)

Conservation Science and Practice book seriesAlex Rogers (Series Editor)

CryobiologyWilliam Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Diseases of Aquatic OrganismsAndrew Cunningham (Review Editor)

EcoHealthAndrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial Board)

Endangered Species ResearchAndrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe(Editor)

Evolutionary Ecology ResearchTim Blackburn (Editor)

Global Ecology and BiogeographyTim Blackburn (Editor); Kate Jones (Editorial Board)

Insect Conservation and DiversityRobert Ewers (Editor)

Journal of Animal EcologyPeter Bennett (Associate Editor)

Journal of Applied EcologyNathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor)

Journal of ZoologyTrent Garner (Member, Editorial Board)

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: BiologicalSciencesGuy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board)

Tropical Conservation ScienceBen Collen (Associate Editor)

Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyAlex Rogers (Sub-Editor)

Publications 37

publications

Allen, C.D., Burridge, M., Chafer, M.L., Nicolson,V.N., Jago, S.C., Booth, R.J., Fraser, G., Ensabella,T-J., Zee,Y.P., Lundie-Jenkins, G., Holt, W.V., Lisle,A.T., Carrick, F.N., Curlewis, J.D., D’Occhio, M.J. &Johnston, S.D. (2008) Control of the koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) anterior pituitary-gonadalaxis with analogues of GnRH. Reproduction, Fertilityand Development 20: 598–605.

Allen, C.D., Burridge, M., Mulhall, S., Chafer, M.L.,Nicolson, V.N., Pyne, M., Zee,Y.P., Jago, S.C.,Lundie-Jenkins, G., Holt, W.V., Carrick, F.N.,Curlewis, J.D., Lisle, A.T. & Johnston, S.D. (2008)Successful artificial insemination in the koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) using extended andextended-chilled semen collected byelectroejaculation. Biology of Reproduction78: 661–666.

Anderson, J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, J.M.(2007) Effects of forest fragmentation on theabundance of Colobus angolensis palliatus inKenya’s coastal forests. International Journal ofPrimatalogy 28: 637–655.

Armstrong, D.P., Richard,Y., Ewen, J.G. & Dimond,W.J. (2008) Avoiding hasty conclusions abouteffects of habitat fragmentation. Avian Conservationand Ecology 3: 8 [online] URL: http://www.ace-eco.org/vol3/iss1/art8/.

Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B., Amin, R., Akçakaya, H.R.,Butchart, S.H.M., Brummitt, N., Meagher,T.R., Ram,M., Hilton-Taylor, C. & Mace, G.M. (2008)Towardsmonitoring global biodiversity. Conservation Letters1: 18–26.

Bhadury, P., Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead,P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. & Smerdon, G.R. (2008)Evaluation of combined morphological andmolecular techniques for marine nematode(Terschellingia spp.) identification. Marine Biology154: 509–518.

Bielby, J., Cooper, N., Cunningham, A.A., Garner,T.W.J. & Purvis, A. (2008) Predicting susceptibility tofuture declines in the world’s frogs. ConservationLetters 1: 82–90.

Blackburn,T.M. (2008) Using aliens to explore howour planet works. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica 105: 9–10.

Blackburn,T.M., Cassey, P., Duncan, R.P., Evans, K.L.& Gaston, K.J. (2008)Threats to avifauna on oceanicislands revisited. Conservation Biology 22: 492–494.

Blackburn,T.M., Cassey, P. & Lockwood, J.L. (2008)The island biogeography of exotic bird species.Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 246–251.

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007) Reversed sexual conflictin a promiscuous antelope. Current Biology17: 2157–2161.

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2008) Dense habitats selectingfor small body size: a comparative study on bovids.Oikos 117: 729–737.

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2008)The impact of lekking onthe spatial variation in payoffs to resource-defending topi bulls, Damaliscus lunatus. AnimalBehaviour 75: 1229–1234.

Carbone, C., Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Isaac,N.J.B. (2007)The scaling of abundance inconsumers and their resources: implications forthe energy equivalence rule. American Naturalist170: 479–484.

Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L., Jones,K.E., Bielby, J. & Purvis, A. (2008)The predictabilityof extinction: biological and external correlates ofdecline in mammals. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London Series B 275: 1441–1448.

Cassey, P., Blackburn,T.M., Duncan, R.P. &Lockwood, J.L. (2008) Lessons from introductions ofexotic species as a possible information source formanaging translocations of birds. Wildlife Research35: 193–201.

Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Blackburn,T.M., Hauber, M.E.,Vorobyev, M. & Marshall, N.J. (2008) Eggshellcolour does not predict measures of maternalinvestment in eggs of Turdus thrushes.Naturwissenschaften 95: 713–721.

Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Boulton, R.L., Karadas, F.,Moller, A.P. & Blackburn,T.M. (2007) Anondestructive method for extracting maternallyderived egg yolk carotenoids. Journal of FieldOrnithology 78: 314–321.

Cassey, P., Lockwood, J.L., Olden, J.D. & Blackburn,T.M. (2008)The varying role of populationabundance in structuring indices of biotichomogenization. Journal of Biogeography35: 884–892.

Ciborowski, K.L., Consuegra, S., García de Leániz,C., Beaumont, M.,Wang, J. & Jordan,W.C. (2007)Rare and fleeting: an example of interspecificrecombination in animal mitochondrial DNA.Biology Letters 3: 554–557.

Ciborowski, K.L., Consuegra, S., Garcia de Leaniz,C., Wang, J., Beaumont, M A. & Jordan,W.C. (2007)Stocking may increase mitochondrial DNA diversitybut fails to halt the decline of endangered Atlanticsalmon populations. Conservation Genetics8: 1355–1367.

Clark, F. & King, A.J. (2007) A Critical Review of Zoo-based Olfactory Enrichment. In Chemical Signals inVertebrates 11: 391–398. Hurst, J.L., Beynon, R.J.,Roberts, S.C. &Wyatt,T.D. (Eds). NewYork: Springer.

Clusella-Trullas, S.,Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn,T.M.& Chown, S.L. (2008)Testing the thermal melanismhypothesis: a macrophysiological approach.Functional Ecology 22: 232–238.

Collen, B., McRae, L., Kothari, G., Mellor, R., Daniel,O., Greenwood, A., Amin, R., Holbrook, S. & Baillie,J. (2008) 2010 & beyond: Rising to the biodiversitychallenge. Loh, J. & Goldfinger, S. (Eds). Gland,Switzerland:WWF.

Collen, B., Ram, M., Zamin,T. & McRae, L. (2008)The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressingdisparity in global monitoring. TropicalConservation Science 1: 97–110.

Cooper, N., Bielby, J.,Thomas, G.H. & Purvis, A.(2008) Macroecology and extinction risk correlatesof frogs. Global Ecology and Biogeography.17: 211–221.

Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P. & Bennett,P.M. (2007) Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs inBritain are dependent on the source of ranavirusagent and the route of exposure. Epidemiology andInfection 135: 1200–1212.

Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P. & Bennett,P. M. (2007) Experimental transmission of aranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo) tocommon frogs (Rana temporaria). Epidemiologyand Infection 135: 1213–1216.

38

Cunningham, A.A.,Tems, C.A. & Russell, P.H. (2008)Immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirusantigen in the tissues of infected frogs (Ranatemporaria) with systemic haemorrhagic orcutaneous ulcerative disease. Journal ofComparative Pathology 138: 3–11.

Daszak, P., Epstein, J.H., Kilpatrick, A.M., Aguirre,A.A., Karesh,W.B. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007)Collaborative research approaches to the role ofwildlife in zoonotic disease emergence. CurrentTopics in Microbiology and Immunology315: 463–475.

de Haas van Dorsser, F.J., Green, D.I., Holt, W.V. &Pickard, A.R. (2007) Ovarian activity in Arabianleopards (Panthera pardus nimr): sexual behaviourand faecal steroid monitoring during the follicularcycle, mating and pregnancy. Reproduction, Fertilityand Development 19: 822–830.

Didham, R.K.,Tylianakis, J.M., Gemmell, N.J., Rand,T.A. & Ewers, R.M. (2007) Interactive effects ofhabitat modification and species invasion on nativespecies decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:489–496.

Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Hawkins, B.A., Bini, L.M. DeMarco, P. & Blackburn,T.M. (2007) Are spatialregression methods a panacea or a Pandora’s box?A reply to Beale et al. Ecography 30: 848–851.

Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium (inc Jordan,W.C.). (2007) Evolution of genes and genomes onthe Drosophila phylogeny. Nature 450: 203–218.

Duffus, A.L.J., Pauli, B.D., Wozney, K., Brunetti, C.R.& Berrill, M. (2008) Frog virus 3-like infections inaquatic amphibian communities. Journal of WildlifeDiseases 44: 109–120.

Durant, S.M., Bashir, S., Maddox,T. & Laurenson,M.K. (2007) Relating long-term studies toconservation practice: the case of the SerengetiCheetah Project. Conservation Biology 21: 602–611.

Dzyuba, B.B., Van Look, K.J.W., Kholodnyy, V.S.,Satake, N., Cheung, S. & Holt, W.V. (2008) Variablesperm size and motility activation in the pipefish,Syngnathus abaster; adaptations to paternal care orenvironmental plasticity? Reproduction, Fertility andDevelopment 20: 474–482.

Epstein, J.H., Prakash, V., Smith, C.S., Daszak, P.,Jakati, R.D., McLaughlin, A.B., Meehan, G., Field,H.E. & Cunningham, A.A. (2008) Evidence forhenipavirus infection in Indian Pteropus giganteus(Chiroptera; Pteropodidae) fruit bats. EmergingInfectious Diseases 14: 1309–1311.

Ewen, J.G. & Armstrong, D.P. (2007) Strategicmonitoring of reintroductions in ecologicalrestoration programmes. Ecoscience 14: 401–409.

Ewen, J.G., Ciborowski, K.L., Clarke, R.H., Boulton,R.L. & Clarke, M.F. (2008) Evidence of extra-pairpaternity in two socially monogamous Australianpasserines: the crescent honeyeater and the yellow-faced honeyeater. Emu 108: 133–137.

Ewen, J.G.,Thorogood, R., Karadas, F. & Cassey, P.(2008) Condition dependence of nestling mouthcolour and the effect of supplementing carotenoidson parental behaviour in the hihi (Notiomystiscincta). Oecologia. 157: 361–368.

Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2007)The effect offragment shape and species’ sensitivity to habitatedges on animal population size. ConservationBiology 21: 926–936.

Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2007) Habitatfragmentation: panchreston or paradigm? Trends inEcology and Evolution 22: 511.

Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2008) Pervasive impactof large-scale edge effects on a beetle community.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ofthe United States of America 105: 5426–5429.

Ewers, R.M. & Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2008) Estimates ofreserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 113–116.

Garcia, G., Cunningham, A.A., Horton, D.L., Garner,T.W.J., Hyatt, A., Hengstberger, S., Lopez, J.,Ogrodowczyk, A., Fenton, C. & Fa, J.E. (2007)Mountain chickens Leptodactylus fallax andsympatric amphibians appear to be disease free onMontserrat. Oryx 41: 398–401.

García de Leániz, C., Fleming, I.A., Einum, S.,Verspoor, E., Jordan,W.C., Consuegra, S., Aubin-Horth, N., Lajus, D.L., Villanueva, B., Ferguson, A.,Youngson, A.F. & Quinn,T.P. (2007) Local Adaptation.InThe Atlantic salmon: genetics, conservation andmanagement. Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer, L. &Nielsen, J. (Eds). Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell.

Gardiner, A., Barker, D., Butlin, R.K., Jordan,W.C. &Ritchie, M.G. (2008) Drosophila chemoreceptor geneevolution: selection, specialization and genome size.Molecular Ecology 17: 1648–1657.

Gardiner, A., Barker, D., Butlin, R.K., Jordan,W.C. &Ritchie, M.G. (2008) Evolution of a complex locus:exon gain, loss and divergence at the Gr39a locusin Drosophila. PLoS One 3: e1513. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0001513.

Garner,T.W.J. (2007) Experimental evidence ofinnate immunity: a matter of design, convenienceor constraints? Animal Conservation 10: 418–419.

Gaston, K.J., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Olson, V.A.,Thomas, G.H., Ding,T.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Lennon,J.J., Bennett, P.M., Owens, I.P.F. & Blackburn,T.M.(2007) Spatial turnover in the global avifauna.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London SeriesB 274: 1567–1574.

Goodman, S. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007) Plan decontingencia para la aparición del virus del oestedel Nilo en Galápagos. Ministerio del Ambiente,Ecuador.

Goodman, S. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007) Plan decontingencia para la emergencia del virus de lainfluenza aviar en Galápagos. Ministerio delAmbiente, Ecuador.

Gottelli, D., Wang, J.L., Bashir, S. & Durant, S.M.(2007) Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity amongfemale cheetahs. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London Series B 274: 1993–2001.

Hall-Spencer, J.M., Rogers, A.D., Davies, J. & Foggo,A. (2007) Historical deep-sea coral distribution onseamount, oceanic island and continental shelf-slope habitats in the NE Atlantic. In Conservationand Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems: 135–146. George, R.Y &Cairns, S.D. (Eds). Miami: University of Miami.

Hardy, P.B., Sparks,T.H., Isaac, N.J.B. & Dennis,R.L.H. (2007) Specialism for larval and adultconsumer resources among British butterflies:implications for conservation. BiologicalConservation 138: 440–452.

Hayman, D.T.S., Fooks, A.R., Horton, D., Suu-Ire, R.,Breed, A.C., Cunningham, A.A. &Wood, J.L.N.(2008) Antibodies against Lagos bat virus inmegachiroptera fromWest Africa. EmergingInfectious Diseases 14: 926–928.

Hayman, D.T.S., Suu-Ire, R., Breed, A.C., McEachern,J.A., Wang, L., Wood, J.L.N. & Cunningham, A.A.(2008) Evidence of Henipavirus infection inWestAfrican fruit bats. PLoS One 3: e2739. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0002739

Holt, W.V. (2008) Cryobiology, wildlife conservationand reality. Cryoletters 29: 43–52.

Holt, W.V., O’Brien, J. and Abaiger,T. (2007)Applications and interpretation of computer-assisted sperm analyses and sperm sortingmethods in assisted breeding and comparativeresearch. Reproduction, Fertility and Development19: 709–718.

Huchard, E., Benavides, J., Setchell, J.M.,Charpentier, M.J., Knapp, L.A., Cowlishaw, G. &Raymond, M. (2008)The importance of shape inprimate sexual swellings: Evidence from wildchacma baboons (Tsaobis leopard park, Namibia)and free-ranging mandrills (Cirmf, Gabon).American Journal of Primatology 70: 5–66.

Hughes, L.A., Shopland, S., Wigley, P., Bradon, H.,Leatherbarrow, A.H., Williams, N.J., Bennett, M.,DePinna, E., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A.A. &Chantrey, J. (2008) Characterisation of Salmonellaenterica serotypeTyphimurium isolates from wildbirds in northern England from 2005–2006. BMCVeterinary Research 4: 4. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-4.

Hunter, J.S., Durant, S.M. & Caro,T.M. (2007)Patterns of scavenger arrival at cheetah kills inSerengeti National ParkTanzania. African Journal ofEcology 45: 275–281.

Hutchinson, O.C., Picozzi, K., Jones, N.G., Mott, H.,Sharma, R., Welburn, S.C. & Carrington, M. (2007)Variant surface glycoprotein gene repertoires inTrypanosoma brucei have diverged to becomestrain-specific. BMC Genomics 8: 234. DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-8-234.

Johnston, S.D., Smith, B., Pyne, M., Stenzel, D. &Holt, W.V. (2007) One-sided ejaculation of echidnasperm bundles. American Naturalist 170:E162–E164.

Jones, K.E., Patel, N.G., Levy, M.A., Storeygard, A.,Balk, D., Gittleman, J.L. & Daszak, P. (2008) Globaltrends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature451: 990–994.

Jordan,W.C., Fleming, I.A. & Garant, D. (2007)Mating system and social structure. InThe AtlanticSalmon: Genetics, Conservation and Management.Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer L. & Nielsen, J. (Eds).Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell.

Laurance,W.F., Nascimento, H.E.M., Laurance, S.G.,Andrade, A., Ewers, R.M., Harms, K.E. & Ribeiro,J.E. (2007) Habitat fragmentation, variable edgeeffects, and the landscape-divergence hypothesis.PLoS One 2: e1017. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0001017

Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Mead, L.K. & Jepson, P.D.(2008) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbourporpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or by-caught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin56: 792–797.

Li Songhai, Akamatsu,T., Wang Ding,Wang Kexiong,Dong Shouyue, Zhao Xiujiang,Wei Zhuo, ZhangXianfeng,Taylor, B., Barrett, L.A.,Turvey, S.T.,Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Richlen, M. & Brandon,J.R. (2008) Indirect evidence of boat avoidancebehavior ofYangtze finless porpoises. Bioacoustics17: 174–176.

Mace, G.M. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2007)The 2010biodiversity indicators: challenges for science andpolicy. Conservation Biology 21: 1406–1413.

Publications 39

MacLeod, R., MacLeod, C.D., Learmonth, J.A.,Jepson, P.D., Reid, R.J., Deaville, R. & Pierce, G.J.(2007) Mass-dependent predation risk and lethaldolphin-porpoise interactions. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London Series B. 274: 2587–2593.

McClean, R.V., Holt, W.V. & Johnston, S.D. (2007)Ultrastructural observations of cryoinjury inkangaroo spermatozoa. Cryobiology 54: 271–280.

McLaughlin, A.B., Epstein, J.H., Prakash, V., Smith,C.S., Daszak, P., Field, H.E.& Cunningham, A.A.(2007) Plasma biochemistry and hematologic valuesfor wild-caught flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus) inIndia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine38: 446–452.

McRae, L., Loh, J., Collen, B., Holbrook, S.,Latham, J.,Tranquilli, S. & Baillie, J. (2007) LivingPlanet Index for Canada. In Living Planet Report forCanada. Mitchell, S. (Ed.).Toronto, Canada:WWF-Canada.

Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2007)Conservation and Sustainable Use: a Handbook ofTechniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mitchell, K.M., Churcher,T.S., Garner,T.W.J. & Fisher,M.C. (2008) Persistence of the emerging pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside theamphibian host greatly increases the probability ofhost extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon Series B. 275: 329–334.

Molenaar, F.M., Sainsbury, A.W.,Waters, M. & Amin,R. (2008) High serum concentrations of iron,transferrin saturation and gamma glutamyltransferase in captive black rhinoceroses (Dicerosbicornis). Veterinary Record 162: 716–721.

Moura, C.J., Harris, D.J., Cunha, M.R. & Rogers,A.D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversityin marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) fromcoastal and deep-sea environments. ZoologicaScripta 37: 93–108.

Mysterud, A.,Yoccoz, N.G., Langvatn, R., Pettorelli,N. & Stenseth, N.C. (2008) Hierarchical path analysisof deer responses to direct and indirect effects ofclimate in northern forest. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of LondonSeries B 363: 2359–2368.

Naranjo, V., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Vicente, J.,Gortazar, C. & de la Fuente, J. (2008) Influence ofmethylmalonyl-CoA mutase alleles on resistance tobovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar(Sus scrofa). Animal Genetics 39: 316–320.

Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W., Santos, E.M., Filby,A.L., Gray, D.M., Nash, J.P. &Tyler, C.R. (2008)Variability in measures of reproductive success inlaboratory-kept colonies of zebrafish andimplications for studies addressing population-leveleffects of environmental chemicals. AquaticToxicology 87: 115–126.

Paulo, O.S., Pinheiro, J., Miraldo, A., Bruford, M.W.,Jordan,W.C. & Nichols, R.A. (2008)The role ofvicariance vs. dispersal in shaping genetic patternsin ocellated lizard species in the westernMediterranean. Molecular Ecology 17: 1535–1551.

Pedersen, A.B., Jones, K.E., Nunn, C.L. & Altizer, S.(2007) Infectious diseases and extinction risk in wildmammals. Conservation Biology 21: 1269–1279.

Pettorelli, N. & Durant, S.M. (2007) Family effectson early survival and variance in long-termreproductive success of female cheetahs. Journalof Animal Ecology 76: 908–914.

Pettorelli, N. & Durant, S.M. (2007) Longevity incheetahs:The key to success? Oikos 116: 1879–1886.

Phillimore, A.B., Orme, C.D.L.,Thomas, G.H.,Blackburn,T.M., Bennett, P.M., Gaston, K.J. &Owens, I.P.F. (2008) Sympatric speciation in birds israre: insights from range data and simulations.American Naturalist 171: 646–657.

Prakash, V., Green, R.E., Pain, D.J., Ranade, S.P.,Saravanan, S., Prakash, N., Venkitachalam, R.,Cuthbert, R., Rahmani, A.R. & Cunningham, A.A.(2008) Recent changes in populations of residentGyps vultures in India. Journal of the BombayNatural History Society 104: 128–135.

Rands, S.A., Cowlishaw, G., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe,J.M. & Johnstone, R.A. (2008)The emergence ofleaders and followers in foraging pairs when thequalities of individuals differ. BMC EvolutionaryBiology 8: 51.

Rogers, A.D. (2007) Evolution and biodiversity ofAntarctic organisms: a molecular perspective.PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society ofLondon Series B. 362: 2191–2214.

Rogers, A.D., Clark, M.R., Hall-Spencer, J.M. &Gjerde, K.M. (2008) A Scientific Guide to the FAODraft International Guidelines (December 2007) forthe Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the HighSeas. Switzerland: IUCN.

Rogers, A.D., Murphy, E.J., Johnston, N.M. &Clarke, A. (2007) Introduction. Antarctic ecology:from genes to ecosystems. Part 2. Evolution,diversity and functional ecology. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London SeriesB 362: 2187–2189.

Rowcliffe, J.M. & Carbone, C. (2008) Surveys usingcamera traps: are we looking to a brighter future?Animal Conservation 11: 185–186.

Rowcliffe, J.M., Field, J.,Turvey, S.T. & Carbone, C.(2008) Estimating animal density using cameratraps without the need for individual recognition.Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01473.x.

Sainsbury, A.W. (2008) Medical aspects of redsquirrel translocation. In Zoo and Wild AnimalMedicine: CurrentTherapy Volume 6: 236–242.Fowler, M.E. & Miller, R.E (Eds). St Louis: SaundersElsevier.

Salafsky, N., Salzer, D., Stattersfield, A.J., Hilton-Taylor, C., Neugarten, R., Butchart, S.H.M., Collen,B., Cox, N., Master, L.L., O’Connor, S. &Wilkie, D.(2008) A standard lexicon for biodiversityconservation: unified classifications of threats andactions. Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x

Seytanoglu, A., Georgiou, A.S., Sostaric, E., Watson,P.F., Holt, W.V. & Fazeli, A. (2008) Oviductal cellproteome alterations during the reproductive cyclein pigs. Journal of Proteome Research 7: 2825–2833.

St-Amour, V., Wong,W.M., Garner,T.W.J. &Lesbarreres, D. (2008) Anthropogenic influence onprevalence of 2 amphibian pathogens. EmergingInfectious Diseases 14: 1175–1176.

Stephens, P.A., Carbone, C., Boyd, I.L., McNamara,J.M., Harding, K.C. & Houston, A.I. (2008)Thescaling of diving time budgets: insights from anoptimality approach. American Naturalist171: 305–314.

Sumner, S. & Keller, L. (2008) Social evolution:reincarnation, free-riding and inexplicable modes ofreproduction. Current Biology 18: R206–R207.

Sutherland,W.J., Bailey, M.J., Bainbridge, I.P.,Brereton,T., Dick, J.T.A., Drewitt, J., Dulvy, N.K.,Dusic, N.R., Freckleton, R.P., Gaston, K.J., Gilder,P.M., Green, R.E., Heathwaite, A.L., Johnson, S.M.,Macdonald, D.W., Mitchell, R., Osborn, D., Owen,R.P., Pretty, J., Prior, S.V., Prosser, H., Pullin, A.S.,Rose, P., Stott, A.,Tew,T.,Thomas, C.D.,Thompson,D.B.A., Vickery, J.A., Walker, M.,Walmsley, C.,Warrington, S., Watkinson, A.R., Williams, R.J.,Woodroffe, R. &Woodroof, H.J. (2008) Future novelthreats and opportunities facing UK biodiversityidentified by horizon scanning. Journal of AppliedEcology 45: 821–833.

Taema, M.M., Bull, J.C., Macgregor, S.K., Flach, E.J.,Boardman,W.S. & Routh, A.D. (2008)Retrospective study of Campylobacter infection in azoological collection. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 74: 1332–1338.

Terblanche, J.S., White, C.R., Blackburn,T.M.,Marais, E. & Chown, S.L. (2008) Scaling of gasexchange cycle frequency in insects. Biology Letters4: 127–129.

Thomas, G.H., Orme, C.D.L., Davies, R.G., Olson,V.A., Bennett, P.M., Gaston, K.J., Owens, I.P.F. &Blackburn,T.M. (2008) Regional variation in thehistorical components of global avian speciesrichness. Global Ecology and Biogeography.17: 340–351.

Turvey, S.T., Pitman, R.L.,Taylor, B.L., Barlow, J.,Akamatsu,T., Barrett, L.A., Zhao Xiujiang, Reeves,R.R., Stewart, B.S., Pusser, L.T., Wang Kexiong,WeiZhuo, Zhang Xianfeng, Richlen, M., Brandon, J.R. &Wang Ding. (2007) First human-caused extinction ofa cetacean species? Biology Letters 3: 537–540.

Walker, S.F., Salas, M.B., Jenkins, D., Garner,T.W.J.,Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Bosch, J. & Fisher,M.C. (2007) Environmental detection ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperateclimate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77: 105–112.

Yang,W-C., Chou, L-S., Jepson, P.D., Brownell, R.L.Jr., Cowan, D., Chang, P-H., Chiou, H-I.,Yao, C-J.,Yamada,T.K., Chiu, J-T., Chin, S-C., Wang, P-J. &Fernández, A. (2008) Unusual cetacean mortalityevent inTaiwan: caused by naval activities?Veterinary Record 162: 184–186.

Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V., Allen, C.D., Nicolson, V.,Burridge, M., Lisle, A., Carrick, F.N. & Johnston, S.D.(2007) Effects of cryopreservation on mitochondrialfunction and heterogeneity, lipid raft stability andphosphatidylserine translocation in koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) spermatozoa. Reproduction,Fertility and Development 19: 850–860.

Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V., Gosalvez, J., Allen, C.D.,Nicolson, V., Pyne, M., Burridge, M., Carrick, F.N. &Johnston, S.D. (2008) Dimethylacetamide can beused as an alternative to glycerol for the successfulcryopreservation of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility andDevelopment 20: 724–733.

Studentpublications

PhD Theses

Jenner, N. (2008) Contributions to offspring care byparents and helpers, and the factors affecting theirlevels of contribution, in the black-backed jackalCanis mesomelas. University of Kent, UK.

Rist, J. (2007) Bushmeat catch per unit effort inspace and time. Imperial College London, UK.

Satake, N. (2007) Studies of cellular signallingmechanisms in boar spermatozoa initiated byoviductal epithelial cells. Royal Veterinary CollegeLondon, UK.

Walker, S. (2008) Spatial patterns in the distributionof Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and outbreaksof fatal chytridiomycosis in European amphibianpopulations. Imperial College London, UK.

Zaki, S. (2008) Life-history parameters andphylogenetic relationships of the Europeanbitterling. University of Leicester, UK.

MSc Theses – Wild Animal BiologyAwarded by University of London, UK

Bellamy,T. (2007)The effect of ultraviolet radiation,vitamin D3 and UVB blasting on the activity,behaviour and growth rate of the juvenile Jamaicanboa Epicrates subflavus.

Bowgen, K. (2007) Pathological findings from black-browed albatross chicks (Thalassarchemelanophrys) from New Island, Falkland Islands.

Broekhuis, F. (2007) Habitat selection patterns ofcheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Serengeti,Tanzania.

Clare, F. (2007) A possible biological control ofamphibian chytridiomycosis.

Clark, F. (2007) Environmental enrichment: evaluationfor a mixed-species nocturnal mammal exhibit.

Dutta, C. (2007) EM of gaboon viper monocyteinclusions.

Forbes, S. (2007) Nutritional and dietary requirementsof red fronted macaws (Ara rubrogenys) in captivity.

Goodman, G. (2007)The feasibility of a restrictedbeaver (Castor fiber) release at the LondonWetlandCentre.

Kothari, G. (2007) Microhabitat parameters affectingnest distribution of the red-barbed ant (Formicarufibarbis) on St Martins, Isles of Scilly.

Leech, S. (2007) Experimental investigation into thedose dependent pathogenicity of the chytrid fungus(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).

Paxton, H. (2007)The locomotor kinematics of Asianelephants.

Peniche, G. (2007) Mating behaviour and the effectof climate conditions on the onset of the matingbehaviour of the red-barbed ant Formica rufibarbison the Isles of Scilly.

Pintus, K. (2007) Animal welfare, environmentalenrichment and mixed-species exhibits.

Sainsbury, C. (2007) PCR of chelonia herpesvirus.

Sitas, N. (2007)Towards a species-specific index ofconservation effort.

Stead, N. (2007) Non-invasive endocrine monitoringin Passeriformes.

Wilkins,T. (2007) UK captive tapir diets – are theynutritionally adequate?

MSc Theses – Wild Animal HealthAwarded by University of London, UK

Basu, P. (2007) Investigation of ultrasoundtechniques to measure blubber thickness in commonseals (Phoca vitulina) undergoing rehabilitation andits relation to body condition scores.

Colvile, K. (2007) A disease risk analysis forreintroduction of grey wolves (Canis lupus) toScotland.

Curtiss, P. (2007) A disease risk analysis for thereintroduction of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetusalbicilla) into Suffolk.

Gonzalez Herndandez, M. (2007)Amphibiocystidium infection in palmate newts(Triturus helveticus) from Larzac, southern France.

Justice,W. (2007) Interspecific variation in thepathological lesions observed in two passerinespecies affected by salmonellosis.

Peel, A. (2007) Qualitative risk analysis for theimportation of live amphibians infected withBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytridiomycosis)into Great Britain.

Revell, E. (2007) Determining a normal range forcirculating concentrations of Vitamin A in a sampleof domesticated African grey parrots (Psittacuserithacus).

Smithyman, J. (2007) Comparative digestivephysiology of bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) andwaterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus).

Soto-Azat, C. (2007) Out of Africa? On the origin ofamphibian chytridiomycosis.

Valderrama Vasquez, C. (2007) Livestock predationby wild carnivores: factors predisposing itsoccurrence in Ibagué, Rovira and Cajamarca,Tolima – Colombia.

40 Student publications

IoZ objective 1

To undertake relevant,high-quality biological researchand research training

We maintain and developresearch links with Zoology andother relevant departments

We maintain and developresearch links with academicbodies, especially the Centre forEcology and Evolution

We run MSc courses inWildAnimal Health andWild AnimalBiology with the Royal VeterinaryCollege and an MSc course inConservation Science see page 27

Collaboration with most relevantoutside bodies for our coreresearch interests see page 33

IoZ objective 2

To anticipate and respond toconservation research prioritiesidentified by conservationorganisations

Our research is influenced byorganisations in the CambridgeConservation Forum

Our research is influenced byLondon-based conservation issues

Research questions are influencedby our formal links with theWildlife Conservation Society andNatural England

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s ConservationProgrammes see page 20:• Bushmeat and forests• Carnivores and people• Deserts and rangelands• Marine and freshwater• UK native species• Island ecosystems

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s livinganimal collection:• Animal health and welfare research• Reproductive monitoring

with ZSL

with

with institutionsin London

with otherorganisations

IoZActivities

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IoZ objective 3

To communicate outcomes and results toscientists, conservation practitioners andthe wider community

We run a programme of meetings andpublications see page 22:

• Journal of Zoology and AnimalConservation

• Annual programme of eveningscientific meetings

• Biannual international symposiaon topical themes in conservationbiology

• Technical publications to supportbest practice in zoos (InternationalZooYearbook) and in fieldconservation (Conservation Reports)

• Conservation Science and Practice bookseries published withWiley-Blackwell

We contribute to theTropicalBiology Association programme andCambridge Student Conference

Our meetings facilities andprogramme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

Our meetings facilities andprogramme of talks communicate scienceand conservation

IOZ research strategyThis table summarises the main aspects ofour research strategy, and the way in whichit is to be implemented with our partnersand collaborators. A full version of thestrategy is available on request.

HEFCE funded programme

We undertake research and research training. Current themes are:• Biodiversity and macroecology see page 8• Behavioural and population ecology see page 10• Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 12•Wildlife epidemiology see page 14• Reproductive biology see page 16We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 27

Science Plan. The major topics:(a) Biodiversity patterns and processesHow can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial,temporal and biological scales?(b) People and the environment in a changing worldHow can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongsidehuman population growth and development?

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(below)African straw-coloured fruitbats Eidolon helvumSee page 14

© D. Hayman

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For further information about theInstitute of Zoology please contact:Tim BlackburnDirector of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of ZoologyThe Zoological Society of LondonRegent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RY

Telephone +44 (0)20 7449 6610enquiries@ioz.ac.ukwww.zsl.org

Institute of Zoology mission:To identify, undertake, andcommunicate high-quality researchto benefit the conservation ofanimal species and their habitats.