Institute of Development Studies and the University of...
Transcript of Institute of Development Studies and the University of...
-
Mappin
g
Sust
ain
able
Pro
duct
ion in
Ghanaia
n C
oco
a
Rep
ort
to C
adbu
ryIn
stit
ute
ofD
evel
opm
ent
Stud
ies
and
the
Uni
vers
ity
ofG
hana
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oa
3
Pro
ject
Coo
rdin
ator
s:D
rSt
epha
nie
War
e B
arrie
ntos
, ID
S, U
nive
rsity
of
Suss
ex a
nd I
DP
M,
The
Uni
vers
ity o
fM
anch
este
r. Em
ail:
s.bar
rient
os@
man
ches
ter.a
c.uk
Pro
fess
orKw
adw
o A
sens
o-O
kyer
e,
Dep
artm
ent
ofA
gric
ultu
ral
Eco
nom
ics
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s, U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na. E
mai
l: ka
sens
o@cg
iar.o
rg
Res
earc
h Te
am:
Dr
Sam
uel A
sum
ing-
Bre
mpo
ng, D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
tura
l Eco
nom
ics
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s,U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na
Dr
Dan
iel S
arpo
ng, D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
tura
l Eco
nom
ics
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s, U
nive
rsity
ofG
hana
Dr
Nan
a A
kua
Any
idoh
o, IS
SER
, Uni
vers
ity o
fG
hana
Prof
esso
rRa
phae
l Kap
linsk
y, ID
S, U
nive
rsity
of
Suss
ex a
nd O
pen
Uni
vers
ity
Jenn
ifer
Leav
y, ID
S, U
nive
rsity
of
Suss
ex
Ack
now
ledg
emen
tsW
e w
ould
like
to
than
k th
e fo
llow
ing
peop
le, w
ithou
t w
hom
thi
s pr
ojec
t w
ould
not
hav
ebe
en p
ossib
le:
All
inte
rvie
wee
s w
ho a
gree
d to
par
ticip
ate
in t
he s
tudy
, esp
ecia
lly t
he c
ocoa
farm
ers
and
yout
h w
hose
fut
ure
is so
clo
sely
con
nect
ed t
o en
surin
g th
e su
stai
nabi
lity
ofco
coa
prod
uctio
n. A
ll w
orks
hop
part
icip
ants
in A
ccra
who
inte
nsel
y di
scus
sed
the
chal
leng
esah
ead
for
coco
a pr
oduc
tion.
Alfr
ed A
ssum
ing-
Boa
kye
and
King
sley
Sam
Odu
m f
orth
eir
rese
arch
ass
istan
ce d
urin
g th
e fie
ldw
ork.
Cad
bury
for
prov
idin
g re
sour
ces
to u
nder
take
the
proj
ect a
nd D
avid
Cro
ft a
nd To
ny L
ass f
orin
sight
ful c
omm
ents
on
an e
arlie
rdra
ft o
fthe
repo
rt.
Dis
clai
mer
This
repo
rt
pres
ents
fin
ding
s fr
om
an
inde
pend
ent
stud
y co
mm
issio
ned
by
Cad
bury
Schw
eppe
s, ca
rrie
d ou
t jo
intly
by
rese
arch
ers
from
the
Inst
itute
of
Dev
elop
men
t St
udie
s,U
nive
rsity
of
Suss
ex a
nd t
he D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
tura
l Ec
onom
ics
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s,U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na.
The
auth
ors
alon
e ar
e re
spon
sible
for
all
info
rmat
ion
and
view
sex
pres
sed
in t
his
repo
rt, w
hich
do
not
repr
esen
t C
adbu
ry.
2
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaFo
rew
ord
5
Fore
wor
d by
Dr
Step
hani
e B
arri
ento
s an
d P
rofe
ssor
Kw
adw
o A
sens
o-O
kyer
eG
hana
is r
enow
ned
for
the
qual
ity o
fits
coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n an
d th
e cr
op p
lays
a m
ajor
role
in th
e ec
onom
y in
term
s ofe
mpl
oym
ent,
inco
mes
and
fore
ign
exch
ange
ear
ning
s. H
owev
er,
Gha
nas
coco
a pr
oduc
ers
face
man
y op
port
uniti
es a
nd c
halle
nges
in s
usta
inin
g th
eirp
ositi
onin
a c
hang
ing
glob
al m
arke
t. Th
is re
port
pre
sent
s th
e fin
ding
s of
inde
pend
ent
rese
arch
carr
ied
out
for
Cad
bury
. It
aim
s to
enh
ance
und
erst
andi
ng o
fth
e po
sitio
n of
Gha
nas
coco
afa
rmer
s an
d th
eir
com
mun
ities
with
res
pect
to
thei
rliv
elih
ood
in t
he c
onte
xt o
fa
dyna
mic
choc
olat
e va
lue
chai
n. W
e ho
pe t
he re
port
con
trib
utes
to a
ddre
ssin
g th
e fu
ture
sust
aina
bilit
y of
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
in G
hana
and
pro
vides
evid
ence
fori
mpr
ovin
g th
e liv
elih
oods
oft
he fa
rmer
s.
One
of
the
key
findi
ngs
ofth
e st
udy
is th
at, d
ue t
o se
vera
l rea
sons
, pro
duct
ivity
in c
ocoa
farm
ing
is lo
w,
and
decl
ines
as
the
farm
ers
get
olde
r. Ye
t m
any
ofth
e yo
uth,
on
who
mvia
bilit
y of
the
sect
orde
pend
s, do
not
asp
ire to
take
up
coco
a fa
rmin
g as
a v
ocat
ion
and
they
look
for
bett
erop
port
uniti
es e
lsew
here
. Coc
oa fa
rmin
g ne
eds
supp
ort
ifit
is to
mod
erni
se,
impr
ove
prod
uctiv
ity, e
nhan
ce in
com
es a
nd r
eput
atio
n su
ffic
ient
ly t
o at
trac
t an
d re
tain
the
educ
ated
you
th t
o en
sure
a s
usta
inab
le fu
ture
.
Cho
cola
te m
anuf
actu
rers
pla
y a
cent
ral r
ole
in t
he c
hoco
late
val
ue c
hain
give
n th
eir
cent
ral
com
mer
cial
pos
ition
. The
res
earc
h te
am w
elco
mes
the
Cad
bury
Coc
oa P
artn
ersh
ip a
s an
impo
rtan
t co
ntrib
utio
n to
fut
ure
sust
aina
bilit
y of
the
sect
or. I
nvol
ving
part
ners
acr
oss
the
valu
e ch
ain
in s
uppo
rtin
g co
coa
farm
ers
and
thei
rco
mm
uniti
es h
elps
to
crea
te a
mor
ein
clus
ive a
nd b
road
app
roac
h to
add
ress
ing
the
chal
leng
es f
acin
g G
hana
s co
coa
farm
ers.
Exte
ndin
g su
ch a
n in
itiat
ive a
cros
s co
coa
prod
ucin
g co
untr
ies
help
s in
pro
mot
ing
coco
afa
rmer
s an
d th
eir
com
mun
ities
glo
bally
.
Fore
wor
d by
Dav
id C
roft
, Con
form
ance
and
Sus
tain
abili
ty D
irec
tor,
Cad
bury
This
rese
arch
by
the
Inst
itute
of
Dev
elop
men
t St
udie
s an
d th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na h
aspr
ovid
ed a
bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
need
s of
coco
a fa
rmer
s an
d th
eir
com
mun
ities
inG
hana
. W
e in
corp
orat
ed t
he r
epor
t's f
indi
ngs
into
our
thin
king
as
we
esta
blish
ed t
heC
adbu
ry C
ocoa
Par
tner
ship
(CC
P)
an
inve
stm
ent p
rogr
amm
e in
Gha
na, w
orth
30
mill
ion
over
a te
n-ye
arpe
riod
aim
ing
to t
rans
form
the
live
s an
d liv
elih
oods
of
mor
e th
an h
alf
am
illio
n co
coa
farm
ers.
The
CC
P is
par
t of
45
mill
ion
glob
al c
ocoa
inve
stm
ent
prog
ram
me,
cove
ring
Indi
a, In
done
sia a
nd t
he C
arib
bean
. We
belie
ve t
his
new
type
ofs
ocia
l and
bus
ines
sin
vest
men
t mod
el, l
ed fr
om th
e gr
ass r
oots
, will
cre
ate
cond
ition
s to
enab
le G
hana
ian
coco
afa
rmer
s to
inc
reas
e th
eir
prod
uctiv
ity,
impr
ove
thei
rin
com
e an
d im
prov
e lif
e in
coc
oafa
rmin
g co
mm
uniti
es t
hrou
gh c
omm
unity
cen
tred
dev
elop
men
t.
Com
mun
ity e
mpo
wer
men
t is
at t
he h
eart
of
our
prog
ram
me.
With
our
part
ners
in G
hana
we
are
help
ing
coco
a fa
rmin
g co
mm
uniti
es to
set
the
irvis
ion
and
actio
n pl
an fo
rthe
futu
re,
and
then
to
deliv
erth
at v
ision
. Pro
gram
mes
will
incl
ude
prov
idin
g m
icro
finan
ce t
o fa
rmer
s,ed
ucat
ion
and
ente
rpris
e pr
ogra
mm
es,
and
deliv
erin
g tr
aini
ng a
nd t
echn
ical
sup
port
for
mor
e ef
ficie
nt c
ocoa
far
min
g, i
n ad
ditio
n to
dev
elop
ing
new
inc
ome
stre
ams
for
rura
lco
mm
uniti
es f
rom
new
cro
ps s
uch
as m
ango
es o
rpe
pper
s, or
even
sna
il an
d fis
h fa
rmin
g.W
e w
ill a
lso c
ontin
ue e
xist
ing
prog
ram
mes
suc
h as
Wel
l a D
ay,
whi
ch w
ill h
ave
built
ove
r85
0 w
ells
by
the
end
of20
08.
We
belie
ve t
hat
the
CC
P w
ill h
elp
Gha
na m
eet
itsM
illen
nium
Dev
elop
men
t G
oals
and
its g
oal
ofre
achi
ng m
iddl
e in
com
e st
atus
by
2015
.M
ore
impo
rtan
tly, i
t w
ill m
ake
a re
al d
iffer
ence
in r
ural
com
mun
ities
, to
farm
ers
and
thei
rfa
mili
es, h
elpi
ng s
uppo
rt t
heir
sust
aina
ble
futu
re.
Our
since
re t
hank
s to
Ste
phan
ie B
arrie
ntos
, the
Inst
itute
of
Dev
elop
men
t St
udie
s an
dth
e U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na f
orpr
ovid
ing
this
thor
ough
inde
pend
ent
inpu
t in
to e
stab
lishi
ngou
rpr
ogra
mm
e.
Fore
word
4
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaC
onte
nts
7
conte
nts
Exe
cuti
ve S
umm
ary
9
1.O
verv
iew
of
proj
ect
15
1.1In
trod
uctio
n15
1.2A
ims
and
obje
ctiv
es16
1.3A
naly
tical
fra
mew
ork
16
2.C
onte
xt a
nd t
rend
s in
coc
oa s
ecto
r19
2.1
Con
sum
ertr
ends
19
2.2
Glo
bal v
alue
cha
in in
cho
cola
te a
nd c
onfe
ctio
nery
19
2.3
Coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n 22
2.4
Soci
al d
imen
sions
of
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
24
3.C
adbu
ry v
alue
cha
in
27
3.1
Com
pany
pro
file
27
3.2
Cad
bury
val
ue c
hain
27
3.3
Cor
pora
te s
ocia
l res
pons
ibili
ty28
4.G
hana
coc
oa v
alue
cha
in29
4.1
CO
CO
BO
D29
4.2
Pric
e an
d ex
port
s29
4.3
Lice
nsed
buy
ing
com
pani
es30
4.4
Qua
lity
assu
ranc
e31
4.5
Fairt
rade
and
org
anic
coco
a33
4.6
Exte
rnal
cha
lleng
es34
5.Su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
in G
hana
: coc
oa s
ecto
rca
se s
tudy
37
5.1
Ove
rvie
w o
fco
coa
prod
uctio
n w
ithin
Gha
na.
37
5.2
Cas
e st
udy
met
hodo
logy
38
5.3
Prof
ile o
fst
udy
dist
ricts
/com
mun
ities
41
5.4
Prod
uctio
n/pr
oduc
tivity
and
inco
me
ofco
coa
farm
ers
in t
he s
tudy
are
a 44
5.5
Ana
lysis
of
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g co
coa
prod
uctio
n pe
rfor
man
ce48
5.6
Perf
orm
ance
and
wel
fare
indi
cato
rs53
6
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaE
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y
9
EXECU
TIVE S
UM
MARY
Coc
oa p
lays
a k
ey r
ole
in t
he d
evel
opm
ent
ofG
hana
ian
econ
omy.
Gro
wth
in c
ocoa
out
put
can
cont
ribut
e to
ove
rall
econ
omic
pros
perit
y an
d re
duct
ion
ofpo
vert
y. Th
ere
are
now
an
estim
ated
720
,00
0 c
ocoa
farm
ers,
but
they
hav
e lo
w p
rodu
ctivi
ty, a
nd a
re h
ighl
y vu
lner
able
to p
over
ty. T
o su
ppor
t su
stai
nabl
e ex
pans
ion
ofth
e co
coa
sect
or, G
hana
nee
ds t
o po
sitio
nits
elf
in a
cho
cola
te c
onfe
ctio
nery
ind
ustr
y th
at h
as u
nder
gone
a s
igni
fican
t pr
oces
s of
chan
ge d
urin
g th
e pa
st d
ecad
e.
The
Gha
na C
ocoa
Boa
rd (C
OC
OB
OD
) has
pla
yed
a pi
vota
l rol
e in
pos
ition
ing
Gha
na w
ithin
the
glob
al m
arke
t, an
d en
surin
g th
e qu
ality
of
its c
ocoa
exp
orts
. How
ever
, the
Gha
naia
nco
coa
sect
orfa
ces
a nu
mbe
rof
chal
leng
es,
both
int
erna
l an
d ex
tern
al,
that
nee
d to
be
addr
esse
d to
ens
ure
the
futu
re s
usta
inab
ility
of
its p
rodu
ctio
n an
d po
sitio
n in
the
glo
bal
coco
a-ch
ocol
ate
mar
ket.
This
is a
brie
fsu
mm
ary
ofke
y fin
ding
s fr
om a
n in
depe
nden
t re
sear
ch s
tudy
car
ried
out
by a
team
from
the
Inst
itute
of
Dev
elop
men
t St
udie
s, U
nive
rsity
of
Suss
ex a
nd t
he D
epar
tmen
tof
Agr
icul
tura
l Ec
onom
ics
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s, U
nive
rsity
of
Gha
na.
The
stud
y w
asco
mm
issio
ned
by C
adbu
ry ,
but
all i
nfor
mat
ion
and
view
s in
the
rep
ort
are
thos
e of
the
auth
ors
alon
e. T
he r
esea
rch
is ba
sed
on a
cas
e st
udy,
whi
ch is
not
sta
tistic
ally
rep
rese
ntat
iveof
the
who
le s
ecto
r, bu
t ai
ms
to c
ontr
ibut
e to
a b
ette
run
ders
tand
ing
ofth
e ch
alle
nges
to
enha
ncin
g su
stai
nabl
e co
coa
prod
uctio
n in
the
con
text
of
a ch
angi
ng g
loba
l ch
ocol
ate-
conf
ectio
nery
mar
ket.
The
aim
of
the
stud
y w
as t
o ex
amin
e th
e fa
ctor
s th
at m
ake
up s
usta
inab
le p
rodu
ctio
nfo
rco
coa
farm
ers
in
Gha
na,
focu
sing
on
th
e so
cio-
econ
omic
dim
ensi
ons
ofsu
stai
nabi
lity.
The
stu
dy m
appe
d th
e va
lue
chai
n lin
king
cho
cola
te m
anuf
actu
rers
and
proc
esso
rs t
o co
coa
farm
ers
in G
hana
in o
rder
to a
sses
s:
Th
e cr
iteria
for
sust
aina
ble
prod
uctio
n fr
om t
he p
ersp
ectiv
e of
coco
a fa
rmer
s.
Th
e in
com
es a
nd s
ocia
l sup
port
cur
rent
ly g
oing
to
coco
a fa
rmer
s an
d th
e ga
p be
twee
ncu
rren
t an
d su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion,
sug
gest
ing
fact
ors
that
wou
ld e
nhan
ce f
arm
erliv
elih
oods
and
con
trib
ute
tow
ards
sus
tain
able
pro
duct
ion.
H
ow c
hoco
late
man
ufac
ture
rs c
an s
uppo
rt G
hana
s co
coa
valu
e ch
ain,
to
asse
ss t
heco
ntrib
utio
ns t
hey
can
mak
e to
im
prov
e su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
for
smal
l pr
oduc
ers
in G
hana
.
The
rese
arch
com
bine
d tw
o an
alyt
ical
app
roac
hes:
(a)
valu
e ch
ain
map
ping
, w
hich
tra
ces
linka
ges
from
pro
duct
ion
thro
ugh
to f
inal
con
sum
ptio
n of
a go
od, i
nclu
ding
initi
al in
puts
,pr
oduc
tion,
dist
ribut
ion,
man
ufac
turin
g, r
etai
ling
and
cons
umpt
ion;
and
(b)
sus
tain
able
prod
uctio
n an
d liv
elih
ood
appr
oach
es,
whi
ch e
xam
ine
inco
mes
, pr
oduc
tive
capa
city
and
wid
erw
ellb
eing
now
and
in t
he f
utur
e in
the
con
text
of
the
wid
erso
cial
and
inst
itutio
nal
envir
onm
ent
in w
hich
pro
duct
ion
take
s pl
ace.
Con
sum
erm
arke
tsC
onsu
mer
mar
kets
forc
hoco
late
con
fect
ione
ry h
ave
also
bee
n ra
pidl
y ch
angi
ng. M
arke
ts a
reno
w m
ore
diff
eren
tiate
d, w
ith s
ome
cons
umer
s fo
cusin
g on
pric
e, b
ut o
ther
s be
com
ing
mor
e se
nsiti
ve t
o fa
ctor
s su
ch a
s qu
ality
and
soc
ial
and
envir
onm
enta
l pr
oces
ses
ofpr
oduc
tion
for
whi
ch t
hey
are
prep
ared
to
pay
a pr
emiu
m. T
hree
mar
ket
segm
ents
are
emer
ging
: (i)
high
-qua
lity
nic
he c
hoco
late
(inc
ludi
ng si
ngle
orig
in, F
airt
rade
and
org
anic
s); (i
i)m
ains
trea
m q
ualit
y ch
ocol
ate;
and
(iii
) bu
lk l
ow-v
alue
cho
cola
te.
Agg
rega
te g
row
th i
nch
ocol
ate
conf
ectio
nery
has
ave
rage
d 2-
3% p
eran
num
ove
rth
e pa
st d
ecad
e. H
owev
er,
grow
th in
the
hig
h-qu
ality
nic
he e
nd o
fth
e m
arke
t ha
s be
en m
uch
high
er, f
orex
ampl
e an
aver
age
23%
ann
ual g
row
th r
ate
in F
airt
rade
coc
oa, a
lbei
t fr
om a
low
bas
e. M
anuf
actu
rers
and
proc
esso
rs w
ithin
the
coc
oa-c
hoco
late
val
ue c
hain
are
hav
ing
to b
e in
crea
singl
yre
spon
sive
to t
rend
s in
thi
s di
ffer
entia
ted
cons
umer
mar
ket.
This
pres
ents
cha
lleng
es f
orco
coa
prod
ucer
s w
ho
need
to
re
spon
d to
th
e re
quire
men
ts
ofpr
oces
sors
an
dm
anuf
actu
rers
.
The
aim
of
the
stud
yw
as t
o ex
amin
e th
efa
ctor
s th
at m
ake
upsu
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
for
coco
a fa
rmer
s in
Gha
na, f
ocus
ing
on t
heso
cio-
econ
omic
dim
ensi
ons
ofsu
stai
nabi
lity
.
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaC
onte
nts
8
conte
nts
6.K
ey f
indi
ngs
and
disc
ussi
on o
ffi
ndin
gs f
rom
the
cas
e st
udy
55
6.1
Wid
erpe
rspe
ctiv
es f
rom
coc
oa s
ecto
r55
6.2
Enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent
and
farm
erpa
rtic
ipat
ion
57
6.3
Farm
ers
pers
pect
ives
on
prod
uctio
n59
6.4
Prod
uctio
n co
nstr
aint
s62
6.5
Inco
me
and
livel
ihoo
d di
vers
ifica
tion
63
6.6
Soci
al a
men
ities
64
6.7
Satis
fact
ion
with
soc
ial a
men
ities
66
6.8
Yout
h em
ploy
men
t67
7.Th
e fu
ture
of
coco
a: f
arm
eran
d yo
uth
aspi
rati
ons
69
7.1Fa
rmer
s as
pira
tions
69
7.2Yo
uth
aspi
ratio
ns70
7.3R
ole
ofco
coa
farm
ing
in f
ulfil
ling
aspi
ratio
ns71
7.4Fu
ture
sus
tain
abili
ty o
fco
coa
73
7.5Yo
uth
perc
eptio
ns o
fth
e fu
ture
of
coco
a 75
8.K
ey is
sues
for
sust
aina
ble
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
77
8.1
Inco
me
and
pove
rty
77
8.2
Cre
dit
and
finan
ce77
8.3
Prod
uctio
n78
8.4
Labo
uran
d la
nd80
8.5
Mar
ket
acce
ss82
8.6
Com
mun
ity-b
ased
org
anisa
tion
82
8.7
Soci
al a
men
ities
83
8.8
Glo
bal v
alue
cha
in84
8.9
Mak
ing
coco
a fa
rmin
g a
rea
l job
87
8.10
Para
digm
shi
ft88
9.C
oncl
udin
g R
emar
ks89
App
endi
ces
91
App
endi
x 1:
An
empi
rical
ana
lysis
of
perf
orm
ance
and
wel
fare
indi
cato
rs
amon
g th
e sa
mpl
ed c
ocoa
farm
hou
seho
lds
91
App
endi
x 2:
Bib
liogr
aphy
94
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaE
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y
11
Gha
na c
ase
stud
yA
cas
e st
udy
was
und
erta
ken
to a
sses
s th
e su
stai
nabi
lity
ofco
coa
prod
uctio
n in
the
con
text
ofth
e ch
angi
ng g
loba
l va
lue
chai
n. T
he s
tudy
was
und
erta
ken
in s
ix c
omm
uniti
es a
cros
sth
ree
regi
ons:
Ash
anti,
Wes
tern
Sou
th a
nd E
aste
rn R
egio
ns. T
he c
ase
stud
y w
as b
ased
on
asu
rvey
of2
17 fa
rmer
s, fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sions
(45
owne
r-op
erat
ors
and
care
take
rope
rato
rs,
12 y
outh
and
12
wom
en),
24 li
fe h
istor
ies
and
key
info
rman
t in
terv
iew
s w
ith a
ctor
s in
eac
hco
mm
unity
and
thr
ough
out
the
coco
a va
lue
chai
n. T
his
was
not
a s
tatis
tical
ly r
epre
sent
ative
sam
ple,
but
pro
vided
an
insig
ht in
to c
urre
nt a
nd fu
ture
cha
lleng
es fa
cing
coc
oa p
rodu
cers
.
The
stud
y hi
ghlig
hted
a s
ocio
-eco
nom
icpr
ofile
of
coco
a fa
rmer
s as
an
agei
ng p
opul
atio
n(a
vera
ge a
ge 5
1 ye
ars
in t
his
stud
y) o
fw
hom
46
per
cent
are
mig
rant
s, w
ith a
hig
h re
lianc
eon
car
etak
erfa
rmer
s. C
ocoa
pro
duct
ion
is la
bour
-int
ensiv
e, b
ut a
t fa
rm l
evel
the
re i
s a
shor
tage
of
hire
d la
bour
in t
he s
ecto
r, al
ong
with
inc
reas
ed l
abou
rco
sts.
Mos
t fa
rmla
bour
ers
tend
to b
e m
en a
nd s
omet
imes
som
e of
them
are
also
farm
ope
rato
rs w
ho m
ight
need
ext
ra m
oney
to
mee
t so
me
recu
rren
t ex
pend
iture
.
The
high
cos
t of
labo
uran
d hi
gh c
ost
ofin
puts
hav
e co
ntrib
uted
to
man
y fa
rmer
s fa
iling
to
adop
t im
prov
ed p
ract
ices
and
mai
ntai
n th
eirf
arm
s as w
ell a
s the
y m
ight
. The
re is
a lo
w ra
tioof
hybr
id t
rees
to
trad
ition
al t
rees
on
coco
a fa
rms,
and
low
use
of
nurs
ery
culti
vate
d hy
brid
seed
lings
. Unt
il re
cent
ly, m
any
farm
ers
did
not
wee
d ar
ound
the
irfa
rms
thre
e tim
es a
yea
r,th
ey s
carc
ely
spra
yed
thei
rco
coa
tree
s ag
ains
t ca
psid
and
bla
ck p
od d
iseas
es a
nd t
hey
left
mist
leto
es t
o gr
ow o
n th
e tr
ees.
The
resu
lt of
negl
ect
is a
low
coc
oa y
ield
. Coc
oa y
ield
s of
less
tha
n 40
0 k
g pe
rhe
ctar
eco
mpa
res
with
an
optim
istic
view
tha
t yi
elds
in G
hana
cou
ld p
oten
tially
incr
ease
to 10
00
kg
per
hect
are.
Gha
na c
lear
ly h
as p
oten
tial
to e
xpan
d its
pos
ition
as
a su
pplie
rw
ithin
the
mai
nstr
eam
(and
pot
entia
lly t
he u
pper
nich
e) s
egm
ents
of
the
choc
olat
e in
dust
ry.
The
Gov
ernm
ent
has
iden
tifie
d ag
ricul
ture
, and
coc
oa in
par
ticul
ar, a
s ha
ving
the
pote
ntia
lto
mak
e an
impo
rtan
t co
ntrib
utio
n to
eco
nom
icgr
owth
, and
to
Gha
na m
eetin
g its
goa
lsfo
rpov
erty
redu
ctio
n. H
owev
er, c
ocoa
hou
seho
lds s
urve
yed
in th
is st
udy
wer
e fo
und
to h
ave
an e
stim
ated
mea
n pe
rca
pita
dai
ly in
com
e fr
om c
ocoa
alo
ne o
fU
S$0.
42, a
nd a
mea
n pe
rca
pita
dai
ly in
com
e fr
om c
ocoa
and
all
othe
rso
urce
s of
US$
0.63
. The
res
ults
impl
y th
at in
the
coco
a gr
owin
g ar
eas
sam
pled
for
this
case
stu
dy, m
embe
rs o
ffa
rm h
ouse
hold
s de
pend
on c
ocoa
for
two
third
s of
thei
rin
com
e an
d on
ave
rage
ear
n le
ss t
han
US$
1.00
per
day
per
capi
ta o
vera
ll.
Ifpo
vert
y am
ongs
t co
coa
farm
ers
is to
be
addr
esse
d, a
nd g
ood-
qual
ity c
ocoa
pro
duce
d on
a su
stai
nabl
e ba
sis o
vert
he lo
ng te
rm, a
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctivi
ty a
nd in
com
es n
eed
to ri
se.T
his
is a
syst
emic
chal
leng
e w
hich
fac
es a
ll pa
rtie
s in
the
cha
in, p
artic
ular
ly t
hose
in G
hana
. It
mea
ns p
ayin
g sy
stem
atic
atte
ntio
n to
var
iety
and
cho
ice,
cul
tivat
ion
patt
erns
and
fer
tilise
ran
d pe
stic
ide
inpu
ts t
o im
prov
e la
nd p
rodu
ctivi
ty,
and
som
e fo
rms
ofm
echa
nisa
tion
toin
crea
se
labo
urpr
oduc
tivity
on
a
sust
aine
d ba
sis.
Farm
ers
face
pa
rtic
ular
prod
uctio
nco
nstr
aint
s in
rel
atio
n to
acc
ess
to f
inan
ce a
nd la
ck o
fcr
edit,
acc
ess
to h
ybrid
see
ds a
ndse
edlin
gs,
info
rmat
ion
on f
ertil
isers
, an
ade
quat
e sp
rayi
ng p
rogr
amm
e, a
nd p
rovis
ion
ofex
tens
ion
serv
ices
. Mar
ket
acce
ss c
an b
e co
nstr
aine
d by
lack
of
tran
spor
t, po
orro
ads,
lack
ofco
mm
unic
atio
n, a
nd p
oor
info
rmat
ion
flow
s. Th
is is
a pa
rtic
ular
prob
lem
for
farm
ers
insm
alle
ror
mor
e re
mot
e lo
catio
ns.
In t
erm
s of
soci
al a
men
ities
, far
mer
s an
d ca
reta
kers
wou
ld li
ke t
o ha
ve t
he s
ame
amen
ities
as t
hose
in t
he t
owns
and
citi
es. M
any
farm
ing
com
mun
ities
wou
ld li
ke t
o ha
ve e
lect
ricity
and
good
drin
king
wat
er(a
t le
ast
a ha
nd-d
ug w
ell
orbo
reho
le w
ith a
pum
p),
plac
es o
fco
nven
ienc
e, s
choo
ls an
d he
alth
fac
ilitie
s. Fo
rsm
alle
rco
mm
uniti
es,
prio
rity
for
soci
alam
eniti
es te
nded
to b
e ro
ads,
scho
ols a
nd c
linic
s; an
d ve
ry b
asic
need
s suc
h as
pot
able
wat
eran
d pu
blic
toile
t fa
cilit
ies
wer
e hi
ghly
ran
ked.
Lar
ger
com
mun
ities
ten
d to
hav
e th
ese
basic
amen
ities
but
nee
d im
prov
emen
ts, s
uch
as n
ew p
ipes
to
ensu
re a
reg
ular
flow
ofw
ater
; or
reha
bilit
atio
n an
d ex
tens
ions
of
exist
ing
scho
ol b
uild
ings
. A n
eed
for
form
al e
mpl
oym
ent
oppo
rtun
ities
cam
e up
freq
uent
ly.
Thes
e fin
ding
s po
se m
ajor
prob
lem
s fo
rth
e fu
ture
via
bilit
y of
coco
a fa
rmin
g in
Gha
na. T
hest
udy
exam
ined
the
per
cept
ions
for
the
futu
re a
nd t
he a
spira
tions
of
coco
a fa
rmer
s. Th
em
ajor
ity sa
id t
hat
coco
a fa
rmin
g as
an
occu
patio
n ha
d no
t m
et t
heir
expe
ctat
ions
, and
man
yw
ere
doub
tful
that
they
cou
ld a
chie
ve th
eirl
ife g
oals
thro
ugh
coco
a fa
rmin
g al
one
(alth
ough
this
varie
d by
regi
on a
nd si
ze o
fcom
mun
ity).
The
olde
rfar
mer
s bel
ieve
d th
at c
ocoa
was
thei
r
The
Gov
ernm
ent
has
iden
tifi
ed a
gric
ultu
re,
and
coco
a in
par
ticu
lar,
as h
avin
g th
e po
tent
ial
to m
ake
an i
mpo
rtan
tco
ntri
buti
on t
o ec
onom
icgr
owth
, an
d to
Gha
nam
eeti
ng i
ts g
oals
for
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n.
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaE
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y
10
Acr
oss
the
glob
al c
ocoa
-cho
cola
te v
alue
cha
in,
chan
ges
in t
he c
hoco
late
con
fect
ione
rym
anuf
actu
re se
gmen
t ap
pear
out
ofba
lanc
e w
ith t
hose
at
the
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
end
ofth
ech
ain.
The
re h
as b
een
a gr
owin
g co
ncen
trat
ion
amon
gst m
anuf
actu
rers
and
pro
cess
ors,
with
a sh
arp
decl
ine
in th
e nu
mbe
rofs
peci
alise
d tr
ader
s. Te
n ch
ocol
ate
man
ufac
turin
g co
mpa
nies
now
acc
ount
for
43%
of
glob
al s
ales
. M
anuf
actu
rers
and
pro
cess
ors
have
dev
elop
edst
rate
gies
to
expa
nd h
ighe
rva
lue
activ
ities
, par
ticul
arly
in r
elat
ion
to t
he h
igh-
valu
e ni
che
and
mai
nstr
eam
qua
lity
segm
ents
of
the
mar
ket.
They
hav
e be
com
e at
tune
d to
gro
win
gco
nsum
erco
ncer
ns w
ith s
ocia
l and
env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues.
Man
y co
mpa
nies
hav
e in
trod
uced
corp
orat
e so
cial
res
pons
ibili
ty (C
SR) i
nitia
tives
, bot
h in
res
pons
e to
adv
erse
med
ia p
ress
ure
(such
as
over
the
use
ofch
ild la
bour
in W
est
Afr
ica)
, and
incr
easin
g ch
alle
nges
to
the
futu
resu
stai
nabi
lity
ofth
e co
coa
sect
or. T
here
is in
crea
sing
dem
and
from
man
ufac
ture
rs f
orth
esu
stai
ned
avai
labi
lity
ofhi
gh-q
ualit
y co
coa
that
is p
rodu
ced
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith in
tern
atio
nal
soci
al a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal s
tand
ards
.
Pro
duct
ion
In c
ontr
ast
prod
uctio
n re
mai
ns c
hara
cter
ised
by s
mal
l-sc
ale
farm
ing
in m
any
coun
trie
s,pa
rtic
ular
ly W
est
Afr
ica.
In m
ost
prod
ucer
coun
trie
s di
sman
tling
ofm
arke
ting
boar
ds u
nder
econ
omic
liber
alisa
tion
has
incr
ease
d fra
gmen
tatio
n w
ithin
th
e se
ctor
. N
ew
supp
lier
coun
trie
s ha
ve e
xpan
ded
prod
uctio
n, p
artic
ular
ly in
Asia
. Ove
rth
e pa
st d
ecad
e th
ere
has
been
a s
ecul
arde
clin
e in
pric
es, w
ith a
vera
ge w
orld
mar
ket
pric
es f
orco
coa
13%
low
erin
200
5/6
than
in 19
93/4
. The
shar
e of
final
pric
e of
an a
vera
ge U
Kba
rofm
ilk c
hoco
late
goi
ngto
coc
oa fa
rmer
s is a
n es
timat
ed 4
%. T
here
has
also
bee
n a
decl
ine
in o
vera
ll qu
ality
ofc
ocoa
bean
s, th
roug
h sh
ort-
cutt
ing
ofm
ore
cost
ly p
rodu
ctio
n m
etho
ds. T
his
runs
cou
nter
to t
hein
crea
sed
dem
and
for
high
qua
lity
coco
a be
ans.
Gha
na h
as n
ot b
een
imm
une
from
inte
rnat
iona
l tre
nds.
How
ever
, it
has
bene
fited
from
the
cont
inue
d ro
le o
fth
e G
hana
Coc
oa B
oard
(CO
CO
BO
D),
desp
ite p
ress
ure
to fu
lly li
bera
lise
the
sect
orin
the
198
0s
and
late
r. C
OC
OB
OD
has
pro
vided
sup
port
to
farm
ers
and
coor
dina
ted
the
mar
ketin
g of
Gha
naia
n co
coa
on in
tern
atio
nal m
arke
ts. T
his
has
help
ed t
om
aint
ain
the
qual
ity o
fG
hana
ian
coco
a w
hich
ear
ns a
n in
tern
atio
nal p
rice
prem
ium
. Mor
eim
port
antly
, Gha
nas
high
qua
lity
coco
a ha
s m
eant
tha
t it
has
been
abl
e to
sel
l mor
e of
itsco
coa
than
oth
erpr
oduc
erco
untr
ies
on fo
rwar
d m
arke
ts (u
p to
70
%).
Cru
cial
ly, t
his
enab
les
dom
estic
prod
ucer
pric
es t
o be
set
in
a m
anne
rw
hich
pro
tect
s fa
rmer
s fr
om s
easo
nal
vola
tility
in
the
mar
kets
. Gha
na i
s in
a p
ositi
on t
o ex
pand
with
in t
he m
ains
trea
m q
ualit
yse
gmen
t of
the
coco
a m
arke
t. It
is an
impo
rtan
t ex
port
erof
Fairt
rade
coc
oa (t
hrou
gh K
uapa
Koko
o Lt
d) a
nd h
as p
oten
tial t
o ex
pand
orig
in a
nd o
rgan
icco
coa
prod
uctio
n
nich
e m
arke
tsw
here
the
hig
hest
pre
mia
can
be
earn
ed.
How
ever
desp
ite
this,
G
hana
fa
ces
signi
fican
t ch
alle
nges
in
m
aint
aini
ng
the
futu
resu
stai
nabi
lity
ofits
coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n. A
nnua
l pro
duct
ion
ofco
coa
is w
ell b
elow
its
pote
ntia
lca
paci
ty, w
ith p
rodu
ctivi
ty (o
utpu
t pe
rhe
ctar
e) a
t 40
% o
fits
est
imat
ed p
oten
tial.
It ha
s an
agei
ng fa
rmer
popu
latio
n, a
nd fa
ces
an e
xodu
s of
yout
h fr
om t
he s
ecto
r. Th
e ch
alle
nges
itfa
ces
are
both
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
l, in
the
con
text
ofa
tra
nsfo
rmin
g gl
obal
cho
cola
te v
alue
chai
n. T
hese
incl
ude:
(i) P
rodu
ctio
n ch
alle
nges
e
xpan
ding
pro
duct
ion
and
prod
uctiv
ity t
o su
stai
n fa
rmer
inco
me
and
expo
rt g
row
th w
hilst
mai
ntai
ning
qua
lity.
(ii) S
ocia
l cha
lleng
es
m
eetin
g th
e on
goin
g ex
pect
atio
ns o
ffar
mer
s and
thei
rcom
mun
ities
that
cur
rent
ly s
ugge
st c
ocoa
farm
ing
will
not
be
a ch
oice
for
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns. T
his
has
been
fue
lled
by r
ural
-urb
an m
igra
tion,
the
com
mun
icat
ions
rev
olut
ion
and
risin
g so
cio-
econ
omic
expe
ctat
ions
. Thi
s is
coup
led
with
gre
ater
soci
al a
war
enes
s by
con
sum
ers
inex
tern
al m
arke
ts l
eadi
ng t
o an
inc
reas
ing
mar
ket
expe
ctat
ion
that
coc
oa i
s fa
rmed
with
out
the
wor
st fo
rms
ofch
ild la
bour
, and
a ra
pid
grow
th in
the
dem
and
forf
air-
trad
ean
d or
gani
cch
ocol
ate:
(iii)
Rep
utat
ion
chal
leng
e
ensu
ring
that
Gha
na s
usta
ins
its h
igh
repu
tatio
n in
the
coc
oain
dust
ry in
the
face
ofm
ount
ing
com
petit
ive a
nd so
cial
cha
lleng
es a
nd is
abl
e to
pro
mot
eits
elf
as a
pro
gres
sive
prod
ucer
.
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaE
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y
13
Com
mun
ity B
ased
Org
anisa
tion:
Se
nsiti
satio
n of
farm
ers
abou
t be
nefit
s of
colla
bora
tion,
an
d en
hanc
ed
supp
ort
for
com
mun
ity-b
ased
org
anisa
tions
.
Soci
al P
rovi
sion:
Be
tter
prov
ision
of
scho
ols
and
teac
her
ince
ntive
s in
coc
oa-g
row
ing
area
s. Re
view
and
exte
nsio
n of
CO
CO
BOD
Sch
olar
ship
pro
gram
me.
Be
tter
prov
ision
ofh
ealth
clin
ics,
ince
ntive
s for
heal
th w
orke
rs a
nd a
cces
s to
heal
th in
sura
nce
forf
arm
ers
in c
ocoa
regi
ons.
Ex
tend
pro
visio
n of
an a
fford
able
hou
sing
sche
me
to lo
w-in
com
e fa
rmer
s.
Glo
bal V
alue
Cha
in:
Re
view
oft
he ro
le o
fLice
nsed
Buy
ing
Com
pani
es (L
BC
s), su
pply
chai
n lo
gist
ics a
nd p
aym
ent
syst
ems
by L
BCs
to c
ocoa
farm
ers.
Su
ppor
t an
d ad
vice
to fa
rmer
s an
d pr
oduc
ergr
oups
wish
ing
to p
ursu
e or
igin
, org
anic
and
Fairt
rade
coc
oa, a
nd e
nsur
e be
nefit
s ar
e pa
ssed
bac
k to
farm
ers.
C
SR f
unds
cou
ld b
e m
ade
avai
labl
e to
sup
port
inn
ovat
ions
and
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g th
aten
hanc
es p
rodu
ctivi
ty, m
arke
t ac
cess
and
soc
ial p
rovis
ion
in c
ocoa
com
mun
ities
.
Mak
ing
Farm
ing
a re
al jo
b:
G
over
nmen
t, C
OC
OBO
D, L
BCs,
farm
eror
gani
satio
ns a
nd c
hoco
late
man
ufac
ture
rs s
houl
dw
ork
toge
ther
to fo
rmul
ate
a pl
an to
intr
oduc
e yo
uth
to c
ocoa
farm
ing.
Para
digm
Shi
ft:
Ex
tend
ing
publ
ic-p
rivat
e pa
rtne
rshi
ps a
long
the
val
ue c
hain
, inv
olvin
g al
l tho
se a
ctor
s abl
e to
mak
e a
posit
ive c
ontr
ibut
ion
to e
nhan
cing
sus
tain
able
pro
duct
ion.
A
mor
e in
tegr
ated
ap
proa
ch
invo
lving
al
l va
lue
chai
n ac
tors
, ba
sed
on
publ
ic-p
rivat
eco
llabo
ratio
n, i
s ne
eded
. Th
is in
clud
es c
ocoa
pro
cess
ors,
choc
olat
e m
anuf
actu
rers
, na
tiona
lgo
vern
men
t an
d re
leva
nt
Min
istrie
s, C
OC
OB
OD
, Li
cens
ed
Buy
ing
Com
pani
es,
Dist
rict
Ass
embl
ies,
Com
mun
ity-b
ased
Org
anisa
tions
, far
mer
asso
ciatio
ns a
nd c
ivil s
ocie
ty o
rgan
isatio
ns.
It ne
eds
to e
nsur
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
by f
arm
ers
(esp
ecia
lly y
oung
erfa
rmer
s) in
ord
erto
ach
ieve
sust
aina
bilit
y of
coco
a pr
oduc
tion,
exp
and
Gha
naia
n co
coa
expo
rts
on w
orld
mar
kets
, an
dad
vanc
e th
e co
ntrib
utio
n of
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
to G
hana
ian
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent.
Conc
lusi
onIn
con
clus
ion,
sig
nific
ant
chan
ges
are
taki
ng p
lace
with
in t
he c
ocoa
-cho
cola
te v
alue
cha
in. B
utth
ere
is cu
rren
tly a
n im
bala
nce
betw
een
the
man
ufac
turin
g an
d pr
oces
sing
end
com
pare
d to
the
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
end
ofth
e ch
ain.
M
anuf
actu
rers
and
pro
cess
ors
are
com
para
tivel
y w
ell
posit
ione
d at
the
hig
h-va
lue
cons
umer
end
ofth
e ch
ain.
Whe
reas
coc
oa p
rodu
cers
hav
efa
ced
decl
inin
g pr
ices
and
qua
lity,
low
sha
re o
ffin
al p
rice,
as
wel
l as
inc
reas
ing
mar
ket
conc
ern
in r
elat
ion
to s
ocia
l an
d en
viron
men
tal
prac
tices
. C
onsu
mer
dem
and
for
high
erqu
ality
cho
cola
te is
like
ly to
con
tinue
w
hich
man
ufac
ture
rs, p
roce
ssor
s an
d pr
oduc
ers
have
a jo
int
inte
rest
in m
eetin
g.
Gha
na h
as t
he p
oten
tial
to e
xpan
d w
ithin
the
qua
lity
segm
ent
ofth
e va
lue
chai
n, a
ndC
OC
OB
OD
to
nego
tiate
on
beha
lfof
farm
ers
in i
nter
natio
nal
fora
. H
owev
er,
it fa
ces
signi
fican
t ch
alle
nges
in m
oder
nisin
g th
e co
coa
sect
or. C
ruci
al fa
ctor
s ar
e th
e ne
ed t
o ra
iseth
e pr
oduc
tivity
of
coco
a fa
rmin
g, e
nhan
ce s
ocia
l pr
ovisi
on i
n co
coa
com
mun
ities
, an
dat
trac
t th
e yo
uth
who
are
ess
entia
l for
futu
re in
nova
tion
and
sust
aina
bilit
y of
prod
uctio
n.
In a
diff
eren
tiate
d co
nsum
erm
arke
t, G
hana
nee
ds t
o fin
d ro
utes
with
in t
he c
hoco
late
-coc
oava
lue
chai
n, s
o th
at fa
rmer
s ca
n en
gage
in h
ighe
rva
lue
coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n th
at g
ener
ate
larg
erre
venu
es. T
his
can
be d
one
by:
Firs
tly,
enha
ncin
g th
e pr
ofile
of
Gha
naia
n co
coa
with
in t
hem
ains
trea
m q
ualit
y m
arke
t (fo
rex
ampl
e a
high
erpr
emiu
m fo
ren
surin
g in
tern
atio
nal s
ocia
l and
envir
onm
enta
l st
anda
rds
are
met
). Se
cond
ly, f
urth
erex
pand
ing
with
in t
he h
igh-
valu
e ni
che
segm
ent
ofth
e m
arke
t (p
artic
ular
ly th
roug
h th
e su
ppor
t of
cert
ifica
tion
and
expa
nsio
n of
Fairt
rade
, or
gani
can
d or
igin
coc
oa).
Third
ly, r
aisin
g th
e pr
ofile
of
Gha
naia
n co
coa
and
choc
olat
e of
Gha
naia
n-or
igin
as
com
ing
from
a d
ynam
ican
d pr
ogre
ssive
sec
tor,
both
amon
gst
prod
ucer
s an
d co
nsum
ers.
All
acto
rs w
ithin
the
val
ue c
hain
hav
e a
join
t in
tere
st in
supp
ortin
g th
e pr
ovisi
on o
fco
mm
erci
al in
cent
ives
that
att
ract
you
ng a
nd in
nova
tive
coco
afa
rmer
s, en
hanc
ing
the
sust
aina
bilit
y of
Gha
naia
n co
coa
prod
uctio
n an
d th
e fu
ture
expa
nsio
n of
the
qual
ity c
hoco
late
mar
ket.
Cru
cial
fac
tors
are
th
ene
ed t
o r
aise
the
pro
duct
ivit
y o
fco
coa
farm
ing,
enh
ance
so
cial
pro
visi
on
in c
oco
aco
mm
unit
ies,
and
att
ract
the
yout
h w
ho a
re e
ssen
tial
for
futu
re i
nnov
atio
n an
dsu
stai
nabi
lity
ofpr
oduc
tion
.
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaE
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y
12
best
opt
ion,
but
not
for
thei
rch
ildre
n. T
he s
tudy
foun
d th
at t
here
are
sig
nific
ant
diff
eren
ces
in p
rodu
ctivi
ty b
y ag
e of
farm
ers,
with
old
erfa
rmer
s pr
oduc
ing
low
eryi
elds
per
acre
tha
nyo
unge
rfa
rmer
s. Th
e pr
ofile
of
an a
gein
g fa
rmer
popu
latio
n an
d la
ck o
fin
tere
st in
coc
oafa
rmin
g by
you
th p
rese
nts
a m
ajor
chal
leng
e to
incr
easin
g gr
owth
and
ens
urin
g th
e fu
ture
sust
aina
bilit
y of
the
coco
a se
ctor
.
The
stud
y no
ted
the
impo
rtan
ce o
fat
trac
ting
yout
h an
d re
duci
ng t
he a
vera
ge a
ge o
ffa
rmer
s. Yo
ung
and
mor
e ed
ucat
ed p
erso
ns w
ere
foun
d to
wor
k on
farm
s th
at w
ere
mor
epr
oduc
tive
than
tho
se o
fol
der
farm
ers,
and
wer
e m
ore
likel
y to
int
rodu
ce i
nnov
ative
prod
uctio
n m
etho
ds. A
ttra
ctin
g an
d re
tain
ing
youn
g fa
rmer
s in
to t
he s
ecto
ris
thus
ess
entia
lfo
rth
e lo
ng-t
erm
sus
tain
abili
ty a
nd g
row
th o
fth
e co
coa
sect
or.
Man
y fa
rmer
s int
ervie
wed
did
not
wan
t the
irch
ildre
n to
wor
k in
the
coco
a se
ctor
, and
you
ngpe
ople
with
som
e ed
ucat
ion
wer
e lik
ely
to l
eave
coc
oa f
orbe
tter
paid
wor
k el
sew
here
.W
hen
focu
s gr
oups
mem
bers
wer
e as
ked
why
coc
oa f
arm
ing
was
suc
h an
und
esira
ble
voca
tion
for
thei
rch
ildre
n, t
hey
answ
ered
tha
t it
was
low
-sta
tus
wor
k w
ith li
ttle
pro
spec
ts,
and
that
it w
as d
ange
rous
and
bac
kbre
akin
g w
ork
with
out
com
men
sura
te r
ewar
ds.
The
youn
g pe
ople
inte
rvie
wed
sug
gest
ed t
hey
wou
ld b
e w
illin
g to
und
erta
ke c
ocoa
farm
ing
ifco
nditi
ons
wer
e be
tter
than
tho
se e
ndur
ed b
y th
eirp
aren
ts. C
ocoa
pric
es a
nd p
rofit
abili
tyof
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
wou
ld a
lso h
ave
to in
crea
se. A
n im
prov
emen
t in
the
sup
port
cur
rent
lygi
ven
farm
ers,
and
a re
cogn
ition
oft
heir
cont
ribut
ions
, wou
ld h
elp
youn
g pe
ople
thin
k m
ore
high
ly a
bout
coc
oa fa
rmin
g, a
nd b
e at
leas
t w
illin
g to
con
sider
it as
a li
velih
ood
activ
ity.
The
stud
y yi
elde
d ev
iden
ce t
hat
youn
g pe
ople
do
not
com
plet
ely
disc
ount
coc
oa f
arm
ing,
but
that
the
irpr
efer
red
mod
el is
of
a co
mm
erci
alise
d en
terp
rise
that
doe
s no
t re
quire
as
muc
h ph
ysic
al la
bour
, and
doe
s no
t ha
ve t
o be
a fu
ll-tim
e oc
cupa
tion.
Ifth
ese
new
sys
tem
sof
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
can
be e
xplo
red
and
supp
orte
d, c
ocoa
will
con
tinue
to
feat
ure
inpe
ople
s as
pira
tions
, and
will
con
tinue
to
prom
ote
loca
l and
nat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t.
A
wor
ksho
p he
ld
with
ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs
iden
tifie
d ke
y iss
ues
that
ne
ed
addr
essin
g.
The
follo
win
g is
a br
iefs
umm
ary
ofth
e iss
ues
high
light
ed:
Cre
dit
and
Fina
nce:
En
hanc
ed c
redi
t fa
cilit
ies
and
Rura
l Ban
king
infra
stru
ctur
e
Prod
uctio
n:
M
ore
farm
ered
ucat
ion
and
acce
ss to
fert
iliser
.
Ex
tend
ed p
rogr
amm
e of
mas
s pr
oduc
tion
and
dist
ribut
ion
ofco
coa
hybr
id s
eeds
and
seed
lings
to e
nsur
e av
aila
bilit
y to
farm
ers,
with
con
tinue
d re
sear
ch to
dev
elop
the
se.
Fu
rthe
rin
vest
igat
ion
ofth
e ef
fect
ivene
ss o
fth
e m
ass-
spra
ying
prog
ram
me
and
furt
her
eval
uatio
n of
how
to im
prov
e its
impl
emen
tatio
n.
A
com
preh
ensiv
e st
udy
ofex
tens
ion
serv
ices.
Re-e
stab
lishi
ng F
arm
erTr
aini
ng C
entr
es t
oen
hanc
e fa
rmer
part
icip
atio
n, a
nd fa
cilit
ate
adop
tion
ofin
nova
tions
to
impr
ove
prod
uctiv
ityan
d m
eet
inte
rnat
iona
l qua
lity
stan
dard
s.
Su
ppor
t an
d be
tter
info
rmat
ion
to e
nhan
ce c
rop
dive
rsifi
catio
n by
coc
oa fa
rmer
s.
Labo
ur a
nd L
and:
M
ore
effic
ient
use
ofl
abou
rth
roug
h ch
angi
ng p
rodu
ctio
n m
etho
ds a
nd a
red
uctio
n in
the
elem
ent
ofdr
udge
ry.
Su
ppor
t for
mul
tista
keho
lder
initi
ative
s inv
olvin
g po
litic
ians
and
civi
l soc
iety
org
anisa
tions
that
wor
k w
ith fa
rmer
s to
add
ress
the
use
ofc
hild
labo
ur.
In
Gha
na, a
land
ref
orm
pro
ject
is c
urre
ntly
unde
rway
. The
issu
e of
coco
a fa
rm la
nd s
houl
dbe
give
n sp
ecifi
cat
tent
ion
to se
e ho
w sy
stem
s ofl
and
tenu
re c
an o
pen
up a
cces
s to
land
for
coco
a fa
rmin
g.
Mar
ket
Acc
ess:
En
hanc
e m
arke
t ac
cess
thr
ough
im
prov
emen
ts t
o ro
ads,
tran
spor
t an
d co
mm
unica
tion
syst
ems
in c
ocoa
-gro
win
g re
gion
s.
Ifth
ese
new
sys
tem
sof
coco
a pr
oduc
tion
can
be e
xplo
red
and
supp
orte
d,co
coa
will
con
tinu
e to
feat
ure
in p
eopl
es
aspi
rati
ons,
and
wil
lco
ntin
ue t
o pr
omot
elo
cal
and
nati
onal
deve
lopm
ent.
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaO
verv
iew
of
proj
ect
15
1. OVERV
IEW
OF
PRO
JECT
1.1
Intr
oduc
tion
Gha
na i
s th
e se
cond
lar
gest
exp
orte
rof
coco
a in
the
wor
ld a
fter
Cot
e d
Ivoire
. It
has
are
puta
tion
for
prod
ucin
g so
me
ofth
e hi
ghes
t-qu
ality
coc
oa a
nyw
here
. Coc
oa p
lays
a k
eyro
le in
the
dev
elop
men
t of
Gha
naia
n ec
onom
y. It
is th
e se
cond
larg
est
expo
rt o
ut o
fGha
na,
with
exp
ort
earn
ings
ofU
S$1,1
87.4
mill
ion
in 2
00
6 fr
om c
ocoa
(SG
ER 2
00
6). T
he s
igni
fican
tgr
owth
in c
ocoa
out
put
in re
cent
yea
rs is
con
trib
utin
g to
the
redu
ctio
n of
pove
rty
in G
hana
,an
d he
lpin
g th
e co
untr
y to
ach
ieve
its
Mill
enni
um D
evel
opm
ent
Goa
ls (M
DG
s) (C
oulo
mbe
and
Wod
on 2
007
). To
mai
ntai
n th
is m
omen
tum
, G
hana
nee
ds t
o su
stai
n an
d ex
pand
its
posit
ion
with
in w
orld
coc
oa m
arke
ts.
How
ever
, the
re a
re a
num
ber
oflo
ng-t
erm
cha
lleng
es f
acin
g th
e G
hana
ian
coco
a se
ctor
.Pr
omin
ent
amon
gst
thes
e ar
e:
Sust
aina
bilit
y of
prod
ucti
on:Q
uest
ions
ove
rth
e su
stai
nabi
lity
ofco
coa
prod
uctio
n. T
his
isre
quire
d bo
th t
o m
aint
ain
outp
ut o
fth
e cu
rren
t co
nsist
ent
high
qua
lity,
and
to e
nsur
efa
rmer
s an
d th
eir
hous
ehol
ds a
dec
ent
livel
ihoo
d en
ablin
g th
em t
o co
ntin
ue f
arm
ing
effe
ctive
ly in
the
med
ium
-to-
long
term
. A p
artic
ular
chal
leng
e fo
rthe
futu
re is
the
low
leve
lof
inte
rest
exp
ress
ed b
y m
any
youn
g G
hana
ians
fro
m c
ocoa
-gro
win
g ar
eas
in b
ecom
ing
coco
a fa
rmer
s.
Soci
al s
tand
ards
:Eur
opea
n an
d N
orth
Am
eric
an c
onsu
mer
s ar
e re
quiri
ng r
ising
soc
ial a
nden
viron
men
tal
stan
dard
s. Th
ese
incl
ude
atta
inm
ent
ofin
tern
atio
nally
rec
ogni
sed
labo
urst
anda
rds
(incl
udin
g el
imin
atio
n of
the
wor
st f
orm
s of
child
lab
our)
and
ensu
ring
faire
rpa
rtic
ipat
ion
by fa
rmer
s in
the
coc
oa v
alue
cha
in.
The
hist
ory
ofC
adbu
ry1is
stee
ped
in a
phi
lant
hrop
ictr
aditi
on. T
he f
irm h
as a
long
hist
ory
ofso
urci
ng c
ocoa
fro
m G
hana
dat
ing
back
to
the
early
190
0s.
It pl
ayed
an
impo
rtan
t pa
rt in
the
orig
inal
dev
elop
men
t of
the
coco
a se
ctor
in t
he c
ount
ry. C
adbu
ry s
ourc
es a
ll its
coc
oafo
rth
e U
Km
arke
t fr
om G
hana
and
thi
s ac
coun
ts f
orap
prox
imat
ely
15%
of
Gha
nas
tota
lco
coa
expo
rts.
Gha
na i
s se
en a
s th
e m
ain
sour
ce o
fsu
pply
bec
ause
its
coc
oa i
s of
high
qual
ity, e
nsur
ing
the
flavo
urof
Cad
bury
s ch
ocol
ate.
Cad
bury
is a
ctive
ly e
ngag
ed in
cor
pora
teso
cial
res
pons
ibili
ty (
CSR
) in
itiat
ives
in t
he c
ocoa
and
con
fect
ione
ry s
ecto
rs. I
t ha
s a
long
reco
rd o
fpr
ovid
ing
soci
al s
uppo
rt t
o co
coa
farm
ers
and
thei
rco
mm
uniti
es i
n G
hana
(Cad
bury
Sch
wep
pes
CSR
Rep
ort
200
6). I
ts a
im is
to s
uppo
rt t
he G
hana
ian
coco
a se
ctor
toat
tain
sus
tain
able
pro
duct
ion
and
mee
t th
e so
cial
sta
ndar
ds i
ncre
asin
gly
dem
ande
d in
nort
hern
mar
kets
.
Bot
h th
e G
hana
ian
coco
a in
dust
ry a
nd C
adbu
ry h
ave
a st
rong
int
eres
t in
pro
mot
ing
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofa
coco
a se
ctor
able
to p
rodu
ce h
igh-
qual
ity a
nd d
iffer
entia
ted
coco
a. T
here
are
ther
efor
e m
utua
l ben
efits
to
both
par
ties
in p
ursu
ing
shar
ed o
bjec
tives
of
enha
ncin
gsu
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion.
1In
th
is re
port
C
adbu
ry
will
be
re
ferr
ed
to
asC
adbu
ry S
chw
eppe
s or
shor
tene
d to
Cad
bury
.
14
g
-
Map
ping
Sus
tain
able
Pro
duct
ion
in G
hana
ian
Coc
oaO
verv
iew
of
proj
ect
17
2. P
rodu
cing
hig
h-qu
ality
coc
oa r
equi
res
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
chai
n pa
rtic
ipan
ts a
nd a
driv
eto
sys
tem
icef
ficie
ncy
and
qual
ity s
tand
ards
. The
se in
ter-
linka
ges
can
be r
evea
led
thro
ugh
anal
ysis
ofth
e va
lue
chai
n.
3. It
fac
ilita
tes
asse
ssm
ent
ofth
e fo
rms
ofch
ain
gove
rnan
ce r
equi
red
to m
eet
thes
eas
pira
tions
in
clud
ing
stan
dard
-set
ting,
pro
visio
n of
exte
nsio
n se
rvic
es, d
ecisi
ons a
ffec
ting
inco
rpor
atio
n of
supp
liers
, and
so
on.
1.3.
2 Su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
/liv
elih
oods
Map
ping
the
val
ue c
hain
thr
ough
to
prod
ucer
leve
l he
lps
to c
aptu
re t
he d
ivers
e w
ays
inw
hich
coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n af
fect
s liv
elih
oods
of
coco
a gr
ower
s, an
d th
ose
furt
her
alon
g th
eva
lue
chai
n, n
otab
ly i
nput
sup
plie
rs,
as w
ell
as s
o-ca
lled
mul
tiplie
r(o
rkn
ock-
on)
effe
cts
thro
ugh
coco
a gr
ower
s co
mm