Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Rev. No: CIssue Date:...
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Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy Commercialisation of Chemistry Commercialisation of Chemistry Visible light semiconductor Visible light semiconductor photocatalysts photocatalysts – a novel hygiene solution – a novel hygiene solution Declan McCormack (DIT) and Robert Hickson (Vitra)
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Transcript of Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Rev. No: CIssue Date:...
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Commercialisation of ChemistryCommercialisation of ChemistryVisible light semiconductor Visible light semiconductor
photocatalysts photocatalysts – a novel hygiene solution– a novel hygiene solution
Declan McCormack (DIT) and Robert Hickson (Vitra)
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
Titania (TiOTitania (TiO22))
Precipitation of submicron high surface area seconducting titania as a support for metal oxide anodic catalysts, mainly for fuel cells.
Nafion
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
Ignatz Semmelweis (1818-1865)Ignatz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
1847- Childbed (Puerperal) Fever in Vienna Hospital Obstetrical Clinic
First clinic Second clinic
Year Births Deaths Rate (%) Births Deaths Rate (%)
1841 3,036 237 7.8 2,442 86 3.5
1842 3,287 518 15.8 2,659 202 7.6
1843 3,060 274 9.0 2,739 164 6.0
1844 3,157 260 8.2 2,956 68 2.3
1845 3,492 241 6.9 3,241 66 2.0
1846 4,010 459 11.4 3,754 105 2.8
“cadaverous particles”
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Hospital SuperbugsHospital Superbugs
•75% of the total 8,000 cases of hospital acquired infections (HAI) were due to the superbug MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) in Ireland. Other more virulent strains such as KPC & NDM-1
•Annual cleaning bills for Irish hospitals are €68 million and the total economic burden of hospital acquired infection is over €150 million every year.
•The proportion of MRSA observed in Ireland is one of the highest in Europe
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
A familiar photocatalyst product in the A familiar photocatalyst product in the marketmarket
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
How the titania coating in Pilkington glass How the titania coating in Pilkington glass works as a superhydrophilic coating?works as a superhydrophilic coating?
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
DarkUV
Ti Ti
Oxygen vacancies
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
Ti Ti Ti
O O
Ti Ti Ti
O O
H H
HydrophobicHydrophilic
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Visible light active titaniaVisible light active titania
Visible light active TiO2 EBG < 3.2eV
Before doping After doping
After doping
R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, Y. Taga, Science. 2001, 293, 269.
Conventional TiO2 EBG= 3.2eV
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual CongressFriday, 27th May 2011
First N-doped Titania (TiOFirst N-doped Titania (TiO22))
Asahi (2001)
• TiO2-xNx prepared by sputtering with N2 and annealing in N2 atmosphere at 550 oC
• Mixture of anatase and rutile
• Yellow transparent films
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Doping with non-metal ionsDoping with non-metal ions
• Fluorine (In collaboration with JM Kelly and I Gun’ko, TCD)
Chem. Mater., 19 (18), 2007, 4474-4481.
• Nitrogen
J. Phys. Chem. C, 111(4), 2007, 1605–1611.
• Sulphur
J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652.
• Nitrogen and Sulphur
J. Phys. Chem. C, 113,(8),2009, 3246-3253.
• Nitrogen doped heterojunctions • Chem. Mater., 22, 2010, 3843–3853
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Challenge: Anatase to Rutile TransformationChallenge: Anatase to Rutile Transformation
600 to 700 C in pure titania
Ti
Ti
Ti Ti Ti Ti
Photocatalytic Phase
Rutile(Corner shared)
600- 700 C
Anatase(Edge shared)
Non-Photocatalytic Phase
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
How a delayed phase transition happensHow a delayed phase transition happens
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Effect of S- dopingEffect of S- doping
J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652.
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Sunlight Driven Photocatalysis- 850Sunlight Driven Photocatalysis- 850OOC calcined samplesC calcined samples
(a) Control sample210 minutes
(b) S-doped sample 35 minutes
J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652.
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Mechanism of dopingMechanism of doping
Conduction Band
Valence Band
Band Gap (Eg)
2.45 eV
+
- electron
hole
hv < 390 nm
Reduction:
O2 + e- → O2-•
Super oxide radical
Oxidation:
H2O + h+ → OH•
Hydroxyl radical
N 2p
mid-gap
O 2p
Ti 3d
hv > 390 nm
Conduction Band
Valence Band
Band Gap (Eg)
2.45 eV
+
- electron
hole
hv < 390 nm
Reduction:
O2 + e- → O2-•
Super oxide radical
Oxidation:
H2O + h+ → OH•
Hydroxyl radical
N 2p
mid-gap
O 2p
Ti 3d
hv > 390 nm
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
A Photocatalytic Tile?A Photocatalytic Tile?
• High temperature stable anatase phase (above 1000OC)
• Visible light activity by doping• A stable anatase phase up to the sintering temperature of the ceramic
substrates is most desirable for applications on anti-bacterial ceramic materials (e.g. bathroom tile, sanitary ware etc.).
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Anti-bacterial Ceramic Tiles- Challenges Anti-bacterial Ceramic Tiles- Challenges
• High Sintering temperature (above 1000OC).
• Photocatalytic phase anatase change to rutile at 600O to 700OC
• High temperature stability and visible light activity are requisite
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Examples of RADICAL’s anti-bacterials Examples of RADICAL’s anti-bacterials Photocatalyst productsPhotocatalyst products
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Turkish Trials
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Anti-bacterial TilesAnti-bacterial Tiles
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Anti-MRSA High Tc Tiles Anti-MRSA High Tc Tiles
a b
Anti-MRSA test of titania samples (a) control (b) CREST TiO2
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
VitrA photocatalytic wall tiles
External Antimicrobial Testing against E. coli; Airmid healthgroup , using ISO 27447: 2009
ConclusionThe presence of visible light killed all the E. coli on VitrA photoactive ceramic tile (Sample A1)A normal tile showed no change in antibacterial count (Too Numerous To Count, TNTC)
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
ConclusionsConclusions
• A novel industrial viable technology has been developed to prepare visible light active titania.
• A high temperature stable photo-active titania has been developed
• Anti-MRSA ceramic tiles have been produced
• Industrial pilot plant operation has been successfully carried out.
Rev. No: C Issue Date: 08/06/2010 Owner: B. Duffy
Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011
Enterprise Ireland ARE programmeEnterprise Ireland ARE programme
04/21/23
Dr Suresh PillaiDr John ColreavyDr Hugh HaydenMr Darragh RyanDr Pradeepan PeriyatDr Michael Seery
