Institut Photovoltaïque d’Île-de France

FOUNDING MEMBERS

October 2019

Editorial

IPVF 2020

Dear colleagues, It is my pleasure to introduce our IPVF Newslet-ter, which I hope will reflect the dynamism of the Institute. As new Scientific Director I would like to contribute in making your life and research easier and more efficient. This started this summer with the elaboration of a new scientific program which will be signed by the IPVF and its partners, and will engage us for the next 3 years towards our 303 target. We are building up on the previous research projects (merci Daniel Lincot). The construction of the new scientific program is now well engaged, thanks to intense work lead by Christophe Bonelli, with the contribution of the leaders of the six new programs: I) Techno-economic analysis, which will help us to focus on research topics relevant to in-dustry; II) Tandem perovskite/crystalline silicon modules, the working horse of IPVF; III) Tandem III-V/crystalline silicon solar cells, as an alternative to the perovskite approach; IV) Characterization, modelling, and reliability, to understand the limits of current devices and their potential of improvement; V) Solar to fuels, where we will benefit from the knowhow of IPVF on solar cells, to move towards photo electrochemical cells in order to address en-ergy storage; VI) At the frontiers of PV, aiming to develop exploratory projects which may become a leading topic in coming years.We now have a more compact and structured re-search program which will help us to keep focused and reach the targets. So I am sure there will be plenty of exciting results. Of course, science needs support and we have at IPVF a marvelous platform on which we are working with Roch and Pascal’s team, to bring it to a full potential. A new organiza-tion is being set up to ensure we have everything working with reliable processes for reproducible deposition of materials, equipment for characteri-zation, etc. Both research and platform attract visitors to IPVF. They make our Institute unique and attrac-tive worldwide. Indeed, quite often you see people visiting IPVF to establish collaborations. Moreover IPVF is also a center for teaching and attracts stu-dents and researchers participating in Masters and Executive education programs.

Photovoltaic systems have reached annual installation volumes of >100 GW and a cumulative installation volume of >500 GW. This market is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si). While the practical power conversion efficiency (PCE) limit for c-Si might be reached in the coming years, a technology permitting PCEs of 30% or higher will be essential to further reduce the cost of PV systems. Particularly, perovskite on c-Si tandem modules currently seem to be the most promising candidate to comply with the market conditions. For commercial relevance, their PCE should be of ca. 30%. A competitive tandem module price could be around 20-25 c$/W for reaching equal LCOE values to the mainstream technology in 2030.

Learning curve of average PV module price as a function of cumulative shipments, incl. extrapolation to expected cumulative shipment values in 2030 from various sources. L.Oberbeck, K. Alvino, and B. Goraya, M. Jubault, and D. Lincot. Procedings of the 36th EUPVSEC, Marseille, 9-13 September 2019.

“IPVF’S PV Technology Vision For 2030

Newsletter

Last but not least, publications, confer-ences, talks, etc. All start with project meetings, our famous “retour du jeudi”, presentations at workshops, conferenc-es, etc. All of them contribute in making IPVF an internationally recognized Insti-tute. I hope this monthly Newsletter will also contribute to that. It will consist in a four-page edition for a broad audience, and a longer version for internal use and to be distributed to our partners. In the

following editions we will ask the point of view of our partners. In the meantime, have good reading and don’t hesitate to contact me for the monthly news or any other scientific topic you would like to discuss.

Sincerely,

Pere Roca i CabarrocasIPVF Scientific Director

NewsletterInstitut Photovoltaïque d’Île-de France

Editorial board: Pere Roca i Cabarrocas, Roch Drozdowski-Strehl, Christophe Bonelli,Lars Oberbeck, Jean Rousset, Jean-Paul Kleider, Philippe Schulz, Stéphane Collin, David Aymé Perrot, Jean-François Guillemoles

Highligths from the Research program

Determining doping levels at nanometer scale via cathodoluminescenceWe have developed a method to determine the doping level by cathodoluminescence for both n-type and p-type semiconductors. We have just published a thorough experimental study based on a wide range of GaAs reference samples and theoretical luminescence models. We have also applied the method successfully to single GaAs nanowires grown for tandem III-V/Si solar cells. We demonstrate its effectiveness to map and determine quantitatively the carrier concentration at the nanometer scale, and over a wide range of doping levels. This technique can be extended to other semiconductor materials and used for any type of nanostructures.

Chemical and structural analysis: InGaP surface regenerationSurface perturbations (chemical and morphological) associated to GD-OES profiling have been evaluated by SEM and XPS. These techniques reveal the presence of a superficial damaged overlayer, as previously observed on InP and GaP. For InGaP, the surface is found Ga rich and amorphous. Interestingly, an efficient regeneration could be obtained by HCl dipping, enabling to recover the initial XPS chemical information. Thanks to this chemical regeneration step at nanometric scale, the damaged overlayer could be eliminated, enabling a relevant GD-OES/XPS coupling procedure on this material. Benchmark on silicon bottom cellsA power conversion efficiency of 30% can be achieved theoretically with perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, as chosen by IPVF. In order to find the best technology in terms of performance and cost for the bottom cell, we performed a benchmark on different c-Si cell technologies from the industry. The objectives of this assessment are to evaluate the standard performances of silicon cells under 1 sun and the performances with filtered light from the perovskite top cell with a bandgap of 1.6eV, simulated here via an optical filter with a cutoff wavelength at 780 nm and 90% transparency above this wavelength. To characterize the cell performances, J-V, EQE and reflectivity measurements were performed. Development of perovskite top cellsThe deposition of a homogenous layer on a 5 x 10 cm2 has been achieved by slot-die coating. The fabrication of a 16 cm2 mini-module has been carried out with a perovskite layer grown by spin coating. Stable efficiencies up to 13.5 % have been reached in opaque configuration and above 10% for 16 cm2 semi-transparent mini-modules. Modelling Perovskite solar cell performance as a function of temperature Solar radiation absorbed by a photovoltaic cell is partly converted into electricity and partly generates heat, thus increasing its temperature, which reduces the conversion efficiency. We study the impact of temperature on the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To model the thermal behavior of PSC’s performance, a RC thermal model coupled with semi-empirical electro-optical model is considered.

Quantification of electron and hole transport in perovskite solar cells A lateral device consisting of a micrometric channel of perovskite between two electrodes was observed via multi-dimensional luminescence imaging under an electric field. 2D drift-diffusion modeling has been applied to fit the data and extract fundamental properties. It notably accounted for lateral and in-depth diffusion, drift due to the applied bias, as well as radiative and trap-assisted recombinations. The figure shows the electron density map in the device (obtained by 2D drift-diffusion modelling), after applying a bias voltage pulse.

Wide bandgap CIGS solar cells for c-Si/CIGS tandemsA CIGS solar cell with a gap of 1.7 eV and a conversion efficiency of 10.3% was obtained by coevaporation at IMN in Nantes. This work was the subject of an oral communication presented by A. Thomere at EUPVSEC 2019.

IPVF postdoctoral fellow Konstantin Kholostov fully designed an equipment based on two cobots (collaborative robots) and a visualization system. This set-up has been designed originally for pick and place of cut cells and dispensing of electrically conductive adhesive. The pick-and place part is operational while the dispensing unit has to be finished and optimized next year. This tool will allow easy and quick prototyping of our IPVF c-Si bottom sub-module. The tool is fully programmable in C++, OpenCV, Arduino and Git and could be extended to other types of prototyping.

Organization of a visit, 17/09/2019, for 10 Centrale-Supelec engineering students (presentation of the IPVF and visit of the clean rooms). Next visit for 120 Telecom engineering students from Total@Saclay project in November.

Reception and participation in the Executive Master of Ecole Polytechnique (45 students): visit of the clean room, organization of lectures.

Creation of a Renewable Energy scientific track for Master of Science and Technology X-HEC Entrepreneurship from HEC business school and Ecole Polytechnique Engineer school for 18 students (starting in October 2019).

Contribution à la fête de la science les 5-6-7 octobre au CNRS à Gif et les 11-12 à Polytechnique.

September 16. Visit of Michael Woodhouse, NREL, to IPVF: seminar presentation on “Introduction to NREL’s Solar + Storage Techno-economic Analysis Portfolio” and discussion with IPVF scientists

November 6. Prof. Nam-Guy PARK. Seminar at 10h on perovskite solar cells

News from the platform

Teaching program Highlights

Visitors

Received equipment: ASYS Screen Printer. IPVF Immo n°: 0124-00

Investment voted in 2018. Attached project: A / T

Functions: State of the art and upgradable screen printer allowing double print, dual print and alignment for c-Si metallization (both standalone cells and tandem cells - including cells pieces)

Visit of 10 Centrale-Supelec engineering students

Equipment manager: Mohamed JOUHARI (IPVF)

mohamed.jouhari@ipvf.fr

Location: 1L.B97

• Development of an Industrially Compatible Process for Light Weight CIGS Modules on Polymer Substrates by Optimizing Deposition Parameters. V. Achard, M. Jubault, and F. Donsanti.• Multi-Dimensional Luminescence Imaging: Accessing to Transport Properties D. Ory, A. Bercegol, O. Fournier, J. Rousset, D. Suchet, and J.-F. Guillemoles.• Photocurrent Spectra and Transport Characterizations on Halide Perovskites Thin Films. H.-J. Lin, A. Rebai & S. Cacovich IPVF, Palaiseau, France J. Rousset.

• Average Absorption in Ultrathin Hot Carriers Solar Cells with Tetrahedron Nanostructures. J. Goffard, M. Giteau, A. Cattoni, N. Bardou, L. Lombez, J.-F. Guillemoles, and S. Collin.• Direct Fabrication of Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells on Ag-Based Reflective Back Contacts L. Gouillart, A. Cattoni, J. Goffard, N. Naghavi, and S. Collin.• Direct Growth of III-V on Si for Tandem Solar Cells: Fabrication and Characterization of a GaAs Nanowire Top-Cell R. de Lépinau, O. Lafont, B. Berenguier, and L. Lombez• Growth and Structure Optimization of 1.73eV MBE-Grown AlGaAs/InGaP Heterostructure Solar Cells. A. Ben Slimane, A. Bercegol, L. Lombez, J.-B. Puel, A. Julien, A. Michaud, O. Mauguin, X. Lafosse, J.-F. Guillemoles, J.-C. Harmand, and S. Collin.• MIS Structures for Solar Cells Perimeter Passivation. A. Delamarre, J.-F. Guillemoles, H. Sodabanlu, K. Watanabe, and M. Sugiyama.• Multidimensional Luminescence Imaging of Electron/Hole Transport in Triple Cation Perovskite. A. Bercegol, S. Cacovich, and L. Lombez Student Award Finalist.

Oral presentations at 36th EUPVSEC, Marseille, 9-13 September 2019

Conferences and Publications

https://eurocorr.org/EUROCORR+2019/Programme/Detailed+Programme-p-239745.html

Symposium on ageing of PV materials at Eurocorr, Séville organized by Polina Volovitch

and JF Guillemoles

Conferences to come October – December Make Our Planet Great Again Kick Off Conference 1/10 (Phlip Schulz), in presence of F. VidalCNRS 80 years at DR4 => mediation scientifique, Becquerel experiment.Forum ITE Lille 8-9/10 (C. Bonelli).Hot carrier workshop at Technische Universität München, 28-29/10 RAFALD 5-7 nov, co-organized by N. Schneider Workshop NextPV at U. Tokyo 18-19/11 (JF Guillemoles, D. Suchet, …).JNPV Dourdan.3-6/12 2019 http://jnpv.geeps.centralesupelec.fr/

2 Finalists Adrien Bercegol (Multidimensional Luminescence Imaging of Electron/Hole Transport in Triple Cation Perovskite) and Cyril Leon (Capacitance-Voltage Characterization Technique Adapted to Tandem Solar Cell) for the student awards (15 finalists were selected among all students participating to the conference). At the end Adrien won the student award. Emilie Raoult obtained a poster award.

3BV.2.53 “Optical Characterizations and Modelling of Semitransparent Perovskite

Solar Cells for Tandem Applications”

E. Raoult, R. Bodeux, S. Jutteau, S. Rives, A. Yaiche, J. Rousset, D. Coutancier & S. Collin

Adrien Bercegol

3CO.5.2 Multidimensional LuminescenceImaging of Electron/Hole Transport in

Triple Cation Perovskite

EDF R&D - IPVF, Palaiseau, France

Cyril Leon

3CO.8.3 Capacitance-Voltage Characterization Technique Adapted to Tandem Solar Cells

GeePs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

• IPVF’s PV Technology Vision 2030. L. Oberbeck, K. Alvino, and B. Goraya, M. Jubault, and D. Lincot.• Capacitance-Voltage Characterization Technique Adapted to Tandem Solar Cell . C. Leon, S. Le Gall, M.E. Gueunier-Farret, A. Brezard-Oudot, A. Jaffré, C. Longeaud, J.-P. Kleider, L. Vauche, K. Medjoubi, E. Veinberg Vidal Student Award Finalist.• Interfaces and Stability in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Philip Schulz, CNRS, Palaiseau, France.

Poster presentations at EUPVSEC• The “Absolute” Quantification of Solar Absorber via a Cross-Characterization Method: The Example of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 M. Bouttemy, J. Vigneron, D. Aureau, M. Frégnaux, F. Jomard & A. Etcheberry UVSQ, Versailles, France S. Béchu, A. Loubat & D. Messou IPVF, Palaiseau, France B. Theys CNRS-IPVF, Palaiseau, France S. Gaiaschi, J. Marciano & P. Chapon HORIBA, Palaiseau, France.• Air Reactivity of CIGS and CdTe Solar Absorbers Characterized by XPS Measurements S. Béchu IPVF, Palaiseau, France M. Bouttemy, J. Vigneron, D. Aureau, M. Frégnaux & A. Etcheberry UVSQ, Versailles, France D. Lincot & J.-F. Guillemoles CNRS, Palaiseau, France.• Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (SALD) Studies for Buffer and Window Layers in CIGS Solar Cells towards in-Line Manufacturing Technologies M. Balestrieri & D. Lincot CNRS, Palaiseau, France S. Lakhdar Chaouche, V. Huong Nguyen, J. Resende, A. Sekkat, C. Jimenez, D. Bellet & D. Munoz-Rojas Grenoble INP, France.• Wide Band Gap CuGaSe2 Solar Cells for Tandem Application K. Bouras IPVF, Palaiseau, France M. Sood, A. Lomuscio, F. Babbe & S. Siebentritt University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg D. Lincot CNRS, Palaiseau, France.• Wet (CBD, Spin-Coating) and Dry (ALD, CVD) Deposition of Tunable Metal Hybrid Perovskites MASnxPb1-x(IxBr1-x)3 and Oxides for Tandem Application M. Kozolinsky, T. Hildebrandt & F. Donsanti EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France F. Rousseau ParisTech, France.• Tailoring the 2D/3D Structure of Perovskite Film for Its Integration on Highly Textured c-Si Bottom Cell F. Hilt & E. Drahi TOTAL, Paris la Défense, France C. Aider IPVF, Palaiseau, France J. Rousset EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France.

• Optical Characterizations and Modelling of Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandem Applications E. Raoult, R. Bodeux, S. Jutteau, S. Rives, A. Yaiche & J. Rousset EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France D. Coutancier & S. Collin CNRS, Palaiseau, France.• C-AFM and KPFM Characterization of poly-Si/SiOx/c-Si Passivated Contact Structure C. Marchat IPVF, Palaiseau, France A. Morisset & R. Cabal CEA, Le Bourget du Lac, France J. Alvarez, M.E. Gueunier-Farret & J.-P. Kleider CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.• Powerful Topographic Analysis Method Using Fast Fourier Transform for c-Si Solar Cells and Emerging Technologies K. Saliou & G. Fischer IPVF, Palaiseau, France F. Hilt & E. Drahi TOTAL, Paris La Défense, France T. Hildebrandt & P.P. Grand EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France• Opto-Electronic Properties of Dislocations in Cast-Mono Silicon for Solar Cells D. Ory, N. Paul & V. Le-Guen EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France T. Bidaud & S. Collin CNRS, Palaiseau, France L. Lombez IPVF, Palaiseau, France.• Functionalized Oxides for Bifacial Solar Cells with Passivated Contacts: First Results of the OXYGEN Project T. Desrues, A. Morisset, E. Bruhat, A. Veau, M. Hayes, P. Bellanger, R. Cabal & S. Dubois CEA, Le Bourget du Lac, France A. Kaminski-Cachopo, Q. Rafhay, N. Ait-Abdelkader & Y. Kalboussi IMEP-LAHC, Grenoble, France J. Alvarez & M.E. Gueunier-Farret CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France C. Marchat IPVF, Palaiseau, France J.P. Kleider CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France D. Blanc-Pélissier, P. Schutz, C. Chevalier & M. Lemiti INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France D. Munoz-Rojas & V.H. Nguyen LMGP, Grenoble, France G. Borvon & F. Torregrosa Ion Beam Services, Peynier, France.• Development of an Industrially-Relevant Process for Passivating Contacts on p-Type Silicon Wafers A. Desthieux, J. Posada & P.P. Grand EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France C. Broussillou, B. Bazer-Bachi & G. Goaer EDF ENR PWT, Bourgoin Jallieu, France E. Drahi TOTAL, Palaiseau, France P. Roca i Cabarrocas CNRS, Palaiseau, France.• Understanding of UV-ps Laser Ablation Mechanisms on Bifacial n-PERT Silicon Solar Cells and Impact on Ni/Cu Plating C. Molto, J.E. Lee & S. Béchu IPVF, Palaiseau, France J. Nekarda & V. Arya Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg, Germany M. Bouttemy, A. Etcheberry & A.-M. Goncalves UVSQ, Versailles, France E. Drahi TOTAL, Paris, France P.P. Grand EDF R&D, Palaiseau, France.• CIGS growth on a III-V/Si(001) platform : towards CIGS/Si tandem solar cells. O. Durand, A. Létoublon, C. Cornet, A. Zhou, N. Barreau, E. Gautron, M. Balestrieri, and D. Lincot.