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Best practice in life expectancy gender gaps: a moving concept
France Meslé and Jacques Vallin Institut national d’études démographiques (INED)
The 4th Human Mortality Database Symposium
Berlin, 22-23 May 2017
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What is the best-practice for life expectancy gender gap?
• The smallest gap ?
• The gap corresponding to the biological differences between females and males ?
• The gap corresponding to the best health behaviours for both sexes ?
• Does it change with the level of life expectancy ?
• What is it possible to learn from HMD data, using the concept of best practice in life expectancy?
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I. Best and worst practices in life expectancy
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Best-practice in life expectancy
• A seminal paper by Oeppen and Vaupel (2002) – Oeppen Jim and Vaupel James W., 2002. – Broken limits to life expectancy, Science, vol. 296, n° 10,
p. 1029-1031
• Revisited by Vallin and Meslé (2009) – Vallin Jacques, Meslé France, 2009. – The Segmented Trend Line of Highest Life Expectancies,
Population and Development Review, 35(1), p. 159-187.
From a straight to a broken line, but a useful concept to follow and forecast mortality trends
First looking at females
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Best female life expectancy in HMD
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What about males ?
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Worst practice: an operational concept?
• Much more difficult because data are not available for all countries of the world
• And availability is very much correlated with life expectancy levels
• Looking at HMD data
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Worst performers in HMD
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Best and worst practice in gender gap ?
Two different measures:
- the largest and smallest gaps between females and males within a country i:
max (e0F(i) – e0M(i))
min (e0F(i) – e0M(i))
- the differences between female and male maximums and minimums:
max (e0F) – max(e0M)
min (e0F) – min(e0M)
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Maximum and minimum gap observed in a country
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Maximum and minimum gap observed in a country (2)
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Maximum and minimum gap observed in a country
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Gender gap between highest LE and lowest LE
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Gender gap and female life expectancy level
1900
1950
1970 2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
e0
Gender gap (in years)
Female life expectancy (in years)
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Distinguishing Eastern Europe
1900
1950
1970
2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
e0
Gender gap (in years)
Female life expectancy (in years)
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The shift of ages responsible for the gender gap
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 5 101520253035404550556065707580859095
Sweden 2014
84.0-80.3=3.7-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 5 101520253035404550556065707580859095
Ireland 195066.7-64.5=2.2
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 5 101520253035404550556065707580859095
Italy 190041.8-41.6=0.2
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Life expectancy at age 60: Best and Worst
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Gender gaps in life expectancy at age 60
A: within a country B: between best or worst performers
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Gender gap and female e60 level
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Life expectancy at age 80: Best and Worst
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Gender gaps in life expectancy at age 80
A: within a country B: between best or worst performers
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Gender gap and female e80 level
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Conclusion (1)
• A general overview of HMD data confirms the steady increase of gender differences in life expectancy until the end of the 20th century: – Maximum and minimum differences increased
– Differences between best and worst performers increased as well
• Shift of ages responsible for increasing gap. The higher the life expectancy, the higher contributing ages
• In the past low life expectancies were associated with small gender gaps while today they are associated with largest gaps
• Within the HMD universe, poorest health contexts were specially unfavorable to women while today they are more unfavorable to men
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Conclusion (2)
• Historical trends don’t show any indication of a golden standard for gender gaps in life expectancy
• Since the late 19th century, the fall of infectious diseases followed by the cardiovascular revolution induced an increase in differences
• Only recently the gap decreased thanks to changes in male behaviour (smoking, etc.), especially at working ages
• In countries which have just entered a new stage of health transition, related to aging and degenerative diseases, there is a gap widening at old age (e80). Once again women are showing the way…
• We are probably very far from reaching an equilibrium point, only depending on biological differences.