in–situ and ex–situ conservation of aquilaria and gyrinops

IN–SITU AND EX–SITU CONSERVATION OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS:

A REVIEW

Oleh:

Tajudin Edy Komar Marfuah Wardani

Faustina Ida Hardjanti Nurul Ramdhania

Ministry of Forestry Forestry Research and Development

Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development in cooperation with

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project

Bogor – Indonesia, 2014

IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS: A REVIEW Authors: Tajudin Edy Komar Marfuah Wardani Faustina Ida Hardjanti Nurul Ramdhania Editors: Bismark Erdy Santoso Agustinus P. Tampubolon Desain Cover: Agustina Dwi Setyowati Copyright © 2014 Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development in cooperation with International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project ISBN: 978-602-1681-24-4 Published by Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia Telp. +62-251-8633234, Fax. +62-251-8638111 Printed by: IPB Press Bogor, Desember 2014

This work was made possible by a grant from ITTO under its collaborative program with CITES 'Support to ITTO: CITES Implementation for Tree Species and Trade/Market Transparency (TMT)'. Donors to this collaborative program include the EU (primary donor), the USA, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. The project was implemented by Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development.

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PREFACE Agarwood is a high value non-timber forest product, produced from natural infestation and artificial inoculation with microorganism. Seven genera, Aquilaria, Gyrinops, Aetoxylon, Gonystylus, Eukbia, Wikstroemia and Paleria have been known as source of agarwood. However, current primary producer of agarwood are from Aquilaria and Gyrinops. Since the value of this NTFP is relatively high, the collections of agarwood from the wild since last two decades have been severe and the method of collection is mostly unsustainable. Unsustainable collection and the presence of various disturbances of the habitat have made the population and habitat of the species and genera of Aquilaria and Gyrinops rapidly decreased and in some extent may have gone to extinct. In order to conserve and rescue the species, population and habitats, several field actions are needed to be carried out. Reviews of on the status of the species, population and habitats have been conducted. Some necessary information may have not been incorporated in this review, however the status of conservation of the species, population and habitat in general have been captured in the review. We thanks to all parties who have made valuable contribution to this report from data collection draft preparation and completion of this report. Director of CCR Ir. Adi Susmianto, M.Sc

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In situ and ex situ conservation of Aquilaria and Gyrinops: A review. Agarwoods is one of Non-Timber Forest Product produced as result from physiological response to the micro-organism infection to Aquilaria and Gyrinops species. This aromatic product from those species has been used, among others, for medicines, cosmetic, incences and other aromatic based materials, including parfumes and uses as for traditional, ceremonial, cultural events and modern-day lifestyle. There are four genera widely known as agarwood producing species: Aquilaria, Gyrinops, Aetoxylon and Gonystylus. However, current major producers of agarwood are from the species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops member of Thymmeliaceae. These two genera naturally distributes in a wide range of geographical Asian region including Indonesia. Major islands, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua are primary sources agarwood production from the wild. The export destinations are Europe, Middle East (Arabian World), Japan, Korea through Malaysia and Singapore. The prices of agarwood ranges and could reach over US$ 5, 000 per kg for premium quality. The price is depending on quality and level of market transactio. The quality of agarwood collected from the wild is highly variable. National Board for Standardization System (BSN) has issued quideline for standard quality of agarwood determined based on color, incence content and aromatic strength. Chemical component has not been used in the quality grading but will be incorporated in the near future. The threats to the population and habitats of agarwood species have been intensified. Current harvest is definitely unsustainable. The harvest is greater than that of the population growth and agarwood production to naturally recover. Method of harvest is still potentially destructive. Monitoring and control of harvest and protection from destructive felling are still relatively weak.No effective measures have been taken to control, manage and at least to ensure the allowable harvest is within the capacity to recover in natural process. The current quota system is still insufficient and potential to over extraction, since the accurate data on the existing wild and planted population, potential agarwood production and the population recovery are not available. Aside from the threats, there is a good news. The cultured plantation has been widely startedsince last 5-10 years in almost all over Indonesia from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua, especially for some species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops. Various innoculation technologies have been introduced and applied into the cultured plantation, using pre-tested microorganism, primarily Fusarium. However, the agarwood produced from cultured plantation is still insignificant to reduce pressure of agarwood collection from the wild. The quality and the production through innoculation is inconsistent to gradually replace the production from nature. Efforts to protect and conserve agarwood plant genetic resources, both in its natural habitat distribution (in situ) and outside natural distribution (ex-situ) is still insignificant. In-situ conservation has been established, but in co-incidentally with the establishment of conservation areas (National Park, Nature and wildlife reserve), protected forests and other plant genetic conservation area in production forest. However, monitoring and inventory of their population, regeneration and potential production are still extremely lacking. Conservation which is in some extent as collection of species, has been limitedly established in several areas, such as in botanical garden, recreational forests, research forests and other arboretum. No report so far regarding the

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intensive conservation garden (genetic resources collection) has been established. Some future challenges for sustainable harvest and conservation are related to the fact of (1) continued reduction of natural population (illegal felling, fire and forest conversion), (2) insignificant conservation efforts (campaign, budget allocation, awareness raising, guidelines and toolkit, database collection on population and distribution), (3) Weak enforcement of rules and regulation including CITES requirement and (4) harvest from the wild using unsustainable method and (5) Setting quota using inaccurate and out of dated data on population and distribution.Several recommended strategies and actions are needed in order to improve the conditions.

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LIST OF CONTENT

PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... v LIST OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURE .............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATION .............................................................................................................. xv ABOUT AUTHORS ........................................................................................................ xvii

PART 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Objective .................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Terminology ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 6

PART 2. NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS ......................... 9 2.1. Forest Resources and Floristic Diversity ................................................................. 11 2.2. Geographical Distribution ........................................................................................ 12 2.3. Ecological Distribution ............................................................................................. 12

PART 3 GAPS AND PROBLEMS ON AGARWOOD SUSTAINABLE HARVEST AND CONSERVATION ......................................................... 21

3.1 Deforestation and Habitat and Population Lost .................................................. 23 3.2. Agarwood Harvest From the Wild ..................................................................... 23

3.3. The Drivers of Agarwood Harvest ..................................................................... 27

3.4. The Sustainability of Agarwood Harvest ............................................................ 27 3.5. Method of Harvesting ....................................................................................... 28

3.6. Traditional Local Knowledge and Local Wisdom ................................................. 28 3.7. Data and Information on Potential Production and Distribution ........................... 29

3.8. Technology for Processing ................................................................................ 29 3.9 Production, Distribution and Export Control ....................................................... 29

3.10. Awareness on the Importance of Sustainable Harvest and Conservation ............. 31

3.11. Quota Setting .................................................................................................. 31 3.12. Management Plan Toward Sustainable Harvest and Conservation ....................... 32

3.13. Expansion of Market Information ...................................................................... 32 3.14. Reducing Viable Stands of Agarwood Trees ....................................................... 33

3.15. Genetic Diversity and Conservation ................................................................... 33

3.16. Untraceable Origin of Cultured Plantation .......................................................... 34

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PART 4. CONSERVATION STATUS OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS ........................ 37

4.1. In-situ Conservation ........................................................................................ 39 4.1.1. Genetic resources inventories and survey ................................................ 39 4.1.2. Activities on in-situ genetic conservation ................................................... 40 4.1.3. Major needs for in-situ conservation of Aquilaria and Gyrinops ................ 40

4.2. Ex-situ Conservation ........................................................................................ 40 4.2.1. Collection initiatives .................................................................................... 41 4.2.2. Germplasm movement ............................................................................... 42 4.2.3. Major needs for ex-situ conservation .......................................................... 43

4.3. Challenges for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources of Aquilaria and Gyrinops ................................................................................. 44

4.3.1. Quota setting............................................................................................... 44 4.3.2. Hybridization and inbreeding ...................................................................... 44 4.3.3. Decreasing natural regeneration ................................................................ 44 4.3.4. Massive indiscrimate felling ........................................................................ 45 4.3.5. Genetic erosion ........................................................................................... 45 4.3.6. Ensuring sustainable harvest ...................................................................... 45 4.3.7. Agarwood quality and their standardization ................................................ 46 4.3.8. Research needs .......................................................................................... 46

PART 5. STRATEGIC ACTION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR CONSERVATION OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS ....................................... 47

REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDICES..................................................................................................................... 57

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. World distribution agarwood producing species, especially in Asian countries, which are listed in Appendix II CITES .................................... 13

Table 2. Indonesian distribution of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Roemantyo and Partomihardjo, 2010) ........................................................................................ 14

Table 3. Distribution of Non-CITES listed agarwood species in Indonesia .................... 14

Table 4. Habitat distribution of some Aquilaria and Gyrinops species ........................... 15 Table 5. Aquilaria species recorded at field visit and direct discussion (interview) with related officers ......................................................................... 16

Table 6. Distribution of Aquilaria species in Indonesia ................................................... 17

Table 7. Distribution of Gyrinops species in Indonesia................................................... 19

Table 8. Extinction category and the estimated period for occurance of extinction ....... 34

Table 9. Some ex situ conservation (collection) areas recorded for Aquilaria and Gyrinops ................................................................................ 42

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1. Aquilaria tree in Grand Forest Park Bukitsari, Jambi (Left) and Protected Forst in Bintan Island (Right) (Photo by Tajudin Edy Komar) ............ 7 Figure 2. Distribution of forest areas in some major island in Indonesia (Note: Forest in relatively small island are not presented in the figure) ...................... 12 Figure 3. Geographical distribution of Aquilaria species ................................................. 18

Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Gyrinops species ................................................. 19 Figure 5. Procedure for determining quota of agarwood based on Non-Detriment Finding................................................................................. 32

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Appendix 1. Quota and Associated Export until 2013 ................................. 59

Appendix 2. List of registered traders of agarwood in DG. of FPNC (CITES MA) ....................................................................... 60

Appendix 3. List of National Park in Indonesia and its Floristic potential ........................ 61

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ABBREVIATION

ASGARIN Asosiasi Pedagang Gaharu Indonesia (Association of Indonesia Agarwood Traders)

BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam ( Regional Office DG. of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Statistic Bureau) CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora

DISHUT Dinas Kehutanan (Forest Services)

DG Directorate General FORDA Forestry Research and Development Agency FPNC Forest Protection and Nature Conservation

GFP Grand Forest Park (Taman Hutan Raya-Tahura) IIS Indonesian Institute of Science (CITES Scientific Authority) ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization

NDF Non-Detriment Finding NP National Park (Taman Nasional)

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PF Protected Forest (Hutan Lindung) PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (see FPNC) (CITES MA)

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ABOUT AUTHORS

Tajudin Edy Komar. Senior researcher of the Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation R&D, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Ministry of Forestry - Bogor. Marfuah Wardhani. Senior Botanist of the Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation R&D, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Ministry of Forestry - Bogor. Faustina Ida. Senior officer of the CITES Management Authority, Directorate of Biodiversity Conservation, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) - Jakarta. Nurul Ramdhania. Assistant in the collection and reparation of this report, Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation R&D, Bogor. *

PART I. INTRODUCTION

In–Situ and Ex–Situ Conservation of Aquilaria and Gyrinops: A Review

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1.1. Background Agarwood is one of non-timber forest products (NTFP) which has been collected from the wild since several decades ago. Recently, the agarwood has become one of the high economic value NTFPs with fantastic price, especially for premium quality. Before the year 2000, approximately 200 tonnes per year of agarwood was traded in Singapore and 70% of which originated from Indonesia. In the past, agarwood was primarily traded in some cities such as Pekanbaru (Sumatra), Surabaya (Java), Pontianak and Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) and other locations. Importing countries (consumers) of Indonesian agarwood are Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Japan, United Arab Emirates and Malaysia (Soehartono, 1999). Agarwood is produced from seven genera: Aquilaria, Gyrinops, Aetoxylon, Gonystylus, Eukbia, Wikstroemia and Paleria (Gratzfeld and Tan, 2008). However, major tree species producing agarwood in Indonesia are Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Roemantyo and Partomihardjo, 2010; Santoso et al, 2013). In general forestry term, agarwood is considered as one of NTFP. This product has received wide attention from various parties especially in international trade community due to its high economic value and conservation concern. Agarwood is produced as physiological response to the infection of plants part by microorganisme, such as fusarium. Agarwood differs from sandalwood for which sandalwood is having aromatic chemical substance inherent with the species. A number of synonims have been given by various authors for agarwood, such as alim, gaharu, karas, mengkaras, songgah (Indonesia), chingkaras, gaharu, galoop, kekaras and kepang (Malaysia) (Yusliansyah, 1997), agarwood, eaglewood, aloewood etc. Agarwood or eaglewood are commonly used term. No botanical name for agarwood as it is a product. Agarwood is mostly used for raw material for cosmetics, medicine, parfume and other modern-day lifestyle. Until today, the harvest of agarwood in Indonesia is primarily from the wild and the method used might not be sustainable and therefore may have threatened the population and habitats, including their genetic resources. The export quota, which is annually determined by CITES Authorities (Management and Scientific) bears question with regard to its accuracy. This is because the existing data and information are still insufficient and mostly out of date, especially with respect to population density, regeneration and potential production of agarwood. Most of Aquilaria and Gyrinops species have been listed in Appendix of CITES, for which its international trade is regulated in accordance with rules and regulation, including setting annual quota to avoid over exploitation and destruction of the habitats and the remaining population (Soehartono and Newton, 2001). Several efforts have been taken to ensure the effectivenes of the listings into Appendix II of CITES, which are to ensure the sustainable harvest and conservation of the endangered species. CITES Management Authority has annually conducted stakeholders capacity building on current status of agarwood species, the listing and the requirement to collect and trade agarwood from the wild. The listings is aimed to ensure sustainable harvest and conservation of the agarwood species. However, the capacity building is still insufficient to improve knowledge and skill, understanding on the importance of sustainable harvest and conservation, especially through improvement of traditional


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agarwood collection and other necessary requirement to achieve the objective of the listings. Recently, cultured plantation of selected Aquilaria species has been widely introduced in many areas, primarily in major islands (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan. Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua). Some species which have been widely planted in cultured plantation are A. malaccensis, A. microcarpa and A. hirta and some Gyrinops species. Production of agarwood from cultured plantation (cultured agarwood) has gradually increased since last 3-4 years as shown in the data until 2013(see Appendix 1: Quota and associated export until 2013, from CITES MA, 2014). However, current production is still insignificant to reduce pressure on agarwood collection from natural population. Therefore, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation along with the Indonesian Science Institue as CITES Authorities of Indonesia encourage community to trade of agarwood from cultured plantation. At present, the CITES authorities continue registering the agarwood from cultured plantation. The high economic value of agarwood has made the agarwood from the wild be a target for illegal harvest by collectors and the harvest method is mostly far from sustainable (Soehartono, Newton and Mardiastuti, 2002). Along with other forest disturbances (encroachment, illegal harvest, forest fires and conversion to other use), population of agarwood producing species has rapidly declined and this drastic decrease has also threatened the existence of the species in nature. Until recently, the status of conservation of those species have not been updated, eventhough some of the species have been listed in CITES Appendix. The availability of information regarding the populations, distribution and conservation is crucial for future action. Using this information, the appropriate treatment for each species could be developed. In addition, by obtaining sufficient data and accurate information on each species, the more accurate estimate of harvestable quantity of agarwood could be determined. By then, the ultimate objective of the inclusion into CITES Appendix could be achieved (Newton and Soehartono, 2001). CITES Authorities (scientific and managment), research institutions, universities, association (traders) and local communities play important role in achieving the CITES objective, especially for ensuring sustainable harvest and conservation of the species.

1.2. Objective The objective of the activity is to explore and obtain information on the current status of Aquilaria and Gyrinops species, with respect to population and conservation status (in situ, ex situ) and propose necessary recommendations to achieve sustainable harvest and conservation of the species for current and for future uses. By providing these such information, the effective conservation measures could also be developed and the sustainable harvest of the agarwood could be achieved, and finally the sustainable economic contribution of agarwood collection and trade could also be achieved.


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1.3. Terminology Agarwood: a resinuous product formed by physiological response to alien micro-organism which infects certain part of the agarwood tree. Main stem and root are common parts in the tree infected by the microorganism. Agarwood species: plant species naturally or artifically produced agarwood. Agarwood tree: tree (large size woody plant) that produce agarwood. Conservation: as an effort or action to protect living organism from various threat to extinction or lost. Conservation area: areas of state forest which has unique characteristics and specifically designated and regulated by law primarily for protection of ecosystem, preserving various organisms and sustainable utilization. The conservation area consists of National Parks, Wildlife Reserve, Nature Reserves, Grand Forest Park and Nature Recreational Park. Convertible forest area: state forest area due to low productivity and suitable for other uses could be converted to other non-forest uses. Cultured agarwood: agarwood produced from cultured plantation by any agarwood growers. Cultured Plantation: agarwood species planted for the production of agarwood with various ecological and biological treatments. Forest Service: regional or local government offices responsible for managing forest and its associated resources in each level of government, such as Province (Provincial Forest Service) and District (District Forest Services). Production Forests: state forests which function and be designated for timber and timber-based production and mostly managed by concession companies. Protected Forest: a stateforest designated and regulated under current law for protection of forest and its role in hydro-orological function. Grand Forest Park: a forest area managed for specific purpose primarily for ecosystem conservation and eco-tourism. Quota: a set quantity of volume allowed to be exported. Recreational Forest: a forest and its associated natural uniqueness designated and used for public recreation.


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Sustainable harvest: a harvest without causing damage or harmful to the population and habitat.

1.4. Methodology Desk Study/Literature Search: data and information regarding the population, conservation and other related information was searched through the existing documents (printed and non printed), internet search and other sources. Field Survey in selected sites: data and information compiled from the above sources were further observed to find what places to be field visit. This is because only limited places are posible to be field visited, due to time and funding constraints. In most cases, field visit is impossible since based on earlier information that agarwood producing species, primarily Aquilaria and Gyrinop are widely spread and scattered in by nature and by human related disturbances and activities. Interview/Discussion: to enrich the previously collected data and information, interview and discussion with individual from government institutions (staff or higher authority in the institutions) and other competent persons, were carried out. The discussion also conducted to verify certain issues related to conservation. Provincial and District Forest Services, National Park Office and Regional Office of DG Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (DG PHKA), called BKSDA. Prior to field data collection and interviews, a technical workshop inviting competent personnels and relevant parties on agarwood was carried out. Draft reports were also presented to obtain comments and inputs to ensure the sufficiency of the content. To guide in the collection of data and information, a summary table is prepared as attached in Appendix 1. This table has been attempted to guide and ease in the collection of data and information on agarwood conservation. Presentation of findings: the findings were presented in a technical report. The content is developed based on recommendations made in the technical workshop, also as a preparatory meeting. The completed report is also presented and discussed in the final technical workshop organized by the project by inviting competent persons or experts working on agarwood. Inputs from the meeting were incorporated into the report.


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Figure 1. Aquilaria trees in Grand Forest Park Bukitsari, Jambi (left) and Protected Forest in Bintan Island (right) (Photo by Tajudin Edy Komar)

PART 2. NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF

AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS


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2.1. Forest Resources and Floristic Diversity Total forest area in Indonesia is approximately 134,3 millions ha (Direktorat Pengukuhan dan Penatagunaan Kawasan Hutan, 2012, www.dephut.go.id/ uploads/files/bukupemanfaatanfinal.2012.pdf) distributed widely spread accross archipelago from western most of Sumatra until eastern most of Papua (Figure 2). Major islands are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Papua. These forest areas are managed based on their main function, such as production forests (for timber production and timber base production, 76.6 millions ha), conservation areas (27 millions ha) and protected forests (for conservation and protection of ecological diversity and hydrology, 30.5 millions ha) and convertible forest. The latter is the forest areas which could be converted into other land uses for other development such as settlement, industries, fisheries and mining. The forest resources are rich with biological diversity as the second rich biodiversity country after Brazil. The existing biodiversity consists of major floristic and animal diversity, such as trees, shrubs, lianas and other plant species. The species richness consists of at least 515 mammal species, 1,519 bird species, 270 amphibian species, 600 species of reptiles, 121 butterfly species and 20,000 flowering plant species (Mardiastuti et al 2007). Late 1970’s was the beginning of utilization of forest resources to generate natural economy. The natural resources exploited are timber, non timber forest products, mining and others which have economic value. However, the utilizations have also caused some damages to the environment. The exploitation of mining, logging and forest conversion to other uses have resulted to various negative impacts, especially on forest cover change and biological diversity. The forest cover changes influence floristic diversity and genetic variability. The change of forest area during that period (from 1980 through 2000) might have given large contribution to the decrease and lost of biological diversity including agarwood natural population. Rapid decrease or lost of biological diversity and population could also lead to the lost of genetic diversity and genetic erosion after long period of time. Substantial change of forest cover is comparatively shown between the period of 1980s and after 2000. The total area of state forest recorded in 2012 remains similar (134 millions ha), but physically, the non-covered forest area (deforested and degraded areas) has significantly increased and have removedseveral populations of Aquilaria and Gyrinops in nature. The changes of forest covers occured in almost all types of forests, such as in production forests, conservation and protected forests and convertible forest areas. The major causes of the landcover changes are forest conversion, forest fires, excessive and illegal logging and encroachment. In those areas, a number of herbarium specimens have been collected and these herbarium specimens could be as evidence of natural agarwood distribution in those areas. Currently, those population might have gone to extinction. Roemantyo and Partomiharjo (2010) have analyzed the lost of potential species during that exploitation era based on herbarium specimen observation on selected species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops. They concluded that the timber exploitation

http://www.dephut.go.id/%20uploads/files/buku

http://www.dephut.go.id/%20uploads/files/buku


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and conversion of various types of forests has caused rapid decrease in Aquilaria and Gyrinops population, diversity and distribution areas.

Source :Ditkuh, 2011 (http://ppkh.dephut.go.id/index.php/pages/postpublikasi/post/19)

Figure 2. Distribution of forest areas in some major island in Indonesia (Note: Forests in relatively small islands are not presented in the figure)

2.2. Geographical Distribution World distribution of agarwood species has been summarized by Santoso et al 2013. As shown in Table 1. Agarwood is produced in most Asian countries for both CITES and non-CITES listed species. Four genera are naturally found in Indonesia: Aquilaria, Gyrinops, Aetoxylon and Gonystylus. Species from those genera are distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua and other small islands. Based on herbarium specimen, two major genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops are the most frequently found, primarily in large islands. Aetoxylon and Gonystylus may have not been specifically inventoried as for agarwood species in that period. For the two genera, species from Aquilaria are found mostly in western parts of Indonesia, whereas species of Gyrinops are mostly found in eastern region, such as Molluccas, Nusa Tenggara and Papua (Yusliansyah, 1997;Roemantyo and Partomiharjo, 2010). The change of forest cover to various uses (settlement, mining, estate crop plantation, industrial plantation, etc) has occurred in most of those forest areas. Even though, very limited information available on the impact of conversion to the existence of the species, it could be certain that population density of agarwood species has been decrease. Rapid decrease in population has caused various consequencies on agarwood natural regeneration.

Sumatra Island 27.26 millions ha

Java Island 3.04 millions ha

Kalimantan Island 38.18 millions ha

Sulawesi Island 11.44 millions ha

Papua Island 40.54 millions ha

http://ppkh.dephut.go.id/index.php/pages/postpublikasi/post/19


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Table 1. World distribution agarwood producing species (Aquilaria and Gyrinops), especially in Asian countries, which are listed in Appendix II CITES

No. Species World Distributions

1. A. agallocha Myannmar

2. A. apiculata The Philippinne

3. A. audate Indonesia, The Philippinne, Papua

4. A. acuminate The Philippinne

5. A. banaense Vietnam, Thailand

6. A. bailonii Kamboja, Vietnam

7. A. beccariana Indonesia, Malaysia

8. A. brachyantha The Philippinne

9. A. crassna Kamboja, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand

10. A. citrinanaecarpa The Philippinne

11. A. cumingiana Indonesia, The Philippinne

12. A. ,filarial Indonesia, The Philippinne, Papua

13. A. grandiflora China, Taiwan

14. A. hirta Indonesia, Laos PDR, Papua

15. A. khasiana India

16. A. malaccensis Banglades, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myannmar, The Philippinne, Singapore, Thailand

17. A. moszkowskii Indonesia

18. A. microcarpa Indonesia, Myanmar

19. A. parvifolia The Philippinne

20. A. rogosa Laos PDR, Singapore

21. A. rostrata Malaysia

22. A. secundana Indonesia

23. A. sinensis China, Taiwan

24. A. tomentosa Papua

25. A. urdanetensis Philipina

26. A. yunnanensis China, Taiwan

27. G. versteegii Indonesia

28. G. mollucana Indonesia

29. G. decipiens Indonesia

30. G. ledermanii Papua

31. G. salicifolia Indonesia

32. G. caudate Papua

33. G. podocarpus Indonesia Source: Santoso, at al 2013.


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Table 2. Indonesian distribution of Aquilaria and Gyrinops

No. Species Area of distributions

1. Aquilaria Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Papua

2. A. malaccensis Sumatra, Kalimantan and other islands

3. A. microcarpa Sumatra, Kalimantan and other islands

4. A. brachyanta South Sumatra, Batam, Lingga, Bakung and Durian (Sumatra)

5. A. cumingiana Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua

6. A. hirta South Sumatra, Batam, Lingga, Bakung and Durian (Sumatra), Talaud, Kepulauan Maluku and Papua

7. Gyrinops Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua

8. G. ledermannii Papua Nugini

9. G. vertaegii Sulawesi (Minahasa) and Nusa Tenggara (Flores)

10. G. decifiens Southeast Sulawesi (Wawatobi)

11. G. molluccana Maluku

12. G. solicifolia Nabire and Sorong, Papua

13. G. podocarpus Nabire and Sorong, Papua Sources: Roemantyo and Partomihardjo, 2010.

Table 3. Distribution of Non-CITES listed agarwood producing species in Indonesia

No Species Distribution

1. Aetoxylon sympetalum Kalimantan

2. Alceodophoe oriaceae Kalimantan

3. Arastemon urophyllus Kalimantan

4. Dalbergia parviflora Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku

5. Enkleia malaccensis Sumatera, Kalimantan

6. Excoecaria agallocha Jawa, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara

7. Linostoma scandens Sumatera

8. Myristica sp. Maluku

9. Phaleria capitata Papua

10. Phaleria microcarpa Papua

11. Phaleria nisdai Papua

12. Phaleria macrocarpa Papua

13. Phaleria papuana Papua

14. Wikstroemia polyantha -

15. W. androsaemifola Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara

16. W. tenuiramis Sumatera, Kalimantan

17. W. candoleana Kalimantan

18. W. ridleyi Kalimantan

19. Timoneus sericeus Nusa Tenggara Sources: Santoso, et al 2013.


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Table 4. Habitat distribution of some Aquilaria and Gyrinops species

Species Habitat Remarks

A. malaccensis Lamk Primary forest, lowland up to 270 m above sea level (asl)

-

A.microcarpa Baill Wet tropical forest, lowland up to 200 m asl

-

A. beccariana van Tiegh Secondary forest, mixed Dipterocarp, Heath Forest and mountain forest, 700-1000 asl.

-

A. hirta Ridl Hilly forest area, lowland up to 300 m asl.

-

A. filaria (Oken) Merr Primary and secondary lowland forest, swamp forest at 150 m asl.

-

A. cumingiana (Decne) Ridl

Primary lowland forest at 270 m asl. -

G. versteegii (Gilg) Domke Primary lowland forest up to 900 m asl.

-

G. decipiens Ding Hou Primary forest of West Sulawesi, Central and South Sulawesi

-

G. ledermannii Domke Primary lowland forest at 0-200 m asl; secondary forest associated with Callophylum sp. Papua

-

G. salicifolia Ridl Tropical forest areas at 300 m asl, Papua.

-

G. caudate (Gilg.) Domke Primary lowland forest at 5-20 m asl. In Agat, Mappi and Boven Digul and Marauke

-

G. podocarpus (Gilg) Domke

Primary lowland forest up to 750 m asl

-

G. moluccana (Miq.) Baill - -

Source: Kalima, Susilo and Santoso, 2014

2.3. Ecological Distribution Species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops grow in a wide range of habitats, soil types and elevation. Natural habitats in general are primary, logged over area, secondary forest, community plantation (rubber and other tree plantation) and even in recovered ex-burn forest area and heath forest. Most of Aquilaria and Gyrinops, grow in various types of soils, except for some species with soil preference and species association. Elevation ranges from lowland areas to hilly mountain up to 700 m above sea level (Table 4). Most species of these two genera occupy higher canopy level in the forest canopy system of tropical rain forest with the tallest tree up to 40 m or more and diameter reaches above


16

40 cm (CITES Authorities: Report on NDF of Agarwood for Sustainable Harvest in Indonesia). Currently, information on the growth of agarwood natural population is still limited. ASGARIN (2004, cited in the Report on NDF of agarwood for sustainable harvest in Indonesia), mentioned the annual growth of A. malaccensis reaches 0.5 cm/year and for its cultured plantation could achieve 2 cm/year. Table 5. Aquilaria species recorded at field visit and direct discussion (interview) with

related officers

No Provinces Protected Areas/ Other Areas Persons contacted

1. Kepulauan Riau (Bintan)

Production Forest (Natuna) Bherly (Dishut Kepulauan Riau, 081277463939)

2. Bangka Belitung Recommended areas for agarwood conservation: Gunung Mangkol GFP (Grand Forest Park), Gunung Maras, Gunung Manumbang and Gunung Lalang.

3. Jambi Bukit Tinjau Limau Protected Forest (PF)

Minang Gamut PF

Bukit Duabelas National Park (NP)

Bukitsari Recreational Forest (RF)

Agusrizal Sozi Algopeng (0813664414440) Azis (085266814919)

4. South Sumatra Kemampo Research Forest (RF)

Sembilang NP

Bukit Cogong GFP

Agus Sofyan & Agus Sumadi (BPK Palembang)

5. South Kalimantan Rantau RF

Kintap RF

Sultan Adam GFP

Cuk Sasmitohadi (BPK Banjarbaru) Lanang Budi Wibowo (KaBid RHL Dishut Kalsel) Alif Winarto (Staf Tahura Sultan Adam, 085228034771)

6. East Kalimantan Samboja RF

Labanan RF

Mulawarman University RF

Kutai Kertanegara RF

Soeharto GFP

Siran, 2005


17

Table 6. Distribution of Aquilaria species in Indonesia

No Provinces Locations

1. North Sumatra Bahorok District, Bahorok NP

2. Riau Tesso Nilo NP

3. Riau Archipelago Districts of Batam, Bintan, Natuna, Singkep

4. Jambi Tinjau Limau and Minang Gambut PF, Bukit Duabelas NP, Bukitsari RF

5. South Sumatra Kemampo RF, Sembilang NP, Bukit Cogong RP

6. Bangka Belitung Districts of Pangkal Pinang, Bangka Tengah, Bangka Barat, Bangka Selatan and Belitung

7. Bengkulu Kerinci Sebelat and Bukit Barisan NP, Elephant Training Center Natural Forest, Rajolele GFP

8. Lampung Tulang Bawang Barat and Lampung Timur Districts

9. West Kalimantan Sangau District

10. Central Kalimantan Lamandau, Pangakalan Bun, Sampit districts and Tanjung Puting NP

11. East Kalimantan Samboja RF, Sungai Wain PF, Samboja Lestari, Mulawarman Botanical Garden, Kayan Mentarang NP

12. South Sulawesi Luwu Timur District

13. North Sulawesi Tomohon District

14. Papua Waropen District

15. Maluku Seram Barat and Seram Timur Districts

Fig

ure

3.

G

eogra

phic

al d

istr

ibution o

f A

qu

ilaria

specie

s

South

Sum

atr

a:

Kem

am

po R

F

Sem

bila

ng N

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Bukit C

ongong R

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u A

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Bata

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n &

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East K

alim

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Wanariset

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S

ungai W

ain

PF

S

am

boja

Lesta

ri R

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Mula

warm

an B

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West K

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Sangau D

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South

Sula

wesi:

Luw

u T

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Dis

tric

t

Jam

bi:

Bukit T

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u L

ima

u P

F

Bukit M

inang G

am

but P

F

Bukit D

uabela

s N

P

Bukitsari R

F

Ria

u:

Te

sso N

ilo N

P

Bengkulu

: K

erin

ci S

ebela

t N

P

Bukit B

arisan N

P

Ele

phant T

rain

ing C

ente

r N

P

Rajo

lele

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P

Lam

pung:

Tu

lang B

aw

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ara

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Lam

pung T

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Dis

tric

t

Bangka B

elit

ung:

Pangkal P

inang D

istr

ict

18


19

Table 7. Distribution of Gyrinops species in Indonesia

No Provinces Locations

1. Southeast Sulawesi Wawatobi

2. Maluku Islands Kejeli

3. West Nusa Tenggara Pulau Lombok

4. East Nusa Tenggara Manggarai Timur District

5. Papua Nabire dan Sorong

Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Gyrinops species

East Nusa Tenggara: Manggarai Timur District

Southeast Sulawesi: Wawatobi

Maluku Islands: Kejeli

West Nusa Tenggara: Pulau Lombok

Papua : Nabire dan Sorong

PART 3. GAPS AND PROBLEMS ON AGARWOOD

SUSTAINABLE HARVEST AND CONSERVATION


23

3.1. Deforestation, Habitat Degradation and Population Lost Tropical forests in Indonesia are widely spread to all over islands in the archipelago. Species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been reported to be found in almost all of those islands (Table 2.), whichever the function of the forests (production forest, conservation area, protected forests and convertible forest area). Even though, the population density of those species is relatively low (rare), the lost of habitat could cause the lost of entire population of the species. This condition has been confirmed by Roemantyo and Partomihardjo (2010), using herbarium specimen and landcover change. In the period of 1997-2000, the rate of deforestation and forest degradation has been predicted to be 2.83 millions ha per year and the rate decreased to 1.51 millions ha in the period of 2000-2009. The large deforestation areas occur primarily in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Forest Watch Indonesia, 2011). Even though the deforestation rate decreases afterword, the significant lost of agarwood trees (Aquilaria and Gyrinops) may have occurred. The lost population and habitat would not be naturally restored through natural regeneration, unless, intensive intervention be given, especially through artificial regeneration and or enrichment planting.

3.2. Agarwood Harvest From The Wild Other major cause of population depletion of agarwood trees is excessive harvest. In the period between 1991-1996, approximately 61,000 agarwood trees were cut (Newton and Soehartono, 2001). The harvest of agarwood from the wild, in some extent, has not been clearly regulated. The collection or harvest of timber and non-timber forest product is regulated under each management status. The commercial harvest or collection of any natural resources (biological and non-biological) is prohibited from conservation areas (National Parks, Nature or Wildlife Reserve) and protected forests, except for research and education and traditional uses (Government Regulation No. 26, 2011). Collection and harvest of natural resources (timber and non timber forest product) from other forest areas (production forest concessions, industrial forest plantation concession) is regulated under each concession company. Agarwood collection is mostly without formal legal document or permit is practically treated as collection of other non-timber forest products, such as rattan, sap, bird nest, honey and firewood. For resident collectors and other forest dependent community, there is a traditional understanding that the natural resources are inherited gift from ancestor. Under this understanding, no permit is required for them to collect any natural resources from forests, as for living and sources of income. CITES Authorities (DG FPNC and IIS) issued regulation on distribution (transhipment) and international trade. Agarwood collection from the wild is technically impossible to be monitored and traced. The application of tracking mechanism, such as Chain of Custody for timber tracking, is technically impossible to be applied for agarwood. However, DG of FPNC as CITES Authorityhas developed tool to control collection of agarwood from nature with the Ministrial Decree No. 447/Kpts-II/2003 (the administrative direction for collection, capture and distribution of wildlife plant and animals - Tata Usaha Pengambilan dan Penangkapan dan Peredaran Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar). At the time of Indonesia joined CITES, exports of many species were largely uncontrolled and the total volume of trade was unknown. Indonesia‘s first step was to legalize current trade and establish a quota


24

system that in the first instance matched the current levels of trade, but which could later be manipulated. Quotas were initially “harvest guides”, and in the first years exports frequently exceeded quotas. This was due to stockpiles and the increasing value of specimens such as snakes skin in the late 1980s creating a higher demand, and resulting in more harvesting. The current protocol for establishing annual quotas is now more precautionary. Each year, Management Authority (PHKA) officers in each Province establish harvest levels in the field, which are reviewed and assessed further by the CITES Scientific Authority (LIPI). The review and assessment is now also involving some related Non-Government Organization (NGOs). Various parameters, including environmental conditions, are now used to set quotas (e.g. quotas in 1998 decreased due to extensive forest fires in Indonesia the previous year). This also, then improved by the survey results for certain species. Population monitoring program is being developed to support the non-detriment findings as the basis for quota establishment. Once quotas are finalized, DG FPNC issues an annual decree on the national allowable harvest. Trade controls and enforcement All CITES Appendix-II listed species in Indonesia are controlled, in term of harvest quota, domestic transport and export, by the DG of FPNC as CITES Management Authority (The Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number 447/Kpts-II/2003) as follows: a. Regulation of wild harvesting

To control trade of listed species in Appendix II CITES, the DG of FPNC sets annual catch quotas based on recommendation from Scientific Authority. This quota is set up based on provincial quotas. Each provincial quota is managed by the local office of DG FPNC (BKSDA) which also acts as provincial offices of CITES Management Authority.

The provincial offices of CITES Management Authority (BKSDA) also control and enforce harvest or collection permits, and implement quota management and monitoring, for CITES-listed species in all administrative jurisdictions. In accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 447 of 2003, BKSDA will issue permits to collect species including snake in the field based on the quota allocated for each respective province. Species that harvested from the wild (forest) are officially registered by Sub-provincial Section Offices of BKSDA and then forwarded to the provincial office of DG of FPNC (BKSDA). In regard to the source of harvest, in accordance with this Ministrial Decree, specimens of wild animals may be sourced from harvest or capture from wild habitat and the products of captive management in the forms of captive breeding or animal ranching and artificial propagation of plants. The harvest from the wild, can only be undertaken outside the protected areas (nature reserves, game reserves, national parks, recreational parks, and grand forest parks) or hunting areas; whereas harvest


25

or capture of wild plants and animals sourced from the captive management, can only be undertaken from the management units in accordance with the current legislation.

b. The permit granting

Only registered collectors and exporters are granted permits from DG of FPNC as CITES Management Authority. The permit is granted based on annual quota that set under the Ministrial Decree (No. 447/Kpts-II/2003). The DG of PFNC has also allocated the annual quota in every potential province for agarwood production. The Provincial Offices of the FPNC (BKSDA) then issues harvest permits and domestic transport permit or licence but not exceeding the allocated amount or quota. Based on those permits, the DG of FPNC (CITES Management Authority) issues CITES export permits. Currently, there are only around 30 registered collectors/ exporters of agarwood nation wide (See Appendix 2).

c. The monitoring actions

In accordance with the Ministrial Decree (No. 447 of 2003), the BKSDA or its Sections must undertake monitoring through regular inspection of the registered collectors (middlemen traders). Each office produces official records, and then forwarded to the provincial of DG of FPNC (BKSDA) and then to DG of FPNC for compilation. These records and reports are undertaken at any time of inspection. This inspection is undertaken to ensure that the harvest not exceeding the permitted amounts.All shipments are verified and checked by the provincial office of DG of FPNC (BKSDA) whose officers are posted in the designated international ports.

d. Trade chain custody

For domestic transport, the specimens must be covered by permits issued by BKSDA or its Section Offices. To facilitate better control, the domestic transport permit is, started from January 2005, now standardized throughout Indonesia. All permits (collection and domestic transport permits) are required to be reported to DG of FPNC (CITES MA) for easy monitoring of internal (domestic) trade. For international trade, several import/export points have been nominated for Indonesia’s CITES trade. A chain of custody between source regions and collection points within Indonesia is theoretically possible to a certain degree of accuracy. Since each province has been divided into a number of BKSDA jurisdictions. Standardized permits are now being issued by BKSDA, in accordance with a Decree by DG of FPNC, for which from 2005, five separate papers must accompany internal shipments within Indonesia. In addition, there is a monthly resolution by BKSDA offices to report levels of internal transport to the DG of FPNC (as the CITES MA). The five separate papers are as follows: - The first copy must follow the specimen; - The second copy stays for the file of BKSDA;


26

- The third copy is sent to the central office as the file for FPNC and used for

crosschecking with the original which is enclosed with application for export;

- The fourth copy is file for BKSDA destination and used for cross checking with the original when the shipment has arrived; and

- The fifth copy is for the Section of BKSDA.

Violation to this regulation is sanctioned based on the provisions of the Government Regulation No. 8 of 1999 concerning Wild Animals and Plants Species Utilization, which is the implementation of the Act No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Resources and Their Ecosystems. The Government Regulation No. 8 of 1999 provides penalties for smuggling/misdeclaration or trade that is not in accordance with the provision of the regulation and may be liable to imprisonment (in accordance with the Customs and Excise Law) and or fines of maximum IDR 250 millions (about USD 27,000).

To curtail smuggling of snake and other species, the Government of Indonesia has provided training (in annual basis) on CITES and wildlife law enforcement for field officers and officials of Special Forestry Police and Civil Investigator of BKSDA, Customs, Quarantine and State Police. Coordination and cooperation among CITES Management Authority and the Customs and Quarantine are in the process of formalization in the forms of MOU.

Forestry Minister Decree No. 447 of 2003 has established a ‘chain of custody’ on trade management as follows:

i. BKSDA issues collection permits based on the annual quota for each province and provides reports in regular basis to the central office of the CITES Management Authority (DG of FPNC) on the permits they have issued;

ii. BKSDA and or its Sections provide official records on the stock accumulated by collectors prior to transport from points of origin, as well as in warehouses at points of export (e.g. Jakarta, Surabaya, Pakanbaru);

iii. BKSDA and or Sections issue standardized domestic transport permits at points of origin. Copies of these permits are sent to BKSDA at the destination port, the central office of the CITES Management Authority and the respective trading company. Generally, the domestic transport permit identifies the scientific name of the specimen down to species level;

iv. Domestic transport permits are cancelled (shifted) by the BKSDA at the destination port upon arrival of the specimens. The BKSDA at the port of destination then undertakes inspection of the cargo and provides official records of the inspection;


27

v. Based on the reports, official records and domestic transport permits the central office of the CITES Management Authority issues CITES export permits to registered exporters (members of association);

vi. Officials from Customs or Plant Quarantine or BKSDA authorities at the port of export undertake verification of the permits to assure that the specimen being exported is in accordance with the permit;

vii. Customs, Quarantine and BKSDA authorities at the port of export each holds one copy of the CITES export permits;

viii. For Customs and statistical purposes the exporter is required to declare the export on the Export Declaration form, in addition to the CITES export permit. This information is compiled by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), and thus provides another method of cross-checking trade statistics.

3.3. The Drivers of Agarwood Harvest Agarwood is one of the high value priced non timber forest products. The price of premium quality of natural agarwood ranges from US $ 200 to US $ 5,000 per killogram. The price may be higher in accordance with the quality, market performance and trade-market chain. For agarwood oil, the oil price can be sold for around US$10,000-14,000 per kg (Gratzfel and Tan, 2008). The agarwood collectors are primarily the farmersfrom local community (resident collectors) and non-resident collectors who are deployed to collect agarwood in certain area (Soehartono, 1999). These collectors are approached by local traders or middleman in the trade chain to search and collect the agarwood from natural populations. Mostly, they are lack of understanding, in some extent, neglect the existing laws and regulations imposed on the harvest of non timber forest products in state forest including wild flora and fauna. This occurs in most places, not only for agarwood collection, but also for other non timber forest products, from Western most of Sumatra to Papua where the natural resources are located. As other products, the high price of natural agarwood could easily attract all levels of community, whatever the social status in community, to be part of the agarwood collection and or trade.

3.4. The Sustainability of Agarwood Harvest The harvest of agarwood from the wild may have not been sustainable. Newton and Soehatono 2001 has assessed the sustainability of agarwood harvest using three different observation aspects on Aquilaria species in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The aspects were the information (data) on the population status, natural distribution and the impact of harvesting on regeneration. The data predicted were the number of existing Aquilaria individuals, the number of tree being harvested and the regeneration capacity of each species. Three species assessed were A. beccariana, A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa. Those aspects used to observe whether the number of trees currently being harvested is sufficiently replaced by natural process.


28

The number of existing population (individuals). Newton and Soehartono (2001) conducted an analyses on the data collected from National Forest Inventory (NFI). They found the population density of these three species is relatively low, range from 0.36-1.17 individuals per ha for both Sumatra and Kalimantan. The number of tree harvested. For the number of tree harvested for agarwood collection, they made analyses from data derived from the estimate of mass agarwood traded from official figure (data officially released by CITES Authorities) multiplied by conversion factor. The conversion factor is derived from the amount of agarwood harvested per treedetermined based on field observation. Their analyses indicated that between 1991-1996, the number of agarwood trees felled was approximately 61.000 trees per year. This estimate could indicate how serious the impact of trade on tree felling during that period. Regeneration Capacity. Three species of Aquilaria observed by Newton and Soehartono (2001) indicated that those species are highly fecund (relatively high regeneration capacity). Each individual tree could produce up to 19000 seeds and nearly 92% germination after one month. Eventhough, the seedling survival was only 20% after 15 months and with the presence of various disturbances, the results indicated that in the absence of harvesting, those species populations are selft-sustaining. The impact of harvesting on sustainability. Newton and Soehartono (2001) analyzed the impact of harvesting of some Aquilaria species in the wild using different harvesting scenario. The results indicated that (1). A single harvest of all trees for A malaccensis with diameter above 5cm would cause population decline to extinction, (2) Similarly, the harvest of A. microcarpa with diameter above 10 cm dbh would also result similar pattern. It means that if agarwood collectors harvest most of the trees (>90% of the existing trees in that diameter), the population would decline and the harvest is not sustainable (Soehartono and Newton, 2002).

3.5. Method of Harvesting Agarwood resin might spread throughout the stem, branchs or root. The natural formation of agarwood does not follow particular pattern, but random based on the infection by microorganism. The product is invisible from outside and until now the reliable method to detect location of agarwood in the tree is not yet available. Soehartono (1999) has summarized the currrent method of agarwood collection, one is through direct felling of the agarwood trees and the other one is by slicing (barking) the trunk to detect the presence of agarwood. The first method is highly destructive and making rapid decline in population.

3.6. Traditional Knowledge and Local Wisdom In certain agarwood collection areas, the traditional knowledge and local wisdom have been employed to detect agarwood. This approach is primarily used by resident collectors


29

(collectors living nearby the target location). For non-resident collectors (collectors employed temporarily by middleman or local traders) mostly use their daily experience and knowledge obtained after long period of being agarwood collector (Soehartono 1999). Regardless the existing law which prohibit the commercial collection of any materials from conservation areas and protected forest, the method or technique to detect agarwood in living and standing tree is still valuable to be developed for future uses.

3.7. Data and Information on Potential Production and Distribution

Species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops are widely distributed in Indonesia as described elsewhere in this review, however, more accurate and up dated data and information on current distribution & potential agarwood production remain unavailable. Herbarium specimens collected early 1970’s (Roemantyo and Partomiharjo, 2010) and National Forest Inventory (NFI) (Soehartono and Newton, 2001) have confirmed wide distribution of Aquilaria throughout in Indonesia. The information on species distribution, potential agarwood production (number of agarwood trees), regeneration capacity and the number of tree being harvested (agarwood quantitiy) are needed to determine whether the harvest is sustainable (Soehartono and Newton, 2001) and to determine more accurate annual quota for production and export. These data also used for setting up management and conservation strategy.

3.8. Technology for Processing There are several forms of agarwood products freshly collected from the wild. They are logs, chips, blocks, branches, twigs, and roots. Other finish or half-finish products, other than pure agarwood oil or mixed oil, are carving, handicrafts, beads, prayer beads, neclaces and bracelet. Fresly collected agarwood product from the wild need further classification in order to determine the price. Currently, the processing of agarwood product still requires relatively high technology and expensive. This makes the trade is mostly in unprocessed form and therefore they are priced lower than expected. In order to improve the value (quality) and the price, processing technology need to be developed which user friendly and affordable by ordinary community and local traders. National Standardization Board has introduced standard quality for agarwood product. Agarwood quality is determined based on color, incence content and aromatic strength. Other specific chemical substance will be further used to categorize agarwood quality.

3.9. Production, Distribution and Export Control There are several control measures to ensure the sustainable harvest and conservation of agarwood. The control are conducted at stages of production, distribution and export. At production level. Collection of agarwood from the wild, especially from conservation areas and protected forests are regulated under national law that collection or harvest of all biological diversity and other natural resources in these areas are only for eco-


30

education, research, development and traditional utilization. It means, it is not allowed to harvest any products (timber and non-timber forest products), except for those purposes. The collection or harvest of timber and non-timber forest products including all environmental services in concession forest or other forests (including community forest) are regulated under each forest management unit, which is embedded to the companies permit. At distribution/transhipment. Agarwood is classified as wild plants and animals for which their distribution is regulated by CITES Management Authority (DG of FPNC). CITES MA issued a regulation on the distribution or transhipment of those products, for which the distribution and transhipment of those product must be accompanied by a document permit issued by Regional office of CITES MA (BKSDA) as described earlier. One of the documents is Surat Angkut Tumbuhan Dalam Negeri (SAT – DN) for domestic transhipment and Surat Angkut Tumbuhan Luar Negeri (SAT – LN) for overseas transhipment. This document is granted after being inspected and verified by regional office of CITES MA (BKSDA) which is located at provincial level. In the field, this type of control has not been fully effective and hard to be monitored and therefore smuggling is taking place. Eventhough, capacity building has been annually conducted to improve skills and knowledge of various stakeholders. To ease domestic control, BKSDA issued permit based on provincial quota to the registered traders (exporters) as described in the previous section and zoning. Agarwood from western parts (west zone) of Indonesia called as Malaccensis groups (A. malaccensis, A. microcarpa, A. beccariana and A. hirta) and those sourced from eastern parts of Indonesia called Filaria groups (A. filaria, A. cumingiana, G. versteegii, G. moluccana, G. podocarpus, G. decifiens, G. salicifolia, G. caudate and G. ladermanii). Filaria groups are from Western Papua, Moluccas and Lesser Sunda. These two groups are not overlapping in their distribution (CITES Authorities: Report on NDF of Agarwood for sustainable harvest in Indonesia, not dated). Export regulation. International trade control of agarwood product is through trade convention (CITES). All species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been listed under Appendix II of CITES. The export of products listed under CITES Appendix (pure agarwood, mixed oil, logs, chips, block, branches and twigs, roots, seedling, sawdust and powder, carving and hadycraft, beads, prayer beads, neclaces and bacelets) is required to be accompanied by export permit from CITES MA (Asia Regional Workshop on Agarwood, Bangka, November 2011). The issuance of this permit has been described in the previous section only registered traders (exporters) granted permit as shown in Appendix 2 (Appendix 2. List of registered exporters, obtained from Faustina Ida, CITES MA, 2014). The weakness. As countered by Gerard A. Persoon (Agarwood: the life of wounded tree, IIAS Newsletter #45, Autum 2007) that “agarwood is relatively hard to monitor and control. Since this product is known by different names (eaglewood, aloeswood, jinks, gaharu and oudh) and because it is used and disguished in so many different products (oil, parfume, incence, wine, wooddust and chips), tracking agarwood products requires high sophisticated detection procedures, which are not yet in place. This is why the illegal trade in agarwood cannot be easily stopped. One of the challenges a head will be the


31

differentiation between wild and cultivated agarwood”. Domestic control of agarwood product is also hardly carried out, since the detection measures and apparatus are not yet available.

3.10. Awareness on the Importance of Sustainable Harvest and Conservation

In general, agarwood collectors and ordinary communities are unaware or in some extent neglect the importanceof sustainable harvest and conservation of genetic resources. In order to improve awareness, CITES Authorities have regularly organized capacity buildling (knowledge and understanding) on conservation and CITES issues. This capacity buildling may have been insufficient to cover all stakeholders and interested parties on agarwood. Primary stakeholders of agarwoods are Regional Office for DG of FPNC (BKSDA), Forestry Services, Local NGO, community leaders, registered and non-registered collectors and traders, including association and other agarwood communities. Other dissemination events have also been regularly carried out, especially at the quota determination and for control of species (germ plasm) movement from the original site. More specific campaigns and disseminations might be needed for wider audience.

3.11. Quota Setting Agarwood collected from the wild and its international trade are regulated under CITES Appendix 2 including the distribution (transhipment) by DG of FPNC. General principle of harvest from the wild is that the harvest will not cause detrimental effect to the population, habitat and the species. One measure to reduce detrimental effect is through quota determination which is basically to ensure the harvest is still below the capacity to naturally recover (sustainable limit). Currently, export quota for agarwood collected from the wild is determined based on the capacity of production by specialist groups, additional information from exporters, forestry officers, local traders and farmers, and report data on target and realization of annual report (Report on NDF of agarwood for sustainable harvest in Indonesia, not dated, LIPI and DG of FPNC) (See Figure 5).


32

Figure 5. Procedure for determining quota of agarwood based on Non-Detriment Finding

(Source: CITES Authorities: Report on the sustainabe harvest and Indonesian)

3.12. Management Plan Toward Sustainable Harvest and Conservation

DG of FPNC, is an institution under Ministry of Forestry, has a mandate to ensure the achievement of conservation of biological diversity in Indonesia. The biological diversity consists of ecosystem, species and genetic variability of each species. In order to achieve the objective, DG of FPNC, has formulated a general strategy for sustainability and conservation of Indonesian biological diversity in 2007 by Mardiastuti et al 2007. This strategy has been formally disseminated. However, for their field action, it needs further eloboration for the specific species including agarwood. For example, species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops, under national law are not as protected species. They are only regulated under CITES for their International trade, the distribution and transhipment (under SAT-DN and SAT-LN (DG of FPNC)) as described earlier.

3.13. Expansion of Market Information The collection, production and trade of agarwood has been becoming significant since last two decades. The production of agarwood from cultured plantation will gradually increase since the cultured plantation has been expansively conducted in most places in Indonesia. Only unforeseen biological and environmental disaster that may reduce the production. Pest and disease with various intensity have attacked cultured plantation of agarwood in several places, even thought no serious attact has been reported and published (Santoso, 2014, personnal communication).

Field survey by specialist/professional

researcher group (Coordinated by LIPI)

Scientific Authority (Indonesian Institute

of Sciences/LIPI)

Management Authority

(Ministry of Forestry)

Certified exporter company

Local Management Authority (BKSDA)

Collectors (+ field harvested areas)

Stakeholders


33

However, despite the large potential production from culture plantation, trade and market of agarwood product are still limited in term of access and information for common agarwood growers. The market of this product has been limited to certain traders and exporters. Agarwood growers are frequently do not receive clear information on how and where the agarwood product to be traded. Currently, the collection and trade is primarily through the the local traders and exporters registered under CITES MA or through natural agarwood association (Indonesian Association of Agarwood Exporters - Asgarin). Recently, some agarwood growers in each region have formed their own group as farmers group. These farmers groups will play an important role in the production and trade of agarwood from cultured plantation. The role of government and association is needed to provide market information and trade expansion.

3.14. Reducing Viable Stands of Agarwood Trees Large collection of agarwood form the wild which occurs since several decades has caused massive felling of agarwood trees, especially Aquilaria and Gyrinops as described in earlier section. The tree felling by agarwood collectors is mostly is destructive to the existing stands, and frequently cause dead of trees in various growing stages, beside the drastic decline or lost of seed or mother trees and stand composition (Soehartono, Newton and Mardiastuti, 2001). The change of species composition and reduction of seed trees could cause reduction in reproductive capacity and regeneration of the species (Soehartono and Newton, 2001). Even though some species like A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa have relatively higherregeneration capacity at undisturbed-natural condition. Reducing density of mother trees could also cause mating in closely related individual and high potential for inbreeding, which in turn reducing viable stand of the species. Inbreeding or mating with closely related individual could cause detrimental effect to the subsequent population (Widiyatmoko, 2012).

3.15. Genetic Diversity and Conservation Natural agarwood population has declined in recent years due to various reasons as desrcibed earlier. Decrease in population density (a number of individual per area) will lead to the increased distance between individuals, which potentially reduces outcrossing rate(high probability of inbreeding). This has occured in some Dipterocarp species caused by severe logging activity. Inbred population mostly experiences depression, which in turn, deteriorate the subsequent population and reducing genetic variation (Indrioko, 2012). Perennial tree species is characterized by a relatively long life cycle, heterogenous environmental condition, and immobile from adverse environmental condition. An organism could be at risk of becoming extinct because of their few in number, threat by changing environment, pest and disease attack and poor regeneration. This risk is primarily due decreasing genetic diversity. For Aquilaria and Gyrinops, the information on the genetic diversityis still limited and some of their species are still difficult to be


34

differentiated using morphological characters, except fruits and seeds (Mathius, Rahmawati and Anidah, 2009). In undisturbed population (natural density) of Aquilaria and Gyrinops shows relatively high genetic variability between populations and within population (Widiyatmoko, 2012). The genetic variation will eventually decrease along with the decrease in population size and lost of seed (mother) trees source which means the exclusion of certain gene resources (allele). Low genetic diversity and extreme limited population size will cause serious threat to extinction due to adverse environmental condition and the attack of pests and diseases. Planting in monocultured design and outside original habitat is mostly vulnerable, especially to pest and diseases (Susmianto and Santoso, 2013). Some incidences of pest occur in Sumatra. Table 8. Extinction category and the estimated period for occurance of extinction

No. Category Probability of extinction Duration estimated

1. Vulnerable 10% 100 years

2. Endangered 20% 20 years or 5 generations

3. Critically endangered

50% 10 years or 3 generations

Source: IUCN, 1996 (cited from Indrioko, 2012).

Theoritically, the conservation of plant genetic resources should be directed to maintain the random change of allele (unique alleles), outcrossing rate, population management which enable natural pollination (Indrioko, 2012). Therefore, in order to conserve agarwood plant genetic resources, several aspects need to considered, such as sufficient representation of genetic diversity, early detection on genetic relationship between individuals, clear interpretation of taxonomical status of each species and collection of seeds only at peak flowering seasons.

3.16. Untraceable Origin of Cultured Plantation Agarwood species has been extensively planted by various agarwood communities accross the country, such as A. malaccensis, A. microcarpa, A. hirta and some Gyrinops. The high value-price, the readiness for culture plantation, wide availability of planting materials and relatively short period for production have made this NTFP popular and promising to be main source of income in Forestry. Campaign and local government support to culture-plantation of agarwood have also made significant contribution to the ‘booming’ in last decade. In addition, innoculation technology has also been available to promote agarwood production, regardless the inconsistency of result, the presence of potential pest and disease outbreak and market information. The significant increase of demand for agarwood planting materials has also threatened the existence of natural population and their pure line. This is primarily, most of cultured plantations are unclear in term of record of origin. The movement of planting materials


35

means the transfer of genetic resource from one place to another, accross region and even islands. In most cases, the plantation of agarwood species are using unknown origin and do not follow specific planting design. One of the possible negative effects is the possibility of mating with genetically closely related species or hybridization between closely related species, such as A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa (Widiyatmoko, 2012). Therefore, clear separation between species and detection of genetic diversity become important in culture agarwood plantation. The detection methods have been widely available using molecular biology (isozyme and DNA based analyses). On the other hand, the previous sources of seeds and planting materials may have been logged or their habitats have been gone by conversion or forest fires. An annecdot says “current agarwood trees in nature are the trees which never produce agarwood”. Because the good and the real producersof agarwood have been cut by agarwood collectors.

PART 4. CONSERVATION STATUS OF

AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS


39

Serious threats to population and habitats of agarwood species have made the conservation become critical important, especially in the mid of lacking accurate and updated data and information on current population and distribution of the species. The measures for conservation consists of in situ and ex-situ, which is derived based on their orginal growing sites (physical habitat). In-situ conservation is the conservation which takes place in their natural habitat which mostly occupy wide natural areas. Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of the organism outside natural distribution, habitat or sites, which mostly takes relatively limited artificial areas.

4.1. In-Situ Conservation Conservation in natural habitat is constructed by keeping the species in their natural growing condition marked with their micro and macro soil climate, natural association with other species and interaction with other existing organism. This type of conservation naturally occurs with no human intervention in term ecologically, biologically and environmentally of their habitats. Limited harvest or collection is possible under constitution for education, research and traditional uses. Conservation under this condition is carried out in conservation areas, protected forest and forest for specific purpose. Current term for conservation areasconsists of National Parks, Wildlife Reserve or Nature Reserves and Recreational Forests. A new type of conservation area is Grand Forest Parks. This Park could be natural (in-situ) or artificial (ex-situ) habitat (ecosystem) or combination of the two. Species from both Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been naturally incorporated in the establishment of National Parks in Indonesia as listed in Appendix 3 (List of National Park and its associated floristic diversity in Indonesia, online information). Agarwood species is believed to be naturally growing in most National Parks in Sumatra, Kalimantan and some other islands, even though they are not all listed in the table. The data in the list have not been updated based on recent field information by various parties. Specific thorough inventory may have been conducted for some national parks. For example, field interviews indicate the presence of Aquilaria species in Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. The presence of Aquilaria species in several National Parks in Kalimantan (Soehartono, 1999). The above examples suggest that field survey on floristic diversity and the presence of Aquilaria and Gyrinops in each conservation area need to be carried out, especially for future conservation. 4.1.1. Genetic resources inventories and survey As mentioned earlier, the presence of Aquilaria and Gyrinops in National Parks and other conservation areas as in situ conservation ismostly out of dated. Based on the pattern of their natural distribution as described in Soehartono (1999), Roemantyo and Partomihardjo (2010), Aquilaria are present in most National Parks in Sumatra and Kalimantan and Sulawesi, Gyrinops are present in most National Parks in eastern part of Indonesia (see Appendix 3). Unfortunately, the occurence of the species in those Parks could not be further verified due to their total in the past. As an example, Aquilaria species


40

are not listed as presence in Bukit Dua Belas National Park (Jambi), as shown in Appendix 3. However, based on direct discussion and interview with officers of the Park, some Aquilaria, regardless the species are confirmedly found in the Park with various size. Illegal harvest of agarwood in the Park has been another evident of their presence. This occurs since the regular and intensive inventory of the species diversity in the Parks is rarely carried out and the current data are mostly out of date. 4.1.2. Activities on in-situ genetic conservation No information available regarding specific activities for conservation of individual in national park and protected areas. Routine activities are patrols and field inspection to prevent illegal logging, hunting and other types of illegal activities. Collection of living materials, such as seeds and wildlings for education and research purposes are allowed including the harvest for traditional uses. Education and research are carried out in cooperation with various universities, research institution and other community group, including NGO. Discussion with officers from selected Provincial Forest Service and District Forest Service has indicated that until today, the specific activities to conserve agarwood species in the Park and Protected forest remain limited, even protection of remaining agarwood trees are not intensively carried out. On the other side, culture plantation of most agarwood species has been intensified and related institutions provide more resource allocation for this cultured-plantation. 4.1.3. Major needs for in-situ conservation of Aquilaria and Gyrinops Based on the problems identified and challenges for agarwood conservation, some of major needs for in-situ conservation are as follows: 1) Up-dating data and information on population status and natural regeneration of

agarwood trees in all forest types,

2) Ensuring sufficient protection of their mother trees and minimum population size to avoid mating with closely related species or individual,

3) Collecting seeds and seedlings only at peak flowering season,

4) Making another copy of genetic resources as back-up in other places and,

5) Manage population of mother trees and seedlings at use zone of National Park Data and information on population: Accurate data and information on population status and natural regeneration of agarwood species in conservation areas and protected forest are required to determine the harvestable production (if allowed by law) of agarwood, sustainable harvest and necessary treatment to protect the existing population and genetic diversity.


41

Protection of mother trees: Current mode of agarwood collection indicates that collection of agarwood remain from the wild and detection method of agarwood trees is not yet in place causing the mother trees as source of seeds and genetic materials are still seriously threatened for current and future generation. Seeds and seedling collection only at peak flowering season: Collection of seeds and seedlings has to be done only at peak flowering season. At peak flowering season, cross pollination between and inter individuals is optimum from which all possible gene resource would be incorporated to the off springs.

4.2. Ex-situ Conservation The ex-situ conservation could have various functions. This type of conservation could be combined with ordinary plantation, breeding activities and various research including biotechnology (Widiyamoko, 2012). This combination is also to response to the expansive cultured plantation of agarwood species. Combination between plantation and genetic improvement could be conducted through provenance test, progeny trial and the establishment of seed sources. Design for these activites are developed based on each individual species. For Aquilaria species, ex-situ conservation should be designed with clear physical separation between species to avoid hybridization, such as based on provenance or collection site (Widiyatmoko, 2012). As for conservation, the planted agarwood species is not for the production of agarwood. The pure line should be maintain based on source of origin (provenance) and no treatment (such as innoculation) to be applied to promote agarwood production. Therefore, the site (location) for ex-situ conservation should be legally and formally designated for long term program whose ecological benefit will be produced in the future as plant genetic resources. Under this condition, the planted genetic materials or collection will be kept as collection or source of genetic materials with free from intended felling or other treatment, except designed for progeny trials using selected individual based on morphological trait to produce agarwood. The ex-situ conservation could also be placed and attached to the existing conservation, protection program and other research and development program. In the Province of Jambi, small size ex-situ conservation has been inserted into the establishment of a recreational forest, which functions as for eco-park (recreational forest areas). In this forest, agarwood plantation activities has been conducted in four to five consecutive years. The only weakness in this establishment is the sources of planting materials used was not clearly recorded and lacking plantation design. Field visit in several provinces and interviews with relevant authorities (as well as from other sources) indicate that some ex-situ conservation areas, which are more as species collection, have also been initiated (Table 9). There might be some other places with similar purposes. However, in general, the efforts to establish ex-situ conservation of these species are still limited in term of design, representativeness and distribution.


42

Therefore, policy recommendation should be formed to accelerate responsible institutions to initiate the collection and ex-situ conservation of these species. Table 9. Some ex-situ conservation (collection) areas recorded for Aquilaria and

Gyrinops

No Provinces Ex situ conservation/

species collection Source of

Information

1. Jambi Bukitsari Recretional Forest Origin : unrecorded (unknown) Planted : 2008-2011

Interviews and field visit to the site.

2. South Sumatra Kemampo Research Forest In-situ, ex-situ conservation

BPTH Palembang BPK Palembang

3. West Java Bogor Botanical garden (Species collection)

-

4. Bali Eka Karya Botanical Garden, species collection

Literature search

5. Bogor Botanical Garden, species collection

-

6. South Kalimantan Sultan Adam Grand Forest Park. Conservation

-

4.2.1. Collection initiatives Initiatives to make collection for ex-situ conservation of agarwood species has been started eventhough still limited as mentioned earlier. However, plantations of several species, not specifically designed for conservation purposes, have been initiated by various institutions, government and other communities. These all initiatives have not been well recorded and reported. Therefore, improvement is still needed in the future. 4.2.2. Germplasm movement Since last decade, there is expansive cultured plantation of agarwood species accross the country. Some species from Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been considered as promising species for agarwood production, especially from the percentage of innoculation response and growth performance. The expose of cultured plantation and innoculation response has made the cultured plantation become popular forest plantation activity, at least in last 5-10 years. The high production of planting materials from seeds, high growth performance and relatively limited report on the incidences of pest and disease attack also contribute to the outreach of culture plantation and alo vast movement of genetic materials. This plantation is strongly driven by intense expose of agarwood production with high valued price. Regardless the uncertainty of agarwood production and quality from artificially inoculated agarwood trees, the enthusiasm for planting agarwood remain


43

high. This has made the movement of genetic materials occurs unmonitored and out of controll. It could be from short to long distance, within the main islands and accross the sea, such as from western most of Sumatra accross to Papua, the eastern most part of Indonesia. Until today, there is no effecive regulatory system to control germplasm movement from one to another location, within provinces, between provinces, region and or island, except through phytosanitary certificate or plant quarrantine. The materials and phytosanitary certificate are inspected in seaports, airports and other transhipment ports. So far the inspection of the living materials in those ports are still relatively loose and not consistently conducted. Therefore, the movement of the materials is hardly monitored and recorded. Responsible institutions (CITES Authority, plant quaratine office, Ministry of Agriculture) may have developed an instrument to effectively control the movement of germplasm. But not working properly to monitor specifically for agarwood planting materials. Consequently, current cultured plantation of agarwood species are unknown sources and at this time it is impossible to trace their sources of origin (mother plant). This condition is also worsened since no certification has been given for the current seed sources (seed stand, seed production areas and seed orchard), including individual plant growing in community land. 4.2.3. Major needs for ex situ conservation Based on current condition as described ealier and to anticipate the future need for plant genetic resources for the Aquilaria and Gyrinops, several major needs for ex-situ conservation for these two genera are as follows: (1). Technical guidance for the establishment of ex-situ conservation, (2). Identification of suitable sites for conservation, in accordance with individual species,

geographical and ecological distribution, (3). Capacity building (awareness raising) on the importance of conservation and

technical workshop for ex-situ conservation (genepool establishment), (4). Provision of support from responsible institution to promote and enhance the

conservation of plant genetic resources of agarwood species, primarily from Aquilaria and Gyrinops,

(5). Provision of documentation (records) on the origin (provenance), including seed

sources for all cultured-plantation.


44

4.3. Challenges for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resource of Aquilaria and Gyrinops

4.3.1. Quota setting Annual quota is set as required for listed species in Appendix II of CITES. However, the quota must be determined based on reliable data and information. As described in the previous section, to determine accurate harvestable production it requires sufficient data on population size (existing population) and potential agarwood production from each individual tree since the volume of trunk does not equal to agarwood quantity. In addition, to ensure the sustainable harvest, the accurate information on population size (the number of individual for each species), potential production of agarwood (the growth rate and regeneration capacity of each species), potential production for each species and each individual tree under natural process) and the harvestable quantity based on scientific information, should be available. Currently, the above information is limitedly available and the existing data is less accurate or has been out of date. On the other side, the number of agarwood trees has been cut annually to achieve the export quota. Current source of data for quota setting, as shown in Figure 5 is from field sampling by specialist groups in producing areas. Additional information is obtained from exporters, forestry officers, local traders and farmers. Report on previous year target and realization of export are also used to determine the annual quota (Source: Indonesia country report on NDF of agarwood for sustainability harvest in Indonesia). 4.3.2. Hybridization and inbreeding Massive cultivation of agarwood species with no clear information on their origin and provenance could cause negative effect to the population. Genetic distant between species and within species along its geographical distribution has been shown by Widiyatmoko (2012). Some Aquilaria species are closely related as also for closely related population within species. This condition could cause inbreeding and mating with closely related species could also cause hybridization. Hybrid and inbreed population may produce unfit population indicated by poor growth performance and other negative effect. Therefore, clear record of the origin (provenance) of each species in cultured plantation is necessary for long term program, especially for future breeding. 4.3.3. Decreasing natural regeneration Over exploitation and conversion of habitat has caused drastic decrease in natural population. The drastic decrease in population could cause reducing reproductive and regenerative potential for agarwood trees, since biological and ecological support to promote reproduction and natural regeneration become sufficiently available. Decrease in population size could push to inbreeding. Inbreeding, as described earlier, will have lethal effects to the subsequent population, such as poor germination or dead of young trees. Maintaining large population size in acordance with their natural distribution is necessary


45

to avoid unexpected impact and extinction. Preventing illegal harvest and excessive felling should be promoted by authorities and stakeholders. Control measures through agarwood collectors group and registered exporters, as has been initiated by CITES MA should be further developed in order to be effectively implemented. 4.3.4. Massive indiscriminate felling Unless there is an effective measure to stop, massive felling of agarwood trees in the wild will still take places. Anecdotal phrase: the felling will naturally cease once the agarwood trees are no longer present. Until today, there is no effective measure to control or to combat felling of agarwood trees in the wild. Quota determination is only effective for agarwood export through lawful channels of transhipment and market. Illegal trade and smuggling will take place, regardless the quota, once no intensive inspection is implemented and no harsh penalties imposed to the agarwood collectors and traders within islands and across borders. The current measure to minimize the illegal trade and transportation of agarwood products is through the issuance of SAT-DN and SAT-LN. SAT-DN and SAT-LN is a measure to control the trade through the transport control. However, the SAT-LN and SAT-DN does not function to trace the origin and the legality of the product and until today there is no mechanism or tools available to trace the geographical origin of the product. As a result only those to be exported through lawful channel are recorded and documented. 4.3.5. Genetic erosion Other challenge for Aquilaria and Gyrinops and other agarwood producing species are the possible genetic erosion. Decreasing genetic diversity and potential lost of genetic materials of species occurs due to rapid decrease of population, population fragmentation and disappearance of population in original habitat. Loss of population, fragmentation and disappearance occurs due to deforestation, conversion and massive illegal felling of agarwood mother trees in nature may have been taking place. The phenomenon of losing genetic diversity and genetic erosion has been reported for some dipetrocarpa species in Asia region caused by similar condition as above. Therefore, the future challage for Aquilaria and Gyrinops and other species are to quickly conserve and protect the remaining before the actual erosion and loss evidently occurs in the forest field. 4.3.6. Ensuring sustainable harvest The harvest of agarwood should limit to the sustainable quantity as described in earlier section. Therefore, the necessary data to determine the annual allowable harvest should be produced. Regional Office of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (BKSDA) will play very important role to provide the necessary data and to develop measure for preventing excessive harvest from the wild. BKSDA regularly monitors harvesting agarwood through regular inspection to the registered middlemen (local exporters) in each respective region for which quota for each region has been annually determined. The only


46

registered middlemen (local exporters) are granted permit for transhipment of natural agarwood and export natural agarwood. BKSDA has no capacity to map the natural sources of agarwood and prevent the illegal harvest from conservation areas and protected forests for which under the existing law is not allowed to be commercially harvested. 4.3.7. Agarwood quality and their standardization Indonesian National Standardization (SNI) with serial number of SNI 01-5009.1-1999 has prepared standard quality of fresh, newly collected agarwood based on color, aromatic content and incence (http://menanam-gaharu.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengelompokan-gaharu-pada-saat-pasca.html). This standard quality is used for the basis of pricing. Under this standard quality, there are three different quality for agarwood class: Gubal, kemedangan and abu (powder). Each class quality is further elaborated into further sub-class depending on region and traders. This classification of quality need to be further developed in order to make the users more friendly and easy to be implemented. 4.3.8. Research Needs A masterplan for research and development for agarwood species has been developed by Santoso et al 2012 and published by FORDA. The masterplan contains a wide range of aspects needed to support efforts to achieve sustainable management and conservation of agarwood species. Several priority research areas are as follows: (1) The selection of primary agarwood species,

(2) Exploration of agarwood producing genetic materials,

(3) Genetic diversity observation,

(4) Ex-situ conservation and, (5) Progeny test and genetic engineering. Other aspects of research need to be carried out but not yet included in masterplan are: (6) Study on the status of genetic variation of each species and their genetic

relationship (phylogeny) between species,

(7) The optimum population size to be retained in nature in the specific areas in order to achieve conservation objective,

(8) The study on hybridization potential in cultured plantation,

(9) The study on their population dynamic, reproductive ecology and regeneration.

http://menanam-gaharu.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengelompokan-gaharu-pada-saat-pasca.html

http://menanam-gaharu.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengelompokan-gaharu-pada-saat-pasca.html

PART 5. STRATEGIC ACTION AND RECOMMENDATION

FOR CONSERVATION OF AQUILARIA AND GYRINOPS


49

This strategic action and recomendation for conservation for species agarwood producing are in line with the policies and strategic direction for species conservation by Mardiastuti et al, 2007, which consist of in situ and ex-situ conservation follows: In- situ Conservation Strategic directions: a. Immediate assessment on natural distribution, population density and regeneration

of each species of agarwood species to provide valid and reliable prediction for harvestable production, quota and regeneration.

b. Improve management of individual species, especially for mother or seed trees to sustain natural characteristics and original distribution of the species as for in-situ conservation.

c. Revitalize the existing in-situ conservation areas through regular monitoring, scientific observation on their biological and ecological characteristics including reproductive capacity.

d. For the species which has been protected under the existing law but located outside conservation areas, such as in production forests, estate crop plantation, industrial plantation forest, a special policy direction should be provided which refers to the existing regulation (i.e ITTO regulation for conservation, Government Regulation No. 6/2007 and Government Regulation No. 2 which refers to biodiversity conservation in production forests).

e. Building cooperation with other stakeholders in non-forestry sectors should be

promoted to ensure the effective conservation activity in other areas managed by other parties.

f. Capacity building for relevant stakeholders on the effective management of in-situ conservation, protection and understanding the necessity of maintaining minimum population size of each individual species.

g. Awareness raising to the agarwood community, especially for collectors group on the importance of plant genetic conservation for future uses.

h. Specific research on reproductive biology and ecology of each individual species should be carried out to predict breeding pattern and genetic diversity of the species.

i. Strong and severe law enforcement should be implemented to effective conservation and protection of genetic resource.

Ex-situ conservation (conservation outside natural habitat) should also be encouraged as


50

complementary to the existing in-situ conservation. This is also essential due to the fact that those populations and individuals pooled in the in situ conservation areas are also prone to illegal logging and habitat loss, which in turn will loss genetic diversity. Ex-situ Conservation Strategic direction: a. Ex-situ conservation should be promoted by responsible institutions with active

participation from various communities.

b. Through the implementation of the existing rules and regulation, ex-situ conservation could be promoted in combination with commercial utilization as attractive part of the conservation.

c. Ex-situ conservation must be accelerated to rescue the remaining genetic materials

of agarwood species, especially those critically threatened by excessive felling, habitat loss and other biological characteristics as described by IUCN.

d. For ex-situ conservation which is aimed to restocking to the natural population

requires specific directions which final goal is to re-wild the species into its natural habitats.

e. Rehabilitation activities could be carried out in combination with ex-situ

conservation and commercial plantation in accordance with guidelines provided by competent institutions.

f. Promoting the authorities to issue the requirement for keeping well documented

information on the origin and provenance of planting materials used in agarwood cultured plantation.

g. Keeping distant location for agarwood ex-situ conservation to prevent cross

hybridization of genetically closely related species and morphologically distinguishable species, such as A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa.

h. Promote the use of well documented certificate of origin/provenance of the

materials to be planted in ex-situ conservation areas. The movement of genetic materials is very fast in response to the high need for planting materials for some species (Widiyatmoko, 2012).

i. Promote the establishment of in-situ and ex-situ conservation in each province or

districts with the minimum size of 2 ha with all representative materials. This is to keep the sufficient genetic materials for each species incorporated into future breeding program and other uses. The location could be as for Botanical Garden, recreational forest area and research forest.


51

j. Promote innovation to conserve and preserve genetic material of selected species, such as pollen, seeds and clones for long term conservation program.

k. Promote special ministrial regulation related to many aspects of agarwood ex-situ

conservation.

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55

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gaharu inokulasi: Teknologi Badan Litbang Kehutanan.FORDA Press. Widiyatmoko, A. YPBC 2012. Peran hasil penelitian genetika molecular dalam

mendukung strategy konservasi Aquilaria spp. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bioteknology Hutan, Oktober 2012)

http://fwi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/PHKI_2000-2009_FWI_low-res.pdf

http://fwi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/PHKI_2000-2009_FWI_low-res.pdf

APPENDICES


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Appendix 1. Quota and Associated Export until 2013

Year

Exported (kg)

Aquilaria filaria Aquilaria malaccensis Gyrinops sp.

Chips Plantation/ Artificial

Propagation

Chips Plantation/ Artificial

Propagation

Chips

Quota Actual Export

Quota Actual Export

Quota Actual Export

2003 125,000 125,000 - 50,000 50,000 - - -

2004 125,000 125,000 - 50,000 50,000 - - -

2005 120,000 120,000 - 50,000 49,919 - 5,000 1,505

2006 100,000 100,000 - 50,000 48,944 - 25,000 24,965

2007 76,000 76,000 - 30,000 23,709 - 24,000 8,000

2008 65,000 65,000 - 30,000 30,000 - 25,000 25,000

2009 455,000 432,938 - 173,250 89,079 - - -

2010 427,000 427,000 - 146,250 146,250 - - -

2011 473,400 473,400 68,500 162,256 161,516 - - -

2012 520,740 516,715 119,200 178,482 177,482 5,000 - -

2013 515,800 515,800 136,200 178,500 177,512 26,493 - -

Source: DG of FPNC (MS Faustina Ida, personnal communication)


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Appendix 2. List of registered traders of agarwood in DG of FPNC (CITES MA)

No Name of Companies Locations

1. CV. Agung Perdana Ampenan, West Nusa Tenggara

2. CV. Aroma Pekanbaru, Riau

3. CV. Aromindo Bogor, West Java

4. CV. Bumi Kencana Demak, Central Java

5. CV. Cikira Ilhamida Jakarta

6. CV. Impar Mas Tangerang

7. CV. Indoseri Pratama Jakarta

8. CV. Kalimas Pekanbaru, Riau

9. CV. Lautan Mas Surabaya

10. CV. Mega Aroma Utomo Pekanbaru, Riau

11. CV. Rajawali Sakti Probolinggo, East Java

12. CV. Sekawan Rimba Lestari Jakarta

13. CV. Sinar Timor 59 Jakarta

14. CV. Subur Raya Pekanbaru, Riau

15. CV. Sumber Bumi Samarinda, East Kalimantan

16. PT. Ama Ina Rua Jakarta

17. PT. Berkah Nuansa Jaya Jakarta

18. PT. Budidaya Perkasa Pekanbaru, Riau

19. PT. Burnanindo International Trd Jakarta

20. PT. Cahaya Tiga Dara Jakarta

21. PT. Citra Samindo Raya Surabaya

22. PT. Gaharu Alam Lestari Abadi Jakarta

23. PT. Nusa Ama Kabaresi Hanu Jakarta

24. PT. Panutan Jaya Utama Jakarta

25. PT. Sarana Hartadinaka Tamas Jakarta

26. PT. Sumber Alam Jaya Mandiri Pontianak, West Kalimantan

27. PT. Super Cahaya Raya Surabaya

28. PT. Tanjung Batu Wana Perkasa Jakarta

29. PT. Wirasatya Abdinusa Jakarta

30. UD. Cipta Dupa Tama Pasuruan, East Java Sources: DG of FPNC (Ms Faustina Ida, Personnal Communication)


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Appendix 3. List of National Park in Indonesia and its floristic potential

No National Parks Locations Area (ha) Floristic potentials

SUMATRA

1. Batang Gadis District of Mandailing Natal (Madina), North Sumatra

108,000 Some vascular plants, such as Shorea species (Shorea parvifolia Dyer).

2. Berbak Jambi 238,000 Meranti (Shorea sp.) and several palm species.

3. Bukit Barisan

Selatan West Lampung and Tanggamus

365,000 Pidada (Sonneratia sp.), nipah (Nypa fruticans), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), pandan (Pandanus sp.), cempaka (Michelia champaka), meranti (Shorea sp.), mersawa (Anisoptera curtisii), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.), damar (Agathis sp.), rotan (Calamus sp.) and bunga raflesia (Rafflesia arnoldi).

4. Bukit Duabelas Sumatra 60,500 Bulian (Eusideroxylon zwageri),

meranti (Shorea sp.), menggeris/kempas (Koompassia excelsa), jelutung (Dyera costulata), jernang (Daemonorops draco), damar (Agathis sp.), and rattan (Calamus sp.). Aquilaria spp (field interview).

5. Bukit Tiga Puluh Riau and Jambi 144,223 Jelutung (Dyera costulata), getah

merah (Palaquium spp.), pulai (Alstonia scholaris), kempas (Koompassia excelsa), rumbai (Shorea spp.), cendawan muka rimau/raflesia (Rafflesia hasseltii), jernang or palem darah naga (Daemonorops draco).

6. Kerinci Seblat West Sumatra,

Jambi, Bengkulu and South Sumatra

1,375,349.867

Endemic: pinus kerinci (Pinus merkusii strain Kerinci), kayu pacat (Harpulia alborea), bunga raflesia (Rafflesia arnoldi dan R. hasseltii), bunga bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum and A. decus-silvae).

7. Gunung Leuser Aceh and North

Sumatra 1,094,692

Endemic: daun payung raksasa (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons), bunga raflesia (Rafflesia atjehensis, R. micropylora) and Rhizanthes zippelnii


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8. Sembilang South Sumatera 205,750

Paku gajah (Acrostichum aureum), nipah (Nypa fruticans), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), pandan (Pandanus tectorius), waru laut (Hibiscus tiliaceus), nibung (Oncosperma tigillaria), jelutung (Dyera costulata), menggeris (Koompassia excelsa), gelam tikus (Syzygium inophylla), Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia alba, andBruguiera gimnorrhiza.

9. Siberut District of Kepulauan

Mentawai, West Sumatra

190,500

Rattan and orchid species

10. Tesso Nilo Riau Province 38,576 Kayu Batu (Irvingia Malayana), Kempas (Koompasia Malaccensis), Jelutung (Dyera Polyphylla), Kulim (Scorodocarpus Borneensis), Tembesu (Fagraea Fragrans), Gaharu (Aquilaria Malaccensis), Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus), Keranji (Dialium Spp), Meranti (Shorea spp), Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp), Sindora leiocarpa, Sindora velutina, Sindora Brugemanii, and durian species (Durio spp) and several Aglaia spp.

11. Way Kambas Labuhan Ratu, East

Lampung

125,621.3 Api-api (Avicennia marina), pidada (Sonneratia sp.), nipah (Nypa fruticans), gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron), salam (Syzygium polyanthum), rawang (Glochidion borneensis), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), pandan (Pandanus sp.), puspa (Schima wallichii), meranti (Shorea sp.), minyak (Dipterocarpus gracilis), and ramin (Gonystylus bancanus).

JAVA

1. Alas Purwo District of Banyuwangi, East Java

43,420 Endemic: sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki), bambu manggong (Gigantochloa manggong) Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), keben (Barringtonia asiatica)


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2. Baluran

Banyuputih, Situbondo, East Java

25,000 Endemic: Widoro bukol (Ziziphus rotundifolia), Mimba (Azadirachta indica), Pilang (Acacia leucophloea) Asam jawa (Tamarindus indica), Gadung (Dioscorea hispida), Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana), Gebang

(Corypha utan), Api-api (Avicennia sp.), Kendal (Cordia obliqua), Kendal (Cordia obliqua), Kepuh

(Sterculia foetida)

3. Gunung Ciremai District of Kuningan, Central Java

8,931.27 Saninten (Castanopsis argentea, C. javanica, C. tungurrut) dan pasang (Lithocarpus elegans dan L. sundaicus) dari suku Fagaceae; jenitri (Elaeocarpus obtusus, E. petiolatus dan E. stipularis), suku Elaeocarpaceae; mara (Macaranga denticulata) dan kareumbi (Omalanthus populneus), suku Euphorbiaceae; aneka jirak (Symplocos fasciculata, S. spicata, S. sessilifolia, S. theaefolia), Symplocaceae; jenis-jenis ara (Ficus padana dan F. racemosa), Moraceae; puspa (Schima wallichii),ki sapu (Eurya acuminata)

4. Gunung Gede Pangrango

Bogor, Cianjur and Sukabumi Districts

21,975 Kantong semar (Nephentes spp), wild orchid

5. Gunung Halimun-Salak

Bogor and Sukabumi Districts, West Java

113,357 Ki anak (Castanopsis acuminatissima), pasang parengpeng (Quercus oidocarpa), puspa (Schima wallichii), saketi (Eurya acuminata), rasamala (Altingia excelsa)

6. Gunung Merapi Central Java and Yogyakarta

6,410 Saninten (Castanopsis argentea), anggrek Vanda tricolor

7. Gunung Merbabu Magelang and Semarang Districts, Central Java

5,725 1. Zone of lower mountain forest (1,000 – 1,500 asl), currently has changed (not original anymore) and overgrown by other types of Piine (Pinus merkusii), puspa (Schima wallichii sp. noronhae) and bintuni.

2. Zone of upper mountain forest (1,500– 2,400 asl) overgrown by akasia (Acacia decurrens), puspa, sengon gunung (Albizia lophanta), sowo (Engelhardtia serrata), cemara gunung (Casuarina junghuhniana), pasang (Quercus sp.), and

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Baluran

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widoro_bukol

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimba

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilang

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_jawa

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadung

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiri

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebang

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api-api

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendal_%28tumbuhan%29&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendal_%28tumbuhan%29&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepuh

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saninten&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenitri&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kareumbi&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jirak&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puspa

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki_sapu&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang_parengpeng&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang_parengpeng&action=edit&redlink=1


http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saketi&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasamala

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saninten&action=edit&redlink=1


http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia_decurrens&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sengon_gunung&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sowo&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cemara_gunung&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasang&action=edit&redlink=1


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tanganan


3. Forest Zone (vegetasi) sub-alpin (2,400—3,142 m asll), overgrown by grass and Javanedelweis.

8. Karimunjawa Jepara District, Central Java

111,625 Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), jati pasir (Scaerota frustescens), setigi (Strebus asper), waru laut (Hibiscus tiliaceus), and bakau hitam (Rhizophora mucronata).

9. Kepulauan Seribu Kepulauan Seribu District

107,489 Pandan laut (Pandanus tectorius), butun (Barringtonia asiatica), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), sentigi (Pemphis acidula), ketapang (Terminalia Catappa) and seruni (Wedelia biflora).

10. Meru Betiri East Java 58,000 Endemic : padma Rafflesia zollingeriana, Bakau (Rhizophora sp.), api-api (Avicennia sp.), waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), rengas (Gluta renghas), bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa), pulai (Alstonia scholaris), benda (Artocarpus elasticus), Bruguiera sp., Sonneratia sp., Balanophora fungosa).

11. Ujung Kulon Western most of Java

12,956 Bayur (Pterospemum javanicum) dan berbagai rotan (Calamus sp.); kayu gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), Kayu cempaka (Michelia campaca) dan kayu jambe (Areca catechu); Anggrek (Dendrobium sp.); tangkil (Gnetum gnemon) and salak (Salacca edulis).

12. Bromo Tengger Semeru

Pasuruan, Malang, Lumajang and Probolinggo Districts

50,276.3 Mountain cedar (Cemara gunung), jamuju, edelweis, Orchids and rare grass.

KALIMANTAN

1. Betung Kerihun West Kalimantan Province

8,000 km² Musa lawitiensis, Neouvaria acuminatissima, Castanopsis inermis, Lithocarpus philippinensis, Chisocheton cauliflorus, Syzygium spicataandShorea peltata, Aquilaria spp (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997).

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelweis_jawa

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafflesia_zollingeriana&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafflesia_zollingeriana&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizophora&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicennia&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamplung

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rengas

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungur

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda_%28pohon%29

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayur

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotan

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayu_gaharu&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayu_cempaka&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayu_jambe&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggrek

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkil

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salak


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2. Bukit Baka Bukit Raya

Border of West and Central Kalimantan Provinces

181,090 Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, dan Ericadeae. Medicinal plants, wild orchids and bunga Rafflesia (Raflesia sp.) Aquilaria spp. (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997)

3. Danau Sentarum West Kalimantan 1,320 km²

Jelutung (Dyera costulata), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), meranti (Shorea sp.), keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.), and kayu ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri). Aquilaria spp. (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997)

4. Gunung Palung Ketapang District, West Kalimantan

90,000 Jelutung (Dyera costulata), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), damar (Agathis borneensis), pulai (Alstonia scholaris), rengas (Gluta renghas), kayu ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), Bruguiera sp., Lumnitzera sp., Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia sp., ara si pencekik, and medicinal plants. Aquilaria spp. (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997)

5. Kayan Mentarang Malinau, Nunukan and Bulungan districts, East Kalimantan

1.35 millions Pulai (Alstonia scholaris), jelutung (Dyera costulata), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Agathis (Agathis borneensis), kayu ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), rengas (Gluta wallichii), gaharu (Aquilaria malacensis), aren (Arenga pinnata), berbagai jenis anggrek, palem, and kantong semar.

6. Kutai Kutai Timur District 198,629 Bakau (Rhizophora sp.), tancang (Bruguiera sp.), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), simpur (Dillenia sp.), meranti (Shorea sp.), benuang (Octomeles sumatrana), kapur (Dryobalanops sp.), ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), 3 jenis raflesia and wild orchids. Aquilaria spp. (Soehartono and Mardiastuti, 1997)

7. Sebangau Katingan and Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan

568,700 Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Meranti Jawa (Shorea pauciflora, Shorea tysmanniana, S.uluginosa), Jelutung (Dyera lowii), Nyatoh (Palaquium spp.), Bintangur (Calophyllum spp.), Kapur Naga (Calophyllum macrocarpum)

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapotaceae&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ericadeae&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_Rafflesia


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8. Tanjung Puting Kotawaringin Barat and Seruyan District. Central Kalimantan

305,000 Meranti (Shorea sp.), ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), jelutung (Dyera costulata), gaharu, kayu lanan, keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.), ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), tengkawang (Dracomentelas sp.), Dacrydium, Lithocarpus, Castonopsis, Schiima, Hopea, Melaleuca, Dyospyros, Beckia, Jackia, Licuala, Vatica, Tetramerista, Palaquium, Campnosperma, Casuarina, Ganoa, Mesua, Dactylocladus, Astonia, Durio, Eugenia, Calophyllum, Pandanus, Imperata cylindrica, Crinum sp., Sonneratia, Rhizophora, Barringtonia, Nipah (Nypa fruticans), Podocarpus, and Scaevola.

SULAWESI

1. Bantimurung - Bulusaraung

Maros and Pangkajene Kepulauan Districts (Pangkep)

43,750 Ebony wood (Kayu hitam)

2. Bogani Nani Wartabone

Semenanjung Minahassa

2,871.15 km² Endemic: matayangan (Pholidocarpus ihur), kayu hitam (Diospyros celebica), kayu besi (Intsia spp.), kayu kuning (Arcangelisia flava) dan bunga bangkai (Amorphophallus companulatus). Piper aduncum, Trema orientalis, Macaranga sp., cempaka, agathis, kenanga, Orchid species and ornamental species.

3. Bunaken North Sulawesi 890.65 km² Coral ecosystems (terumbu karang)

4. Lore Lindu Central Sulawesi 217,991.18 Eucalyptus deglupta, Pterospermum celebicum, Cananga odorata, Gnetum gnemon, Castanopsis argentea, Agathis philippinensis, Philoclados hypophyllus, medicinal plants and rattan.

5. Rawa Aopa Watumohai

Southeast Sulawesi 1,050 km² Lara (Metrosideros petiolata), sisio (Cratoxylum formosum), kalapi (Callicarpa celebica), tongke (Bruguiera gimnorrhiza), lontar (Borassus flabellifer), and lotus flowers (Victoria spp.).

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meranti

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramin&action=edit&redlink=1

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelutung

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaharu

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keruing

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulin

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengkawang

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calophyllum

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah


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6. Taka Bone Rate Kepulauan Selayar District, South Sulawesi

220,000 Pohon kelapa (Cocos nucifera), Pandan laut (Pandanus sp.), Cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa)

7. Kepulauan Togean Teluk Tomini, Central Kalimantan

3,626 km² Corals (Terumbu karang)

8. Kepulauan Wakatobi

Wakatobi District, Southeast Tenggara

1.39 millions 25 clusters of corals (terumbu karang)

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_taman_nasional_di_Indonesia), reference and some field interviews

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_taman_nasional_di_Indonesia

in–situ and ex–situ conservation of aquilaria and gyrinops

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