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1 “Our common Future,” (New Yourk: World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).2 “United Nations General Assembly, “1005 World Summit Outcome,” (New York: 2005)3 “Rio Declaration on Environment and development,” ed. United Nations IRio de Janeiro: United Natios, 1992)4 “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions,” ed . Scientifi c United Nations

Educational, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (Paris: 2005)5 “Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.”


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[efc.ifv.ifj[kefjrkef;nef refjudkrf; eefUyAef ]v.ifjodlOf;oMbvDyAefwMbulef;rdlif;rmef@}7 =rfjqArfnOfv.ifj

refjudkrf;umefrmufjrD;? v.ifj[kefjrkef;wlifbulef;? v.ifja[UuifjodkifbOFwffUv.rfU? v.ifja[Uuifjzdifjtij?

v.ifjymefby.if@nefvD/

[email protected] vlify.if@qdkifjrdlif;rmef@ awMbulef;rdlif;eefU cOfyuf;qgfedlOf umefuFwfb

tc vkrf;vM;yMb xdlefbtvj nD;olef;umefomifjv.ifjrmufjrD;cAOfqdif; [gfjyAefacMjvrfbv.ifj egf;umef[kefj

rkef;refjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef;/ ulpf; uM@ vlify.if@qdkifjorfUvmwfjOMj cOfcmwfb[mBOBUvrfUuwfUtvj ymB;qmif@

[email protected],gfbumef rmufjrD; nefcAOfqdif;? orfUxFifj eifb[dkOfaw[Awf;v.ifjqdlOf;eBUeefU

6 “Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacifi c: Trends, Challenges, Opporunities, and Policy Perspective,” (Astana: United Natins Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacifi c, 2010)

7 “National Sustainable Development Strategy for Myanmar,” ed. Myanmar Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (Naypyidaw: 2009)


11

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refjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef;nefOMjeefUyAefeifbwMb,dlif;egf;cmOf;eMj? nrfbqgfjv.ifjnefrdlif;rmef@ qmif@[Awf;

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rkef;awvBjyAefz.ef;vDawMb ulef;ul@ rlbul@qkrf;zAifbyAif;uef/ wlOf ,mifbref; v.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;

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vlpfjv.ifjumef[kefjrkef; refjudkrf;/ uM@wDjzdkefvdufjeefU qkrf;wlifbulef;tvj nFef@usD@nlOf@egf;

vlufjeBU ndufbwif; qkrf;ulef;ekrfbegf;rdlif;rmef@ vBjclif@omifjaovlif;vmB;rdkOf;rM;,lb,OfU/9

qkrf;rlbrkufUzkifbulef;tvjqkrf;umBbvlpfbul@rdlif;rdlif; qdlifUeifb rkufUqkrf;ul@rdlif;rdlif; wMbv.ifj[kefj

rkef;refj udkrf;eefU ,dkef,efOMj v.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef; xkufbvDyuf;qgfwlpf;vlulawMb

v.ifjvFufjvmB@Zdifj ZMUurfZMb/10 y.ifbOMj wmif;omif@nefqdkifjrdlif;vBjxlyf;pM;? wdkOfUwmif;nefqdkifj

rdlif;qdlOf;eefrD;auMj vFufjvmB@ q.rf;eB,OfU/ v.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef; xkufbvDndifedlOfv.ifj

nefOMj twbnOfeBUugMbxFifjvmBvmByD@eefU ZdifjZMUawrdlef[dkOfeB,OfU/ nrfbqgfjOMj Oef;rdlOfjeBUyAef[dkOfOBU/

ayMbvoDbqdkifjrdlif;tvj ayMbvoDbul@rdlif;rdlif;wDjv.ifjumef[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;ayMbvoDbqdkifjrdlif;tvj ayMbvoDbul@rdlif;rdlif;wDjv.ifjumef[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;

acMjwluf;vlif;uAOfbuyf;vlpfjv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef; nefrdlif;rmef@vBjvlif;vmB;

rdkOf;OBUeefU rD;OBU,lbwDj v.uf;termB(1) wDjyMjwgfjeBU,lb,OfU/

v.uf;t.ermB(1)v.uf;t.ermB(1)

acMjwluf; vlif;acMjwluf; vlif; yD@yD@ umefwlifUekdif[Awf;omifjyefumefwlifUekdif[Awf;omifjyef qefUxmefjqefUxmefju.ifUumBbwif; u.ifUumBbwif;

umefwlifUekdifumefwlifUekdif

clif;umef ZmBbv.ifj

ulef;tvj vFif@wlOfrD;qgf

1970 Omifjclif;umefqmrf; wMbaw xwf;qmrf;

wlnf;v.uf;vmB;wMbqgfUwkdOf;clOf;iOfjwkdef;

Zdifj wkdef;yAef {jrefjukdrf;

ul@rldif;rldif; yOfb

(nrfbrD; clif;umefoifegf;

rldif;rmef@)

8 Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, “Green Development Initiative in Myanmar.”9 “The Earth Charter Initiative,” The Earth Charter,” (2000)…10 International Institute for Sustainable Development, “Climate Change and Energy,” http://www.iisd.org/climate/.


12



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21tvjacMjykdef@zmOfb

Rio wDjv.ifjokdifbOFwfU

v.rfUtvjv.ifj[kefjrkef;

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[kefjrkef;qkdifjrldif;

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(CBD)

1993 vlOfb{jqkdifjrldif;wif;vmBqDUqFifjtvja[U

uifjqldOfUZef;nefvrfbv.ifj

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qkdifjrldif;

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[FifjumBbvlpfjul@rdlif;rdlif;

(ITTA)

1994 z.wfjomifj rkufqkrf;rByFefjvFef@

rBjnefumBbvlpfjul@rdlif;rdlif; wMbaw[Awf;

umefvrf;wdkef;tvj

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ifjvFufjvmB@ZdifjZMUtvj

qlOfbxlOf@y\lOf@xlOf@acM;

1997 wrf;Omif;wmifUruf;cmef;wMbrdlif;vgf

rdlif;eefUy.pfbn.ufbugef;xmefj[dlef;oDcAOf?

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(=rfjyM;wif;rdlif; rmef@)vlv.rfq.

rf;wlpf;v.ifj y.pfbn.ufbu.ef;xmwfj

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tvj qwf;umefyMbrBUrdlif;zgf

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ul@rldif;rldif; umefeyfUomifjwmif;[Awf;omifj

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qdlOfUZef;wlefjtvj

owf; ul@rdlif;rdlif;

(CITES)

1975

(1997)

vFefjyefbomifj umefuMUcmBwlefjxdlefbtvj

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1986

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ymifwkrf@\rf@oM@ wDjv.

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1971

(2005)

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ul@rldif;rldif; omifjvFef@

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vFef@,dkuf;,rf; rlOf;,def;usD;


13



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rdlOfj 1994? vlify.if@qdkifjrdlif;rmef@,dkef,efnOfwdkOf; ayMbvoDbodkifbOFwfUv.rfUqdkifjrdlif;/

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OFwfUv.rfU =rfjwif;clOf;iOfjwdkef;Zdifj wdkef;yAefqdkifjrdlif;qdlOf;eBU rD;v.ifjzAifbyAif;tvj ulrfuAOfo.wfb

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rkef;/}11

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qdkifjrdlif rdlif;rmef@/ ydlifiOfjydkefUqdlOf;eBU imB;rdlefwif; ydlifiOfjydkefUnef qkrf;qmwfjqdkifj vkrfjZMU

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yAefv.ifjc.ifj crfOBU,lb/ ayMbvoDbvmwfjOMj qArfvlify.if@qdkifjtvj wif;ulef;rdlif;rD;ykefj z.ef;wMb

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aeOBUOMj ulef;rdlif;rD;okefboif/ ayMbvoDb orfUvmwfjOMj vlify.if@qdkifjrD; okefbwMbawqgfUwdkOf; clOf;

iOfjwdkef;Zdifjwdkef;yAefc.ifrdlif;rmef@ q.rf;eifbvlify.if@ qdkifj[efOMjomifbxkufbeifb[dkOf/ eBUorfUrM;imrfb

rFefjuefwif; ydlifiOfjydkif;rdlif;(vuf;rdlif;) c.ifrdlif;rmef@ nefcAefbwFrfj rM;rdlOfj 2008/ ydlifiOfjydkif;rdlif;

11 Burma Environmental Working Group, “Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies,” (Chiang Mai, Thailand: Burma Environmental Working Group, 2011). Page 19.


14

(vuf;rdlif;) c.ifrdlef;rmef@vmwfjOMj clOf;iOfjwdkef; Zdifjwdkef;yAefwif;oAifjwif;rlwf; wDjrdlif;rmef@ yAefc.

ifvlify.if@qdkifj/12

cyfUrmBumef 21 tvj ymB;y.ifumefv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;qefUqdkifjrdlif;cyfUrmBumef 21 tvj ymB;y.ifumefv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;qefUqdkifjrdlif;

cyfUrmBumef 21 nefOMjeefU yAefnDjoifcyfUrmBumef 21 nefOMjeefU yAefnDjoif

rdlOfj 1992 eefU? qdkifjrdlif; 178 qdkifjrdlif; [lrfjyM;wif; rdlif;rmef@eefU vBj[yfU+if; acMjwluf;

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vlif;vBj v.ifjnrfbzAifb yAif; uefegf;tujqkrf;ulef;rdlif;wif;vmB/ vlify.if@qdkifj xkufbvDyefwmif;urfUxFrfwDj

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egf;qkrf;nefvmwfjrM;eBU awqmif@yM; vBj rkifUa[M[dlef;qdlOf;zmef? arMo.ef? qOfjymB;r.ef;? rlbrkufzkifulef;

vM@erfU? ulef;[mrf;wDjvdefoOf;? ulef;udkuf;ydkefUwDj? ulef;,mefrdlif;rM;oOf;tvj wmifbqdlOf;OBU,lb/14

aonrfbuM; wDjumef[kefj rkef;nefrefjudkrf;,mOf;,dkef;eefU xkufbvDqgfUwdkOf;v.uf;vmB;nefndifedlOfwlifb

ulef;/15 umef[kefjrkef;eefUauMj xkufbvDyAefumef[kefjrkef;nefeyfU xdkOfulawMbzdifjtijtvj okefbvBj

okefbyAef ulef;qmOf;cdlOf;/ ,OfUauMj umef[kefjref;eefU awvBjyefrlbrkufU zkifulef; egf;wlifbrD;xmefjimef;

egf;umefqwf;umeftvj umefa[Uuifjvkrf;vM; clOf;iOfjwdkef;Zdifjwdkef;yAef eefU,lb/16

12 “Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar” ed. Government of Myanmar (Naypyidaw:2008). Page 1013 Burma’s past reports can be fund here: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_natiinfo_myanmar.shtml14 “Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio,” (Rio de Janeiro: United Nations, 1992). Sectin I,

chapter 3.5.15 Ibid. Section I, chapter 3.716 Ibid.


15

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crf[drf;+rf;umef[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;eefU[kdOf?

17 “Natural Aspects of Sustainable Development in Myanmar,” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/myanmar/natur.htm.


16

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17

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yBbrD;egf;rkdOf;vlify.if@qkdifj/19

18 Ministry of Environmental Conservation and forestry National Commission for Environmental Affairs, Myanmar, “Fourth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity,” (National Commissoin for Environmental Affairs, Minstry of Environmental Conservation and Foresty, Myanmar, 2009)

19 Win Myo Tu, “national Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan Myanmar,” (Nayypyidaw: Divison of Nature and Wildlife Conservatoin, Forest Department, 2011). Page 48


18

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20 A recent example of a relevant EIA is the 2010 Myitsone Dam EIA(available at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/EIA-CPI-1-2.pdf)

21 Oxfam, “Guide to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent,” (Carlton: Oxfam, 2010)


19

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21

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oDcAOferfao? rmif@qdlOf;auMj y.pfbn.ufbanb/


22

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CLIMATECHANGE:HOW ITWORKS


23

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a[UuifjeB,OfU/26

22 “National Aspects of Sustainable Devleopment in Myanmar.”23 “Cyclone Nargis,” The New York Times, 30 April 200924 1 Lasse Norgaard and Si Thu, “Aid Wrker Diaries: Heoping People Back to Their Fields in Myanmar,” ALertnet, 4

May 2011.25 Aquastat, “Myanmar,” Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/

countries/myanmar/index.stm.26 Wai Moe, “Burma Taking Severe Hit from Climate Change: Watchdog,” The Irrawaddy, 9 December 2009.


24

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egf;,mrf;eifbeef)/

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27 Min Lwin, “Water Shortages Sweeping Burma,” Democratic Voice of Burma, 10 May 201028 Yan Naing, “Water Shortages Hit Central Burma,” The Irrawaddy, 11 May 201129 Myo Nyunt, “Development of Environmental Management Mechanism in Myanmar,” Asia Europe Journal 6, no.2 (2008)30 Aye Nai, “Scores Dies in Relentless Heatwave,” Democratic Voice of Burma, 17 May 2010


25

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31 Ibid.32 Myint and Thaw, “Climate Change Adaptation in Myanmar.”33 “Rural Development Priorities(Rdp) Plan- Baseline Information,” (Chiang Mai: Karen Environmental and Social Action

Network, 2012)34 “Adapting to Climate change: What’s Needed in Poor Countries, and Who Should Pay,” in Oxfam Briefi ng Papers

(Washington, D.C.: Oxfam International, 2007)


26

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• awvBjwFufjwlpf; wmifUy.pfbn.ufbugef;xmwfj[dlef;oDcAOfwDjrdlif;rmef@ul@yD@? ,OfUauMj

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(ugef;cMb)wmifbqdlOf;uM@[dkOfeB/

• awvBjrD;clif;umefegf;qdkifjrdlif; wMbawvlwf;,.rf;vlif;umefy.pfbn.ufbugef;xmwfj[dlef;

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• q.BjxFrf wMbaw[kefjrkef;tvjwMbawqgfUwdkOf;ymB@qmif@ [lrfjyM;wif;umefvlif;rdkOf; [Awf;omifj

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ql;qdkifjrdlif;tvj rlbrkufUzkifulef;qdlOf;nefvlOfb/

35 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chane, “Kyoto Protocol,” http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol /items/2830.php.


27

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if@qdkifj rmif@ z.ifjomifjcdkefjrM;oAefjemrf; wMbv.ifjvFif@[Fif;nefukrfbxlefjyAif;ayM;eefU,lb? ulpf;uM@

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wufUwdlefqOfU tvjydkef@tzwmif;ZmifU v.ifjaz;rlpfU vlpfjwif;v.uf;vmB;umefolef; wkrf@ulef;rdlif;/

36 “Myanmar National Environmental Performance Assessment Report,” ed. Ministry of Environmental Conser- vation and Forestry National Commission for Environmental Affairs, Myanmar, and United Nations Environme- nt Programme Regional Resources Centre fro Asia and the Pacifi c (Bangkok: GMS Environment Opertations Centre, 2006).


28

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vDomifjauMjomifj/37

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yAefrM;egf;umefxlyf;rdkOf;[lrfjyM;wif;umefwFufj,ifb v.ifjy.pfbn.ufbugef;xmwfj=def;oDcAOfc.ifrdlif;rmef@?

,OfUauMj eyfU omifjyM;v.ifjrdlif;[email protected];vFufjvmB@ZdifjZMUuM@[dkOf/ vdlOfaoeBUnrfbuM;

wrf;Omif;zFefumef wMb awvkufUwDjwmifbqdkifjrdlif;ao odkyfb,dkefjrFifbymB@qmif@cAOfqdif; olbql;rdlif;rmef@

tvj[lrfjyM; umefyefydkefU=Uulef; rdlif; rdlif;[email protected]@/38

rdlif;rmef@vBjwmifbzdkefacM,.ef;ql; idkef;urfUxFrfwMb,lbv.wfjq.rf;vBj (the Adaptati on Fund)

ugMb,OfU/39 idkef;urfUxFrfeBU yAefwMbqdkifjrdlif;qdlOf;nefnlefjn.efbawMb z.ef;,.efjc.if wmif;vFufjvmB@

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37 “Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio.”38 Ei Ei Toe Lwin, “Report on Effects of Climate Chang Nering Completion,” The Myanmar Times, 2 January 201139 Project and Programme Review Committee Adaptation Fund Board, “Proposal for Myanmar,” in Seventh Meeting of the

Project and Programme Review Committee of the Adaptation Fund (Durban, South Africa: 2011


29

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qdkifjvkrfj ZMUnefedlifjeefUauMj vBjyefidkef;urfUxFrf vlify.if@qdkifjrmef@ugMb w.efjwMbaw[kefjrkef;

zFefumefqdkifjrdlif; {ja[U uifjuFwfbtcbv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmB/ zFefumefeBU+ifUOMj zFefumefwlifUedkifymB;

y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqefU qdkifjrdlif; eB/42

40 Adaptation Fund Borad, “Operational Policies and Guidelines for Parties to Access Resources from the Adaptation Fund,” (Adaptation Fund).

41 ____, “Proposal for Myanmar.”42 Government of Burma, “Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar(2008),” (Ministry of Information, 2008).


30

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31

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43 Thu, “National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan Myanmar.”


32

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44 Ibid45 “Convention on Biological Diversity,” ed. United Nations(1992)46 National Commission for Environmental Affairs, “Fourth National Report to the Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity.”


33

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47 Mangrove 48 Botanical garden49 ecosystem


34

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50 principle51 “Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Acton from Rio.”


35

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52 “The Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law,” ed. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (1994)

53 Thu, “National Biodiversity Strategic Acton Plan Myanmar.”


36

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54 Glenda Kupczyk-Romanczuk, Environment Words: A Dicti onary in Plain English (Images Asia).55 Huynh Thi Mai, “Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Programme and Biodiversity Conservatin Corridors

Initative,” (Hanoi: Asian Development Bank, 2007).56 Cope with57 Asian Development Bank, “Gms Countries Vow Continued Enivronmental Collaboration,” (2011), http://beta.adb.org/

news/cambodia/gms-countries-vow-continued-environmental-collaboration?ref=countries/gms/news.


37

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58 commitment59 “Myanmar National Evnironmental Performance Assessment Report.”60 National Comission for Environmental Affairs, “Fourth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity.”61 Ibid. Page 1162 Ibid.63 International bird life


38

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64 Priority corridor65 Priority site66 Ibid. Page 54


39

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• z.if;vlifZmBygfUyM;okdifbOFwfUv.rfUtvjyMbrBU(The Ministry of Environmental Conservati n

and Forestry)

• z.if;vlifZmBbymB;,lbvD

• z.if;vlifZmBvAifUowf;tvjvAifUyM

• auMemrf;omifjokdifbOFwfUv.rfUqkdifjrldif; (The Nati onal Commision for Evnvironmental

Aff airs(NCEA))

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umefvlv.rfq.rf;wlpf;clif;umef/68

68 “Natural Habitats,” in OP 4.04, ed. World Bank (2001)


42

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69 Bank, “Safeguard Policy Statement.”


43

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44

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70 Ibid. Section I, chapter 3.871 Ibid. Section I, capter 10.7


45

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rlbrkufUzkifulef;qmOf;cdlOf;wif; vmBeifb[dkOfwmif;vlOfb? wmif;OBUuM@ceftvj wmif;wdkOf;urf@zdifjxkif;cOf

qmif@ayM;awnOfrM;qgfUwdkOf;q.rf;vBj egf;umefwFyf;wwf; v.ifjumef[kefjrkef;refj udkrf;,mOf;,dkef;

nefvlify.if@qdkifj awwFyf;wwf;[Awf;omifjeefU,OfU/

vdkef;okwf;ref; cyfUrmBumef 21 vmwfjOMj vlify.if@qdkifj xkufbvDomifj ZmBbxwf;xdef YwM;tvj

ZmBb ymefby.if@ wMbrlefUtr;cdkef; wmif;[Awf;omifjnefwkrfU,.efjawMbodkifbOFwfUv.rfU tvj wMbrlefU

tr;qDUqrfjcdkef; v.ifj[kefjrkef; nefnrfbimrfjrFefjuefwif;rmBrDjzdifjrdlif;eefU eB,lb,OfU/ v.ifjeBU

y.ifbOMj vlify.if@qdkifjwif;vmB vlOfjvBjomifjcdkefjv.uf;vmB; wMbulef;qdlOf;vBjcmrfbomif@ nrfbeef vBjpM;

wmif;vlvmB@okefbvBjcOf u.yfjwmif; [Awf;omifjumef[kefjrkef;nefnrfbcOfjwmif;umef nrfbeef

nefwkrfUwdlOfUawMbodkifbOFwfv.rfUqdlOf;eefU {jzljrD; ykefjz.ef;cOfayM;vBj=Uq.rf; nefyAefeifb

wmif;umef/73

72 Ibid.73 Ibid. Section I, chapter 8.18.


46

umefeyfUomifj v.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfUqefUqdkifjrdlif; - wDjvdefumefeyfUomifj v.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfUqefUqdkifjrdlif; - wDjvdef

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wMbwFef;wmifumefzkufbo.rfjeMjvdefclqdlef;/

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omifjv.ifjodkifb OFwfUv.rfUqdkifjrdlif;vmwfjOMj auMy.ifumefeefU yAefwlOf,mifbvD v.ifjnefqkrf;ZmBbvlify.

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omifj ayMbvoDbodkifbOFwfUv.rfU/74

zFefumefwlifUedkifymB;y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqdkifjrdlif;zFefumefwlifUedkifymB;y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqdkifjrdlif;(The Nati onal Biodiversity (The Nati onal Biodiversity

Strategic Acti on Plan)Strategic Acti on Plan)- wDjvdef- wDjvdef

,kuf;,mifby.ufjvdkef;okwf;c.if zFefumefwlifUedkifymB;y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqdkifjrdlif;

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eB/

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v.rfU/

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eefU/

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wlOfwFef;vlify.if@qdkifjtvj qkrf;ZmBbwmifbqdlOf;/

6U nOfumefeyfUomifjz.ef;[email protected]; egf;clif;umefygfUyM;wDjvdef/

7U vAyfj[Aef;v.ifjyMb[mwfbomB;tvj v.ifjvFif@omifjoOf;v.Bao {j=UOMj wDjvgferfUqmif@xlrfj?

wDjvgfvdef qmif@xkufbclifudefqdlOf;eBUyAefwlefj/

74 “Myanmar National Environmental Performance Assessment Report.”


47

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48

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an;oD;,ef;qifbrD;v.ifjwFef;uM@vlUokrf;yefulef;egf;wlifb/


49

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50

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54

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• auMy.ifumef ZmBbygfUyM;okdifbOFwfUv.rfUqkdifjrldif;

75 “The Myanmar Mines Law,” ed. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (1994)76 “Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.”


55

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56

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77 “Agenda 21: The United Nations programme of Action from Rio.” Sectoin II, chapter 11.3.78 Ibid. Annex III (Forest Principles)


58

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59

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79 “Natural Aspects of Sustainable Development in Myanmar.”


61

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80 “The Protection of Wildlife and Conservation of Natural Areas Law.”81 National League for Democracy, “Analysis of the Economy,” http://www.burmapartnership.org/2011/01/economic-

analysis-and-vision-of-the-nld/.


62

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82 Le Le Thein and U Than Naing, “Ministry of Forestry, the Union of Myanmar,” in Combined Safeguards and Subregional Capacity-Building Workshop on ERDD-plus (Singapore:2011)

83 Thu, “National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan Myanmar.”84 Group, “Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies.”


63

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85 Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, “Green Development Initative in Myanmar.”86 Group, “Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies.”87 National Commission for Environmental Affairs, “Fourth Natoinal Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological

Diverstiy.”


64

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rdlif;vmOf;? rdlif;rav;oD;,gf;? rdlif;Zdvf;vdyfjydef;? rdlif;odif@uylOf;? rdlif;xB;tvj rdlif;OFwfUerf;/

88 Htun, “Myanmar Forestry Outlook Study.”


65

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uefqdlOf;eBU,OfU/89

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vlify.if@qdkifj aw,mifjq.rf;cufUw.ef@[MjcufUyMjwgfjeBU egf;cmOf;,mrf;[MjyD@ q.rf;eifbvBjwrf;Omif;

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5U rD;umefeyfUomifjz.ef;[email protected];umefyMbrBU/

6U wDjvgfrD;v.ifjcgmif;yef[gfjwFyf;rBUeefUauMj zdlOfbawwFyf;vlifugMb uM@OMjuM@yAefeefUwMUwdkuf;

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7U clif@omifjtvjqgfUwdkOf; rmBclwfUqdkifjrdlif;wDjumefwFyf;rBU/

89 Burma Rivers Network, “Burma Rivers Network Welcomes Nld’s Concerns About Nationwide Impacts of Myitsone Dam,” http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/actions/press-releases/23-press-releases/500--burma-rivers-network-welcomes-nlds-concerns-about-nationwide-impacts-ofmyitsone-dam.html.


66

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umefemrf;omifjv.ifj[kefjrkef;cAOfqdif;umefemrf;omifjv.ifj[kefjrkef;cAOfqdif;(The Green Development Initi ati ve)(The Green Development Initi ati ve)

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vlify.if@qdkifjwdkufUvkwfj[mrf;OBUydkefU=U? clOf;iOfjwdkef; tvj vrfUuwfUwMb[Awf;omifj,lb/90

90 Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, “Green Development Initative in Myanmar.”


67

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68

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91 Asian Development Bank, “National Redd+Strategies inAsia and the Pacifi c: Progress and Challenges,” (Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank, 2010).


69

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ef;[email protected]/92

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92 “Forests,” in OP 4.36, ed. World Bank (2002)93 “Myanmar,” Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/countries/55528/ en/mmr/.


70

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vlify.ifqdkifjrdlif;rmef@ qgfUwdkOf;ayMbvoDbeBU vlpfj[kefjrkef;[email protected]/

,OfUauMj yef{j qOfj[B@qOfjeM;cOf qgfUwdkOf;[email protected] ymB;[email protected]/ orfUxFifj

[kefjrkef;qgfUwdkOf;qdlOfUZef; wlefjvmufbvmBtvj ydkef@yeferfUwMbogmif;/

94 Group, “Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies.”


74

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umefzkufbo.rfjumefzkufbo.rfj

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wDjvdefzkufbo.rfjc.ifqdkifjrdlif;r.ufj 10% eB/ urfjerferf yAefwDjqdlOf;oefv.B/95 v.ifj=OfeyfUulef;cdkefj

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n.efuefomifjwef;[Aif;nkyfbilOf;ilyfUiDUuef nef yAef=rfjvAOfuefwDjegf;cAifb[mefU nefumBbvlpfjul@

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egf;cmOf;wmif;[MjyD@eB ,OfU/

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wDjvdefnef rD;[email protected] wDjvdefnefvBjrBjqgfeefU nrfbvBjxkufb

[email protected]/

2U udkwf;,dkwf; umefqgfUwdkOf;wDjvdeftvj umefzkufbo.rfjnefnrfbrD;v.ifjrefjudkrf;qdlOf;awem

rf;olbql; v.ifj vlUvFOfyMbrBU? v.ifjvlUvFOfvdeftvj qdlOf;aw{jyAefymif[mwfbomB;ugMb/

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vlefUvdlOf tvj a[UuifjvBjv.ifjOlpfj[ifjerfUwif;vdef/

95 “Myanmar National Environmental Performacne Assessment Report.”96 Thu, “National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan Myanmar.”97 Burma Rivers Network, “Burma Rivers Network Welcomes Nld’s Concerns About Nationwide Impacts of Myitsone

Dam.”


75

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wmifbqdlOf;/

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omifjZmBb tvj clif;umefumefzkufbo.rfjwif;auMbumBbydkefUxmef/

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owf;nefrefj udkrf;/

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,.ifj[yfU+if; v.ifjwdkOf;vmB;q.rf;Zdifjwdkef;yAef/

ayMbvoDbwmifbqdlOf; nefumBbvlpfjumefzkufbo.rfjayMbvoDbwmifbqdlOf; nefumBbvlpfjumefzkufbo.rfj

qOfjeM;cOfawvBjzkufbcOfjn.ufbuM@[dkOfnefOMjeefU vlify.ifqdkifjrD;vuf;umefruf;cmef;OBU/

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cOfj[gfjn.ufbvBjqdlifUeifbruf;cmef; rM;yefeefUqdkif vBjokrf;wDjvdefcOf/ aonrfbuM; rD;v.ifjvmB;imef;

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p.yf;ugMbcMwlOf,lb,OfU/99

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wDbtqvf@/ wMb[gfjayM;xdkifcefjw.ef@eifbvmwfj rM; eefU wlefjref;,gf; awvBjzkufb[gfj[dkif[MyD@ nrfb

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v.if;OMj q.ifbwlefjref;,gf;awqmif@[Awf;n.ufb vBj,dlOfbZB;omBqgf {jyAeferfU w.ef;,lb[dkOfeB,OfU/

vlify.if@qdkifj OBUwMj,dlif;okif[Fif;eMbnM;vM; xdkifwDjnrfbqmif@,mifjxdkifvBj,lb,OfU/

,dlif;nmef;twU wif;qdkifjrdlif;awvBjzkufbwlefjref;,gf; yFwfbvmefUanbuMU/ egf;eefU =rf@

OMjwmif;ugmifj aq@rdlif;rD;uM@[dkOf tvj wDjvdefawvDawMbumefzkufbwlefjref;,gf;[dkOf nrfbxkufbauMj,OfU

a,jaq@rdlif;nrfbeef a,jaq@wdlif; awvBjzkufb 500b000 anbuMU/100 wlOf,mifbv.ifjnefayMb

98 _______, “Save Burma’s Rivers.”99 Sein Htay et al., “The Impact of the Confi scation of Land, Labour, Capital Assets and Forced Relocation in Burma by

the Military Regime.”100 “Overview of Land Confi scation in Arakan State,” (Mae Sod, Thailand: All Arakan Students’ and Youths’ Congress,

2012)


76

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vBjzkufbwlefjref;,gf;ugMbwMbr.ufj 17% xdkif 20% eifb[dkOfawxdkifvBjwMj,dlif;nmef;/ wMbzkufbwlefj

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cOfjwMbulef;egf;wlifb/ wMb[gfjxdkifwMb,dlif; nmef;c.ifvlify.if@qdkifjeefUumef ,dkwf;wDjvdeftvj umefwAuf;

qgfU[Fif;vmB@auMjvBjrD;rM;wif;erfvmB/ qOfj[B@qOfjeM; qdlOf;nrfbzkufbo.rfjvBjwlefj rmufbref;,gf;

q.rf;eifbruf;cmef;rM;eefUqdkif orfUvBjxkufbwDUp.yf;? xkufbuAyf;idkef;vmB@? tvjxkufbwmif;v.ufbidlwfj/101

ayMbvoDbnefeBU wdkef;OMjomefcwf; ydlifiOfjydkefUc.if v.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf; nefomifjOBUegf; cyfUrmBumef

21 tvj wmifbwDjwmifbvFef@/ ayMbvoDbeBU wdkuf;olef;[gfjqgfUwdkOf; vmBumefzkufbo.rfj nefnrfbimrfjrFefj

awMbZdifjZMUegf; wlifb/ ndufbomif@awMb wlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmB vlpfjzkufbo.rfjwlefjZef;vAOf uM@wDjvFef@

ugmifjvM;/ orfU,if;omif@ awMb rlbrkufUzlifulef;egf;wlifbwmifbxFifj/ aonrfbuM; ayMbvoDbeefU

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,lifUomifjvlify.if@qkdifjrldif;rmef@ nefuAOfbvlpfjumefzkufbo.rfj,lifUomifjvlify.if@qkdifjrldif;rmef@ nefuAOfbvlpfjumefzkufbo.rfj

• z.if;vlifZmBumefzkufbo.rfjtvjZmB

• auMemrf;omifjZmBbokdifbOFwfUv.rfUqkdifjrldif;

• auMy.ifumefZmBbygfUyM;okdifbOFwfUv.rfUqkdifjrldif;

ikdef;u.ifumif wMbumefzkufbo.rfjikdef;u.ifumif wMbumefzkufbo.rfj

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o.rftvj umefrmufjrD;nefndifumefzkufbo.rfjqldOf;eefU,lb,OfU/

101 Group, “Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies.”


77

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wlOfwFef;c.ifqkrf;qmwfjqdkifj vkrfjZMU nOfykefjz.ef;[Awf;omifj urf;odkOfj,OfU/ umefnef qkrf;auMZmBb

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udofU/102

clif;umefv.ifj[kefjrkef;qkrf;qdkifjrdlif;vkrfjZMU emrf;omifjclif;umefv.ifj[kefjrkef;ZmBbulef; uM@

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vgf,OfU/ rdlOfjOMj egf;umefimef;cOfeefU cOfjyM;OBUy.wf;w.ef@nefumBbvlpfj odkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvj clif;

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v.ifjoFefjogferfUqdlOf;eBU,OfU/103

erfUerfU

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rkef;refjukdrf;,mOf; ,dkef;? e.ufjaoeBU awcB@aeugMbyM; v.ifjacMjwluf;vlif;ul@rldif;rldif;? v.ifjrkufUqkrf;tvj

v.ifjurfUxFrfikdef;w.if;nef awrD;v.ifj=rfbirf;eldOfayMbvoDerfUc.ifrldif;rmef@/

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erfUeBU vrfbv.ifjwMb qArfulef;qArfowf; tvj wlefjrBU/ eifb[dkOfayM;awimrfjrFefjwif; wmif;

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yAif;ayM;/ orfUxFifj wMb umefzkufbo.rfjtvj wMb=if;umefqmufjauMjvlOfberfU/ ,.efUv.ifjumefogmif;

erfUaozkufbo.rfjtvj qmif@[Awf;{j rmufbcOfjwOfjerfU zdlrfUwdlOf;cdkefjrM;eyfUymufbykefj,lb/ wDjrdlif;

rmef@eBU erfUerf,lbwmefbwmefb/ ulpf;uM@ umef vBjerfUeBUref;ndifedlOfZdifjyefbwlifbr.ef@okef@/

y.ifbOMjeBU ayM;ZdifjZMUvFufjvmB@ qdlifUeifbcB@vmwfj rM;wDj [email protected] ayM;cmOf;,mrf;vFufjvmB@

rM@auMj qmif@rD;z.ef;[email protected];rmef@rM;,lbwduf; wduf;/104

102 “Myanmar.”103 United Nations Development Programme Myanmar, “The Human Development Initiative of Undp, Myanmar- Targeting

the Most Vulnerable,” (Yangon: United Nations Development Programme, 2008)104 Aquastat, “Myanmar.”


78

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79

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efvDvdlOf =rfjyM;wif;erfUqgfU wdkOf;/

• ymifwkrf@vlifnefuAOfbuyf;okefbvBjvkufjn.efbeefUauMj rdlif;rmef@vlif;vmB;rdkOf;rM;/ ymifwkrf@

eefU yAefwMb a[UuifjokefbvBjvkufjn.efbtvj [gfjvkufjn.efbvBj[yfUwdkOf;udeferfUoFefjogf/

acMjydkefjzmOfbtvj acMjumOfbvmwfjwif;erfUvmBauMj vmwfjymOfb,dkef,ef;okefbwMbvBjerfU

nrfbeef wmif;vlOfbwMbawygfUyM;clOf;iOfjwdkef;erfU,lb/ acMjydkef@]zmOfbow.ufU=rf;}(Stockholm

Declarati on)umOfbvmwfjOMj clOf;iOfjwdkef;erfU edlOfvlufjvkrfjZMUeBU wdkef;awvBjxkufba[UuifjOBU

yefvkufjvmefrdlOfjeMj? egf;,mrf;eifbeef zFefumefwlifUedkif nefvkufUwDj ymifwkrf@erfU ]rM@wD@vM@

yvM@xM@ qkrf;qmwfjqdkifjvkrfjZMU(The United Nati ons Mar de la Plata Water Conference)

tvj acMjumOfbvmwfjnefvkufUwDjymifwkrf@wyf@vdef@(Dublin Conference) uAOfbuyf; v.ifjerfUwif;

v.ifjcdkefj,gfb rkef;vFif;refjudkrf;eefUorfU,dkef,efOMj umefydkef@yeferfU udef oFefjogfeBU yAefokef

bvBjokefbyAefulef;eB,OfU/

qkrf;auMwmif;udef,FrfUwif;v.ifjzkufbo.rfjc.ifqkrf;qmwfjqdkifjvkrfjZMU(FAO)twUvmwfjOMj

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wdkef;erfU} nefawwdlOf;rD; wmif;xdkif wDj wMbqwf;umefiOfjwdkef;erfUqdkifjrdlif; eifb[kdOfayM;awrD;

wmif;refjudkrf;/ nefvrfbv.ifjtwU ayM;uAOfbuyf;vlpfj umefqwf; umeferfUrM;qdkif vlify.if@qdkifjxkufb

vDwrf;Omif;yefxmefjimef;tvj ykefjz.ef;c.if ZmBbz.if;wmifvlify.if@ qdkifjul@ZmBZmBb{jwFwfjwFwfj/105

cyfUrmBumef 21tvj ymB;y.ifumefv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;qefUqdkifjrdlif; -wDjv.ifjerfUcyfUrmBumef 21tvj ymB;y.ifumefv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjudkrf;qefUqdkifjrdlif; -wDjv.ifjerfU

egf;cyfUrmBumef 21 eef cOfjyM;OBUacMjumOfbvmwfjnefedlifjOMj ulef;wif;vmB rD;okefbwMb awvBj

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rfbrFefjwif;wmif;vlOfbydkefU xmef? tvj wmif;erfauMjawvBjimrfbrFefjwif;wmif;vlOfbydkefUxmef/106

105 Aquastat, “Myanmar.”106 Cassar, Nemes, and Scanlon, “Water as Human Right?.”


80

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vmBvdliftzj tvj ydkefUwDjvrfbv.ifj wMbumefvM@yM/ yMbrBUwlefjulif;umif; (mangrove) xkufbvDOBU

yAefokefbn.ef/ vlify.if@qdkifjxkufbvD[Awf;omifjv.ifj umefukrf;ugmef; v.ifjvdefclifudefao vBjugMbyAefauMb

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[ifjZmifbymifbvmBb[dkOfeB,OfU/

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qkifqefemif;,dif;? ulef;egf;wlifb? tvj qkrf;ulef; qmOf;cdlOf;cOfcOfjyM;q.rf;/107 cyfUrmBumef 21 ,if;

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,lb/ qdlOf;eefUqrf;

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omif@wlifbulef; nefuyf;umBbwif;v.ifjerfUxlrfj tvj v.ifjZMUvFifj/ ,OfUauMj [Awf;omifj

eifb[dkOfaw,.rf;vBjacMjoAifb tvj z.ef;odkyfbqdlOf;eifbuM@OMjrM;/

• ,kufUrkef;v.ifjvdlrfjvBoFefjogf?

• aoMbolef; v.ifjqgfUwdkOf;erfU {jrD;wmif;udkifbimrfb?

107 “Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio.”108 Ibid. Section II, chapter 17.81.


81

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• w.efjwMbclif;umef umef[kefjrkef; iOfjwdkef;erfUeefUwkuf;[gfjrD; umefeyfUomifjz.ef;odkyfb

omif@odkifbOFwfU v.rfU/

• ukrf;ugmef;v.ifjOlpfj[ifj? tvj {julef;qdlOf;[Awf;v.ifjOlpfb[ifjcOfjomBjwFef;yefuM@yef[lOf/

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ayMbvoDbv.ifj wDjvdef/

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efrmufjrD;nefwkrfUwdlOfUawMb erfU/109

Rio 20 vFyfjawyuf;qgfedlOfv.ifjerfUoFyfj/ okefbvBjokefbyAef[gfjvBjrD;erfU wMbudefeefU

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• {jarMqgfUwdkOf;erfUudkifbudkifbimrfbimrfb/

• OmB;aoomifjclif;umef v.ifjogmif;erfU,OfUeef {jeyfUomifjz.ef;[email protected]?

,OfUauMj

109 Ibid.


82

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umefeyfUomifjz.ef;[email protected] xkufbvD[Awf; u.efbeMj yBbtwbclif;umefeefU,OfU/

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wdlOf;cFrfUusMU/ vdlOfaoeBU nrfbuM; clif;umefqefUqdkifjrdlif; nefyAefwMb umef[kefjrkef;v.ifjumefogmif;

erfUtvj umefurfUxFrfyeferfUql;Omefj e.ufjq.ufUxdlefbauMj rD;,lb/110

qkrf;emrf;omifjtrjerfUc.if qkrf;emrf;omifjtrjerfUc.if

rdlOfjyD@ 1995 eefU vlify.if@qdkifjrdlif; urfbylOf;wD;,M;? rdlif;vmOf;? rdlif;xB;tvj rdlif;OFwfUerf;

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qdlOf;trjerfUc.if/111 rdlOfj vAOf z.rfUrdlOfjuefrdlif;tcbao rdlif;rmef@nkyfbukrfwif; qkrf;emrf;omifjeefU,lb/

acMjwluf;vlif;nefeBU nrfb[Awf; {jrdlif;rmef@wlifUedkifnDjoifrM;/

ymifwkrf@\rf@oM@ymifwkrf@\rf@oM@(Ramsar)(Ramsar) uAOfbuyf;ydkefUwDj,dkuf;,rf; uAOfbuyf;ydkefUwDj,dkuf;,rf;

ymifwkrf@\rf@oM@ uAOfbuyf;ydkefUwDj,dkuf;,rf;eefU wkuf;,.ef;[gfjzljvlif;vmB;rdkOf;ul@auMU wDjanb

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rdlif;eefU wdkef;awvBjy.ifb aeql;ymifwkrf@/ ydkefUwDj,dkuf;,rf; nefnrfbvBjxkufbwmif;ruf;refj

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vlify.if@qdkifjrdlif;zgfrdlif;ref;[email protected][dkOfqmif@xFrfydkefU wDj,dkuf;,rf;egf;oAefjrmBqdkOfjydkefUwDj,dkuf;

,rf;wMbygfUyM;eefU,lb/ ulpf;eMb vlify.if@qdkifjwdkef;awvBjvmwfj ae ymifwkrf@vlif v.ifjcOf[Awf;omifj

nDjoifeB,lb,OfU/ ,lbwDjymifwkrf@vlifao qmif@yefacMj[efxdkifql;vlify.if@qdkifj wif;vmB uAOfbuyf;

110 “Natural Aspects of Sustainable Development in Myanmar.”111 Aquastat, “Myanmar.”


83

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(Moyingyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary) ao rD;,lb 256 [Fuf@wgfb/113

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efbyM; v.ifjvlUvFOf umefurfUxFrf erfUc.ifrdlif;rmef@ nefyAefrM;,.efUu.yfj [email protected]/

ydlifvlifref; umefeyfUomifjv.ifj wlifUedkif nefuAOfbvlpfjodkifbOFwfUv.rfU ulpf;yuf;qgfedlOfumefzdlrfUxF

rfcdkefj v.ifjvdliftzjerfU wMbogmif;eM; {jvBjcOfjudkef; u.pf;/ ,OfUauMj vmwfjOMj ]wifjtwb 1988

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[yfUerfUudefauMjcdkefj,gfbrM;/ ydlifvlifref; q.rf;[email protected];ymifeefU,OfU/ umefvBj[yfUwdkOf;

eefU egf;yD@ 1995 tvj 2003 eefU vkufUwDj 50% aovBjxdkifrM; 78% / v.ifjc.ifjcrf nefudkrf;

+rf;vlpfj wMj,dlif;c.if v.ifj[kefj rkef;eefHauMj umefeyfUomifj v.ifjwlifUedkifnefuAOfbvlpfjodkifbOFwfU

v.rfUe.rf;vmwfj,lb/ rdlefqdlifUeifbOMj umefomifj=if;ZB;ZMUerfU qmif@emrf;olbql;v.ifja[U[rfjwmif;

v.if@vBerfUao nrfbuM;vFef@wDj [lif;ZB;ZMUerfUeefU [email protected];/ ,OfUorfU ayM;

umefvM@yMerfauMj qmif@[Awf;{jwlefjrBUulif; umif;,.rf;vlif;,lb,OfU/ umefeyfUomifjv.ifjwlifUedkifnef

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qmif;yAefoifvmBvmBeB,OfU/114

zFefumefwlifUedkif ymB;y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqefUqdkifjrdlif; - erfUzFefumefwlifUedkif ymB;y.ifumefv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmBqefUqdkifjrdlif; - erfU

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yMjwgfjeBU egf;cmOf;wmif;[MjyD@eifbvBjOmif; zFefrM;eefU,lb/

112 “Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (as Amended in 1982 and 1987),” ed. Scientifi c United Nations Educational, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (Paris: 1994)

113 “The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List),” (Gland, Switzerland: Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands, 2011).

114 Ibid


84

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85

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• z.if;vlifZmBbumefzkufbo.rfjtvjZmB

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86

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87

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88

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w.efjwMj umefeyfUomifj v.ifjokdifbOFwfUv.rfU? rkufUqkrf;tvj qkrf;ZmBbvlify.if@qkdifj qldOf;nefnOfykefjz.

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101

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okdifbOFwfUv.rfU tvj rlbrkufUzkif ulef;egf;wlifb/

ayMbvoDbv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmayMbvoDbv.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmB - rmBrDj (nrfbeef) ayMbvoDbnefrgfbeefU q.ifbo.efbcBjqgfogfb

yM; v.ifjwDjvdef a[Uuifj[kdOf? rmBrDj (nrfbeef) ayMbvoDbeefU yAefwMba[Uuifj qmOf;Zef;

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ayMbvoDbv.ifjwDjvdefayMbvoDbv.ifjwDjvdef - rmBrDj (nrfbeef) ayMbvoDb v.ifjwDjvdefeefU ymB;aeOBU v.ifjumefyA

efqOfjc.ifcdefj wDjvdef (nrfbeef) umefygfUyM;wDjvdefqldifUeifb[dkOfOBU/ (nrfbeefauMj)

uAOfbuyf;vlpffjeBUao rD;z.ef;zmwfjao qldOfUaov.ifOBU,lb[MU? rmBrDj (nrfbeef) ayMbvoDeefU

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102

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wkdef;yMbrBU[kdOf/

ayMbvoDbumefzkufbo.rfjayMbvoDbumefzkufbo.rfj - q.ifbrmBrDjrgfbeefU rD;umefumOfbvmwfjxdkifv.ifjumefwDjzAOfjzkufbo.rfj

[dkOf/ q.ifb rmBrDjeefU vlOfb{j ayMbvoDbumefzkufbo.rfjeyfUo.efbcBjqgfawMbodkifbOFwfUv.rfU[kdOfOf/

q.ifbrmBrDjeefUcOfjyM; oAefjemrf;aoqdlOfU aonefwMbumefzkufbo.rfj[dkOf? rmBrDjeefU awrD;

z.ef;awMb qOfj[B@qOfjeM;n.efbtvj umefrmufjrD;[B@eM;qldifUeifb [dkOf/

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q.ifborfUu.ifUumBbvlpfjwif; umefygfUyM;erfU,lb [dkOf? q.ifbrmBrDjeefU vmwfjv.ifjumefqgfUwdkOf;erfU

aoogmif;vlefUogfb[dkOf? q.ifbrmBrDjwkuf;{jrD;umefygfUyM;vkrf;=OferfU wif;oAifjwif;rlwf;[dkOf/

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rkef;refjukdrf;,mOf;,dkef; [kdOf/

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rf;/

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103

ruf;refj,lb,OfU/117 wFef;z.if;rldif;=rfjwkrf@auMj wdkufUnkyfbukrfuefykefjwMb awvFufjvmB@ rmB

rDjnefwmifbxkdifql;eefUOBU,lb/118

,kuf;,mifbrmBrDjvlify.if@qkdifjeefU yAefwmif;urfUxFrfawMb ymB;rmufjrD;cAOfqdif;/ yldifymB;rmufjrD;

cAOfqdif;eefU ogfbyM;OBU [email protected]@uefc.if umef[kefjrkef;OBU,lb/ vmwfjOMjtwU ayM;omifjclif;umefv.

ifj[kefjrkef;rM;qkdif aw{jyAefclif;umef nefwkrfUwldOfUawMbokdifbOFwfUv.rfUanbwDjokwf;eBU,OfU/

,OfUauMj awvlv.rfygfUwlpf;yM;q.rf; umef[Awf;omifjclif; umefv.ifj[kefjrkef;eBugMb,lb,OfU/

eifb[kdOfawyAef;rmBrDjnefygfUyM;okdifbOFwfUv.rfU{jxkdifwDjeefU awvBjqgfUwkdOf;oAefjemrf;aewif;

oAifjwif;rlwf;(nD@ nmB@an@? v.ifjwlOfrD;qgfvmufbvmB? v.ifjwDjvdef? v.ifjyMbrBU? v.ifjumefzkufb

o.rfj? v.ifjvFif@[Fif;? v.ifjumefrmufjrD;) {jwArfwArfxlefjxlefj,OfU/

,llifUomifjvlify.if@qkdifjrmef@ wMbumefolef;[email protected][kefjrkef;refjukdrf;,llifUomifjvlify.if@qkdifjrmef@ wMbumefolef;[email protected][kefjrkef;refjukdrf;

,mOf;,kdef;,mOf;,kdef;(Key Burmese Government Structures for Sustainable Development Advocacy)(Key Burmese Government Structures for Sustainable Development Advocacy)

wMbumefomifj v.ifj[kefjrkef;refjukdrf;,mOf;,kdef;eefU wMbumefwFrfjyldifrDj wMbaeerfUaewlOf

umef[kefj rkef;refjukdrf;,mOf;,kdef;[email protected]@ cOfjyM;OBU ,lifUomifjvlify.if@qkdifjrldif;rmef@ nrfbeef

qkrf;ZmBbz.if;vlif vlify.if@qkdifjrldif;rmef@ wDjanbokwf;ref;eldifjqkrf;ZmBb (nrfbeef) cOfjyM;wif;

erfwif;vmB,lb,OfU/

w.ef@eBU yAefv.ifjz.ef;,.efjc.if qkrf;ZmBbz.if;vlif vlify.if@qkdifjtvj ayMbvoDbvlify.if@qkdifj

nefrD;eldOf clif;umef umefomifjv.ifj[kefjrkef;refjukdrf;,mOf;,kdef;/ awymB;aeugMb qkrf;ZmBbnefvgfnefeefU

ao,OfU qifbaw ymB;aeoAefjqkdOfj z.ef;,.efjnefqkrf;ZmBbqldOf;eefU rD;eldOfclif;umefv.ifj[kefjrkef;

refjukdrf;,mOf;,kdef;/

auMemrf;omifj qefUqdkifjrdlif; ZmBbv.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfauMemrf;omifj qefUqdkifjrdlif; ZmBbv.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rf

auMemrf;omifjqdkifjrdlif;ZmBbv.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfU(Nati onal Comission for Environmental

Aff airs-NCEA)eBU [Awf;umefomifjayMbvoDbrdlif;rmef@ wDjv.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvj wDjv.ifjumefqgfUwdkOf;

clOf;iOfjwdkef;/ ,OfUauMj ukrf;ugmef;wmif; Olpfb[ifjvlpfjqgfUwdkOf;rmBrDjtvj [Fif;nD;rmBrDj/ orfUxFifj

yefydkefU=Uulef;rdlif;wDjv.ifjwmif;nef uAOfbuyf;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvj [lrfjomefjrdkOf;[Awf;omifjq.rf; qkrf;ul@

117 Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, “Green Development Initiative in Myanmar.”118 Earth Rights Internationl, “The Human Cost of Energy: Chevron’s Continuing Role in Financing Oppression and

Profi ting from Human Rights Abuses in Military-Ruled Burma,” (2008).


104

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[Awf;umefvBj wDjv.ifjodifbOFwfUv.rfU/

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ayM;eBqdkif ,.efUOMj qkrf;eBUemrf;vlpfjckefz.if;ZmBbyMbrBU? ulpf;uM@ orfUomifbawMbwMbv.ifjumef[kefj

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v.ifjodkifbOFwfUv.rfUeBU ayM;uAOfbuyf;v.ifjodkifbOFwfU v.rfUqefUegf;wlifbqdkif [Fif;y.if@cOfrD;wmif;ruf;cmef;eMb/

ayM;qdlifUeefqdkif wDjv.ifjqdlifUeBqrf; auMy.ifumefZmBbygfU yM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUqdkifjrdlif;eBU wdlOf;qmif@

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rdlif;eBU rD;auMy.ifumefvmBvmBauMwMb awq.rf;wlpf;ydkefUwDjtvj yuf;yldifvFif@omifjoOf;vmBvmBwDj

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awyM;OBUC

• umefa[U[rfj v.ifjvdefvlUvFOfnefyAefrM;u.yfjerfUtvj v.ifjvdefclifudef(qArfu.yfjZdifjwdkef;

yAeftvj wmif;[Awf;omifjulef;)


105

• ukrf;ugmef;v.ifj,MUvlUyMbrBUtvj ygfUyM;=OferfU /

• qDUqFifjv.ifjvlUvFOfodkifbOFwfUv.rfU nefyAefrM;u.yfjv.ifj[Awf;[B@vdkrf;tvj ZB;yMbrBU

• a[U[rfjumefomifj nefawqmif@a[UerfUvB qdlOf;yAefrM;,.efUumefwFyf;rBUnrfbcOfj ydlifYwM;

tvj umef ckwf;t[@/ =rfjOMj v.ifja[UerfUvBjeefU awwkrfUwdlOfUawMb odkifbOFwfUv.rfUegf;

wlifb tvj aw[Awf; {jrD;v.ifjerfUxlrfjeBUauMj ulpf;awa[U=rfjrdlOf;,mrf;nef a[UerfU

eefUrD;wmif;wkrfUwdlOfUZmB tvj =if; ZB;ZMU[Fif;[email protected];/

auMy.ifumefZmBbygfUyM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUqdkifjrdlif; rD;[Fif;,gfbugmifj wMbaw[Awf;omifjwlifUedkif nefuAOfb

uyf;wif; umefa[Uuifjtvj umefygfUyM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfU/119

z.if;vlifZmBbygfUyM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvjyMbrBUz.if;vlifZmBbygfUyM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvjyMbrBU

z.if;vlifZmBbygfUyM;odkifbOFwfUv.rfUtvjyMbrBU (nef,mrfjyAefrM; z.if;vlifZmBbyMbrBUu.pf;eefU)

vBjvlifjeMj [Awf;umefvyfUv.if; clif;umefwmif;[kefjrkef;tvj wmif;[Awf;omifjnefuAOfb uyf;umefrmufjrD;

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