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The Global Programme of Action

• Preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land based activities + physical alteration and destruction of habitats.

• Links freshwater, coastal and marine environments.

• Global + regional + national approach.

• Non-binding agreement, adopted in 1995 by 108 States and the European Commission.

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80% of all marine pollution

comes from land-based activities!

The Need for the GPA

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Insert Page Content HereWhy Focus on Marine and Coastal

Areas?The sustainable use of coastal and ocean

resources is linked to public health, food security, and economic and social benefits, including cultural values and traditional livelihoods.

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Insert Page Content HereWhy Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas?

• Nearly half of the global population resides in coastal areas

• 2/3rd of the world’s cities are coastal

• Goods and services provided by marine coastal ecosystems are worth US $ 13 trillion per annum, which

equals to half of the annual global GDP

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Insert Page Content HereContribution of Coastal

Resources in Global GDP

Open ocean25%

Terrestrial38%

Estuaries12%

Coastal38%

Seagrass/ algae beds

11%

Coral reefs 1%

Shelf13%

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Insert Page Content HereThe Core of the GPA

• GPA is a source of conceptual and practical guidance,

• specifies action required at national level, and advocates regional and international cooperation,

• recommends approaches by source category:

Sewage Heavy Metals Litter

Nutrients POP’s Sediment mobilisation

Radioactive Oils Physical alteration &

substances (hydrocarbons) destruction of habitats

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Insert Page Content HereGPA Programmes

• National Programmes of Action (NPA)

• Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater (SAP)

• Physical Alterations and Destruction of Habitats (PADH)

• Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM)

• Innovative Financing

Overall Focus: Overall Focus: “from Planning to “from Planning to Action”Action”

Implementation through NPAs and the UNEP Regional Seas Programme:18 Regional Seas, covering 140 countries +++ binding conventions +++

Second Intergovernmental Review

of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based

Sources of Pollution

Beijing, 16-20 October 2006

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Insert Page Content HereReporting to IGR-2

The State of the Coastal & Marine Environment Trends and Processes

A global analysis describing progress in addressing the GPA source categories, based on a number of regional workshops,

D S P I R

using existing global assessments, like GESAMP, GEO, GIWA,WWDR, GMA, etc., also regional/national reports and literature

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Insert Page Content HereObservations

domestic wastewater dischargesnutrients

- scattered data- no consistent monitoring networks at regional level- no adequate time series- many project level initiatives,

often having diverging objectives and/or indicators

- monitoring as part of a management cyclusvarious scales in space and time, aggregation levels

- not all data are acknowledged by national government

Need for harmonisation !

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Insert Page Content HereInformation needs MWW <> GPA

- Sewage is a primary source category polluting coastal waters as listed in the GPA & as identified by most Regional Seas

- Various Regional Seas have protocols addressing MWW, and need to report accordingly

- MWW is regarded a dimension of MDG - target 10 on W&S, and is being reported in the JMP on W&S

However-Connection & treatment are often reported as national data, not RS-RS focal point & ministries are often not the same as those for W&S-Difficult to disaggregate nationally reported data, both for coastalregions and river basins-Alternative technologies often not included (e.g. ecological sanitation)

Wastewater in UNEP/Regional Seas

% wastewater reaching fresh / coastal waters untreated

53

10 14

6050

8089 85 83 86

0

20

40

60

80

100

Collection, treatment, re-use and re-allocation to theenvironment are important aspects to consider

Addressing Water and Sanitation is not restrictedto ‘taps and toilets’

Percentage of populationusing improved sanitation

Less than 50%50 - 75%76 - 90%91 - 100%missing data

Sanitation coverage, 2002

Improved Sanitation: Status in 2002Improved Sanitation: Status in 200258% coverage, 2.6 bn people without access58% coverage, 2.6 bn people without access

Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: Mid-term Assessment of ProgressMid-term Assessment of ProgressWHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004

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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients

- Discharges of untreated sewage are supposed to affect Human Health, Biodiversity & Ecosystem functioning, economic Sectors e.g. fisheries, tourism,… in coastal waters & oceans > assessments of impacts attributable to sewage

> economic valuation of goods & services

- Growing awareness of importance of nutrients (incl. sewage, agriculture, sediments, dust, natural run off, atmospheric dep.) > regional differentiation in management approaches

> no global policy mechanism addressing nutrients

-There are extensive reporting mechanisms on nutrients (N,P), Mainly load based data, based on national emissions per sector, pathway modeling, and, to a lesser extent coupled with water quality models

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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients

However:

-Such data are of poor quality in many developing countries if they at all exist

-Emission reduction scenario’s are often in-country oriented, sometimes river basin oriented, but often not taking into account: trans-boundary cumulative effects, coastal regions characteristics (100 km, <50 m)

aggregating at the level of regional seas - Example Baltic Sea ecologically limiting factors

- P/N ratio’s, and Si; Fe resilience, nutrient scarce systems

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Visit the new UNEP/GPA Coordination Office

Website

www.gpa.unep.org