Insect Orders to Know for Master Gardeners
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Transcript of Insect Orders to Know for Master Gardeners
![Page 1: Insect Orders to Know for Master Gardeners](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103000/5550004cb4c90579108b5211/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Entomology Crash Course for Master Gardeners
Dr. Ayanava MajumdarExtension Entomologist
Alabama Cooperative Extension SystemGulf Coast Research & Extension Center
8300 State Hwy 104, Fairhope, Alabama 36532Cell phone: 251-331-8416
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Entomology Crash Course for
Master Gardeners
Objectives & course lay-out:
• Techniques for basic insect identification
• Practical ways of scouting
• Use of monitoring devices
• Use of trap crops for sustainable veg. prod.
• Discussion on new invasive insects
All presentations will be available on CD or website.
…with emphasis on vegetable production
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IMPORTANT INSECT PEST ORDERS
Dr. Ayanava Majumdar
Extension Entomologist
Alabama Cooperative Extension System
Gulf Coast Research & Extension Center
8300 State Hwy 104, Fairhope, Alabama 36532
Cell phone: 251-331-8416
PART 1
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Fun Facts• Insects have been around for at least 350 million
years
• Over 900,000 described species
– U.S. has about 91,000 described species
– Less than 1% of these are considered pests
• Four largest insect orders: beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), ants (Hymenoptera), moths (Lepidoptera)
• In the typical backyard there are >1000 insects at any given time
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– have exoskeletons, segmented bodies and jointed appendages
– exoskeleton must be shed periodically
• Insects:
– Three body regions (head, thorax and abdomen)
– Six legs
• Arachnids (spiders, mites, ticks):
– Two body regions (head and abdomen)
– Adults have eight legs
Insects and Their Relatives (Arthropods)
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• Insects need to shed (molt) their skin (exoskeleton) and produce a new larger one in order to grow.
• The period between molts is called an instar.
• Most insect life cycle consist of between 4 and 8 instars before they become an adult and stop growing.
Insect Growth
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• Insects can drastically change in shape and form during their growth and development. This is called metamorphosis (change in form).
• There are two forms of metamorphosis, complete and incomplete.
• The stage of development of an insect will affect way you attempt to manage that insect.
Insect Growth
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Complete Metamorphosis
•Four distinct growing stages:
–Egg- immobile–Larvae- feeding–Pupa- immobile–Adult- reproduction
• Butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, wasps, and bees.
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Young resemble adults but without wings
• No Pupal stage• Egg→nymph→ adult• True Bugs, dragonflies, grasshoppers, termites
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Coleoptera (beetles,weevils)
Mexican bean beetle
Some insect have defense markings
(click beetle)
Wireworms
Vegetable weevil
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Facts about beetles (Coleoptera)
• Characteristics: forewings are hard, hindwings are membranous, long-lived in soil, poor fliers
• Have four life stages – egg, larva (grub), pupa, adult
• Grubs have strong mouthparts & are root feeders
• Beetles (adult) are foliage/flower feeders and may transmit diseases
• Often overwinter in adult or larval stage which are tough-skinned
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Diptera (flies)
Vegetable leafminerSeedcorn maggots
Mouth hooks of maggots
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Facts about flies (Diptera)• Characteristics: very good flier
(one pair of wings), hairy body of adult, larva (maggots) hairless & reduced head, antennae small
• Have four life stages – egg, larva (maggot), pupa, adult
• Larva have mouth hooks to scrape root surface
• Adult flies feed on nectar or solids (sponging mouth type)
• Often overwinter in larval stage – tough-skinned maggots
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Hemiptera (true bugs)
Piercing-sucking mouthparts (beak)
Stink bug
Leaf-footed bug
Aphids
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Facts about true bugs (Hemiptera)
• Characteristics: triangular area on top, wings are partially hardened, antennae short
• Some are beneficial species (assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs)
• Have three life stages – egg, larva (nymph), adult
• Often overwinter in adult stage – immatures are vulnerable to predation.
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
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Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)F
all
arm
yw
orm
Granulate cutworm
Tomato hornworm
Imported cabbageworm
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Identifying larvae by structure
Thoracic legs Abdominal prolegs Anal proleg
Normal number of prolegs = 4 (cutworms, armyworms)
< Number of prolegs = 3 (green cloverworm)
Number of prolegs = 2 (cabbage looper) >>
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• Complete lifecycle – egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, adult
• Some of the adult moths are fastest fliers in insect kingdom.
• Larvae are damaging stage, adult has siphoning mouthparts for sucking nectar
• Some members have become insecticide tolerant (diamondback moth, corn earworm)
• Try controlling these pests in early stages (small larva)
Facts about moths & butterflies
Head of butterfly showing siphoning mouthparts (coiled
beak)
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Orthoptera (grasshoppers)
All you wanted to know about grasshoppers:http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/index.htm
• Short-horned grasshopper (Acrididae)• Crickets (Gryllidae)• Mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae)
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• Life stages: egg, nymph, adult
• Damage is caused by overlapping generations (nymphs + adults)
• Damage intense in dry years
• Eggs laid in clusters in soil with sharp ovipositor, food for many natural enemies
• Extremely mobile and have unique behavior patterns (e.g., infections)
Facts about grasshoppers
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Thysanoptera (thrips)
Flower thrips
Actual size = 5 mm
Tobacco thrips
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• Actual size = 5 mm, commonly seen on flowers
• Life stages: egg, larva, prepupa, pupa, adult
• Damage is caused by the rasping mouthparts
• Damage intense in dry years
• Extremely mobile, moved by storms
• Transmit diseases between plants
Facts about thrips
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Key insect orders
• Coleoptera
• Diptera
• Hemiptera
• Lepidoptera
• Orthoptera
• Thysanoptera
Questions?