Inscription on Attar’s tomb

7/31/2019 Inscription on Attars tomb

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Brief biography of Attar

Attars Mausoleum in Nishapur, Iran

Attar of Nishapur

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Attar of Nishapur

Spiritual Poet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#mw-head


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Bornc. 1145 C.E.

Nishapur

Died c. 1220 C.E.

Nishapur

Honored in Islam

Influences

Ferdowsi,Sanai,Khwaja Abdullah

Ansari,Hallaj,Abusa'id Abolkhayr,

Bayazid Bastami

InfluencedRumi,Hafiz,Jami,Nava'iand many

other later Sufi Poets

Tradition/Genre Mysticpoetry

Major work(s)Memorial of the Saints

The Conference of the Birds

Ab Hamd bin Ab Bakr Ibrhm (1145-1146 - c. 1221;Persian: ),better known by his pen-names Fard ud-Dn ( ) and Attr ( - "the perfumer"),was aPersianMuslimpoet, theoretician ofSufism, andhagiographerfromNshprwho had anabiding influence on Persian poetry andSufism.

Contents

1 Biography 2 Teachings 3 Poetry 4 Works

o 4.1 Manteq a-ayr 4.1.1 `Attar's Seven Valleys of Love in the Manteq al-Tayr

o 4.2 Tadhkerat al-Awlyao 4.3 Ilahi-Namao 4.4 Mokhtar Namao 4.5 Divan
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadhkiratul_Awliyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_Bastamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusa%27id_Abolkhayrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur


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5 Legacyo 5.1 Influence on Rumio 5.2 As a pharmacisto 5.3 In popular culture

6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links

Biography

Information about Attar's life is rare. He is mentioned by only two of his contemporaries, Àwfi

andTusi. However, all sources confirm that he was fromNishapur, a major city of medievalKhorasan(now located in the northeast ofIran), and according to Àwfi, he was a poet of the

Seljuq period. It seems that he was not well known as a poet in his own lifetime, except at his

home town, and his greatness as a mystic, a poet, and a master of narrative was not discovereduntil the 15th century.[1]

Àttar's mausoleum inNishapur,Iran

Àttar was probably the son of a prosperous chemist, receiving an excellent education in variousfields. While his works say little else about his life, they tell us that he practiced the profession ofpharmacy and personally attended to a very large number of customers.[1]The people he helped

in the pharmacy used to confide their troubles in Àttar and this affected him deeply. Eventually,

he abandoned his pharmacy store and traveled widely - toBaghdad,Basra,Kufa,Mecca,Medina,Damascus,Khwarizm,Turkistan, and India, meeting with SufiShaykhs- and returned

promoting Sufi ideas.[2]
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Àttar's initiation into Sufi practices is subject to much speculation and fabrication. Of all the

famous Sufi Shaykhs supposed to have been his teachers, only one -Majd ud-Din Baghdadi-comes within the bounds of possibility. The only certainty in this regard is Àttar's own

statement that he once met him.[3]

In any case it can be taken for granted that from childhood onward Àttar, encouraged by hisfather, was interested in the Sufis and their sayings and way of life, and regarded their saints as

his spiritual guides.[4]

Àttar reached an age of over 70 and died a violent death in the massacre which theMongols

inflicted on Nishapurin April 1221.[1]

Today, hismausoleumis located in Nishapur. It was builtbyAli-Shir Nava'iin the 16th century.

Like many aspects of his life, his death, too, is blended with legends and speculation.

Teachings

A miniature painting made in the year 1472, is used to illustrate the six poems by Attar of

Nishapur.

The thought-world depicted in Àttar's works reflects the whole evolution of the Sufi movement.The starting point is the idea that the body-bound soul's awaited release and return to its sourcein the other world can be experienced during the present life in mystic union attainable through

inward purification.[5]In explaining his thoughts, 'Attar uses material not only from specifically

Sufi sources but also from older ascetic legacies. Although his heroes are for the most part Sufis

and ascetics, he also introduces stories from historical chronicles, collections of anecdotes, andall types of high-esteemed literature.[1]His talent for perception of deeper meanings behind

outward appearances enables him to turn details of everyday life into illustrations of histhoughts. Theidiosyncrasyof Àttar's presentations invalidates his works as sources for study of

the historical persons whom he introduces. As sources on thehagiologyandphenomenologyofSufism, however, his works have immense value.

Judging from Àttar's writings, he viewed the ancientAristotelian heritagewith skepticism and

dislike.[6][7]

Interestingly, he did not want to uncover the secrets of nature. This is particularly

remarkable in the case ofmedicine, which fell within the scope of his profession. He obviously
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majd_ud-Din_Baghdadi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majd_ud-Din_Baghdadi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majd_ud-Din_Baghdadi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoud_and_Ayaz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoud_and_Ayaz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoud_and_Ayaz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoud_and_Ayaz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majd_ud-Din_Baghdadi&action=edit&redlink=1


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had no motive for showing off his secular knowledge in the manner customary among court

panegyrists, whose type of poetry he despised and never practiced. Such knowledge is onlybrought into his works in contexts where the theme of a story touches on a branch of natural

science.

In his famous book 'Muslim saints and mystics' (Tahdkirtal Auliya), ATTAR wrote 96 episodesin Persian language and this great book's translation details in English language are as follows.

S.NO. TITLE TRANSLATORS NAME NO. OF EPISODES LANGUAGE

1. MUSLIM SAINTS AND MYSTICS A.J. ARBERRY 38 ENGLISH

2. MUSLIM SAINTS AND MYSTICS MOHAMMED ABDUL HAFEEZ 58 ENGLISH

PoetryÀttar speaks of his own poetry in various contexts including the epilogues of his long narrative

poems. He confirms the guess likely to be made by every reader that he possessed an

inexhaustible fund of thematic and verbal inspiration. He writes that when he composed hispoems, more ideas came into his mind than he could possibly use.[8]He also states that the effort

of poetical composition threw him into a state of trance in which he could not sleep.[9]

Works

The question whether all the works that have been ascribed to him are really from his pen, has

not been solved. This is due to two facts that have been observed in his works:[1]

1. There are considerable differences of style among these works.2. Some of them indicate aSunnite, and others aShia, allegiance of the author.

Classification of the various works by these two criteria yields virtually identical results. The

GermanorientalistHellmut Ritter at first thought that the problem could be explained by aspiritual evolution of the poet. He distinguished three phases of Àttar's creativity:

1. Works in whichmysticismis in perfect balance with a finished, story-teller's art.2. Works in which a pantheistic zeal gains the upper hand over literary interest.3. Works in which the aging poet idolizesImamAli ibn Abu Talibwhile there is no trace of

ordered thoughts and descriptive skills.[2]

Ritter surmised that the last phase, that of old age, was coincidental with a conversion to

Shi'ism.[10]

However, in 1941, the Persian scholar Nafisi was able to prove that the works of thethird phase in Ritter's classification were written by another Àttar who lived about two hundred

and fifty years later atMashhadand was a native of Tun.[1]

Ritter accepted this finding in the

main, but doubted whether Nafisi was right in attributing the works of the second group also to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Bashiri-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Bashiri-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Bashiri-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Bashiri-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyrist


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this `Attar of Tun. One of Ritter's arguments is that the principal figure in the second group is not

Ali, as in the third group, butHallaj, and that there is nothing in the explicit content of the secondgroup to indicate a Shia allegiance of the author. Another is the important chronological point

that a manuscript of theJawhar al-Dt, the chief work in the second group, bears the date 735A.H. (= 1334-35 AD). While `Attar of Tun's authorship of the second group is untenable, Nafisi

was certainly right in concluding that the style difference (already observed by Ritter) betweenthe works in the first group and those in the second group is too great to be explained by a

spiritual evolution of the author. The authorship of the second group remains an unsolved

problem.[1]

According toEdward G. Browne,Attaras well asRumiandSana'iwere all Sunni Muslims andtheir poetry abound with praise for the first two caliphsAbu BakrandUmar ibn al-Khattb.[11]According toAnnemarie Schimmel, the tendency amongShiaauthors to include leading

mystical poets such as Rumi and Attar among their own ranks, became stronger after the

introduction ofTwelver Shiaas the state religion in theSafavid Empirein 1501.[12]

In the introductions ofMokhtr-Nma ( ) and Khosrow-Nma ( ), Attar liststhe titles of further products of his pen:

"Manteq at-ayr" ("The Conference of the Birds")

Dvn ( ) Asrr-Nma ( ) Maqmt-e Toyr(=Manteq a-ayr; or ) Mobat-Nma ( )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hallajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hallajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hallajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mantiq_al-tair.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mantiq_al-tair.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mantiq_al-tair.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mantiq_al-tair.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur#cite_note-Iranica-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hallaj


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Elh-Nma ( ) Jawher-Nma ( ) aral-Qalb[13]( )

He also states, in the introduction of theMokhtr-Nma, that he destroyed theJawher-Nma'

and thear al-Qalb with his own hand.

Although the contemporary sources confirm only Àttar's authorship of theDvn and theManteq al-ayr, there are no grounds for doubting the authenticity of the Mokhtr-Nma andKhosrow-Nma and their prefaces.[1]One work is missing from these lists, namely theTadhkeratal-Awlya, which was probably omitted because it is a prose work; its attribution to Àttar isscarcely open to question. In its introduction Àttar mentions three other works of his, including

one entitled aral-Qalb, presumably the same that he destroyed. The nature of the other two,entitledKaf al-AsrrandMa'refat al-Nafs, remains unknown.[14]

Manteq a-ayr

Main article:The Conference of the Birds

Led by thehoopoe, the birds of the world set forth in search of their king,Simurgh. Their questtakes them through seven valleys in the first of which a hundred difficulties assail them. They

undergo many trials as they try to free themselves of what is precious to them and change their

state. Once successful and filled with longing, they ask for wine to dull the effects of dogma,belief, and unbelief on their lives. In the second valley, the birds give up reason for love and,

with a thousand hearts to sacrifice, continue their quest for discovering the Simurgh. The third

valley confounds the birds, especially when they discover that their worldly knowledge has

become completely useless and their understanding has become ambivalent. There are different

ways of crossing this Valley, and all birds do not fly alike. Understanding can be arrived atvariouslysome have found theMihrab, others the idol.

The fourth valley is introduced as the valley of detachment, i.e., detachment from desire to

possess and the wish to discover. The birds begin to feel that they have become part of a universe

that is detached from their physical recognizable reality. In their new world, the planets are asminute as sparks of dust and elephants are not distinguishable from ants. It is not until they enter

the fifth valley that they realize that unity and multiplicity are the same. And as they have

become entities in a vacuum with no sense of eternity. More importantly, they realize that God is

beyond unity, multiplicity, and eternity. Stepping into the sixth valley, the birds becomeastonished at the beauty of the Beloved. Experiencing extreme sadness and dejection, they feel

that they know nothing, understand nothing. They are not even aware of themselves. Only thirtybirds reach the abode of the Simurgh. But there is no Simurgh anywhere to see. Simurgh'schamberlain keeps them waiting for Simurgh long enough for the birds to figure out that they

themselves are the si (thirty) murgh (bird). The seventh valley is the valley of deprivation,

forgetfulness, dumbness, deafness, and death. The present and future lives of the thirtysuccessful birds become shadows chased by the celestial Sun. And themselves, lost in the Sea of

His existence, are the Simurgh.[15]
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`Attar's Seven Valleys of Love in the Manteq al-Tayr

The Valley of Quest The Valley of Love The Valley of Understanding

The Valley of Independence and Detachment The Valley of Unity The Valley of Astonishment and Bewilderment The Valley of Deprivation and Death

Tadhkerat al-Awlya

Main article:Tadhkirat al-awliya

Attar's only known prose work which he worked on throughout much of his life and which was

available publicly before his death, is a biography of Muslim saints and mystics. In what is

considered the most compelling entry in this book, `Attar relates the story of the execution ofHallaj, the mystic who had uttered the words "I am the Truth" in a state of ecstaticcontemplation.

Ilahi-Nama

The Ilahi-Nama (Persian: ) is another famous poetic work of Attar consisting of 6500verses. In terms of form and content, it has some similarities with Bird Parliament. The story isabout a king who is confronted with the materialistic and worldly demands of his six sons. The

King tries to show the temporary and senseless desires of his six son by retelling them a large

number of spiritual stories. The first son asks for the daughter of the king of fairies (Pariyaan).

Mokhtar Nama

Mokhtar-Nama (Persian: ), a wide-ranging collection of quatrains (2088 in number). Inthe Mokhtar-nama, a coherent group of mystical and religious subjects is outlined (search for

union, sense of uniqueness, distancing from the world, annihilation, amazement, pain, awareness

of death, etc.), and an equally rich group of themes typical of lyrical poetry of erotic inspiration

adopted by mystical literature (the torment of love, impossible union, beauty of the loved one,stereotypes of the love story as weakness, crying, separation).[16]

Divan
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A miniature painting byBihzadillustrating the funeral of the elderly Attar of Nishapur after he

was held captive and killed by aMongolinvader.

The Divan (Persian: ) of Attar consists almost entirely of poems in theGhazal("lyric")form, as he collected hisRuba'i("quatrains") in a separate work called the Mokhtar-nama. There

are also someQasida("Odes"), but they amount to less than one-seventh of the Divan. HisQasidas expound upon mystical and ethical themes and moral precepts. They are sometimes

modeled afterSanai. TheGhazalsoften seem from their outward vocabulary just to be love andwine songs with a predilection for libertine imagery, but generally imply spiritual experiences inthe familiar symbolic language of classical IslamicSufism.[1]Attar's lyrics express the same

ideas that are elaborated in his epics. His lyric poetry does not significantly differ from that of his

narrative poetry, and the same may be said of the rhetoric and imagery.

Legacy

Influence on Rumi

Àttar is one of the most famousmysticpoets of Iran. His works were the inspiration ofRumiand many other mystic poets. Àttar, along withSanaiwere two of the greatest influences on

Rumi in hisSufiviews. Rumi has mentioned both of them with the highest esteem several timesin his poetry. Rumi praises Àttar as follows:

Attar has roamed through the seven cities of love while we have barely turned down the first

street.[17]
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As a pharmacist

Àttar was apen-namewhich he took for his occupation. Àttar meansherbalist,druggist,

perfumistoralchemist, and during his lifetime inPersia, much ofmedicineand drugs were based

onherbs. Therefore, by profession he was similar to a modern-day towndoctorandpharmacist.

In popular culture

Severalmusicalartists have albums or songs which share the name of his most famous work,Conference of the Birds, as well as the themes of enlightenment contained therein. Notably,jazz

bassistDavid Holland'salbum, which was written as a metaphor for his ownenlightenment, and

Om'sConference of the Birds, which deals with extremely esoteric themes often connected with

metaphors offlight, inward vision, destruction ofself, and oneness with thecosmos

See also

Poetry portal

The Seven Valleys Sufism

References

1. âbcdefghiB. Reinert,"Àttar", inEncyclopdia Iranica, Online Edition2. âbIraj Bashiri, "Farid al-Din Àttar"3. ^Tadkerat al-Awlya; pp. 1,6,214. ^Tadkerat al-Awlya; pp. 1,55,23 ff5. ^F. Meier, "Der Geistmensch bei dem persischen Dichter Àttar", Eranos-Jahrbuch 13, 1945, pp.

286 ff

6. ^Mibat-Nma, p. 54 ff7. Âsrr-Nma, pp. 50, 794 ff8. Âsrr-Nma; p. 185: verse 3146, and p. 186: verse 31519. Âsrr-Nma; p. 185: verse 314810.^H. Rittner, "Philologika X," pp. 143 f11.Êdward G. Browne,A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh, 543

pp., Adamant Media Corporation, 2002,ISBN 1-4021-6045-3,ISBN 978-1-4021-6045-5(see

p.437)

12.Ânnemarie Schimmel,Deciphering the Signs of God, 302 pp., SUNY Press, 1994,ISBN 0-7914-1982-7,ISBN 978-0-7914-1982-3(see p.210)

13.^quoted in H. Ritter, "Philologika X," pp. 147-5314.^Ritter, "Philologika XIV," p. 6315.^"Central Asia and Iran". Angelfire.com.http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Attar.html.

Retrieved 2012-02-23.

16.^Daniela Meneghini, "MOTR-NMA"[dead link]17.^Fodor's Iran (1979) by Richard Moore and Peter Sheldon, p. 277
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11/11

Sources

E.G. Browne.Literary History of Persia. 1998.ISBN 0-7007-0406-X. Jan Rypka,History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968

OCLC460598.ISBN 90-277-0143-1

External links

A few wikiquotes Attar in Encyclopedia Iranica by B. Reinert Attar, Farid ad-Din. A biography by ProfessorIraj Bashiri,University of Minnesota. Àttar's poem in Praise of Prophet Muhammad Poetry by Àttar Fifty Poems of Àttar. A Translation of 50 poems with the Persian on the facing page. Attar's works in original Persianat Ganjoor Persian Library

Deewan-e-Attar in original Persian single pdf file uploaded by javed Hussen Panoramic Images of Attar Tombs

SEARCH BY:

Mohammed Abdul Hafeez

Translater of Muslim Saints and MysticsHyderabad

India.

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Inscription on Attar’s tomb

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Transcript of Inscription on Attar’s tomb