InSAR geodesy: current capabilities, challenges and why we need … · 2019. 11. 20. · PEMB...
Transcript of InSAR geodesy: current capabilities, challenges and why we need … · 2019. 11. 20. · PEMB...
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Richard Czikhardt, Juraj Papčo
InSAR geodesy:current capabilities, challenges
and why we need GNSS?
Dept. of Theoretical Geodesy
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
EUPOS 2019
29.10.2019
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InSAR
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
“Geodetic remote sensing technique for effectivemonitoring of large-scale ground deformationphenomena or even stability of individual buildingsand structures. “
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InSAR
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
(In)SAR are measurements, not „nice images“
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InSAR
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
What do we measure (directly & indirectly)?
What are the benchmarks?
What is its reference system (frame)?
What is the precision and accuracy (stochastic properties)?
What are the capabilities, limitations and challenges?
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InSAR geodesy: theory
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SAR point positioning
~ 1-10 m precision
- transformed to
ECEF (TRF) coordinates
Radar coordinates:
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78
0 k
m
69
3km
SAR phase measurement
𝜓 =2𝜋
𝜆2𝑅 = 𝑛2𝜋 + Δ𝜓
Phase
Round trip ~ 30 million wavelengths
BUT we don’t know the exact number
(phase ambiguity)
𝑅
𝑦 = 𝑨exp 𝑖𝝍
Complex phasormeasurement per pixel:
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Coherent scattering
𝑅𝑒{𝑦}
𝐼𝑚{𝑦}
𝑨
𝑨𝑷
𝝍𝝍𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝝍𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆)
𝝍𝑷
𝑦 = 𝑨exp 𝑖𝝍Complex phasormeasurement:
per 1 pixel:
dominant (point) scatterer + clutter
𝑷
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Signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR)
𝑅𝑒{𝑦}
𝐼𝑚{𝑦}
𝑨
𝑨𝑷
𝝍𝝍𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝝍𝑷
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SAR Interferometry (InSAR)
𝒕𝟎 + ∆𝒕𝒕𝟎
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Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
SAR Interferometry
𝜓𝑡 − 𝜓𝑡0 =4𝜋
𝜆Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
Interferometric phase(interferogram)
∆𝑅𝑡,𝑡0 caused by different:
• position of sensor (paralax)
• position of scatterer (deformation)
• atmospheric signal delay
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SAR InterferometryInterferometric phase
(interferogram)
∆𝑅𝑡,𝑡0 caused by different:
• position of sensor (paralax)
• position of scatterer (deformation)
• atmospheric signal delay
𝜓𝑡 − 𝜓𝑡0 =4𝜋
𝜆Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
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SAR InterferometryInterferometric phase
(interferogram)
∆𝑅𝑡,𝑡0 caused by different:
• position of sensor (paralax)
• position of scatterer (deformation)
• atmospheric signal delay
𝜓𝑡 − 𝜓𝑡0 =4𝜋
𝜆Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
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SAR InterferometryInterferometric phase
(interferogram)
∆𝑅𝑡,𝑡0 caused by different:
• position of sensor (paralax)
• position of scatterer (deformation)
• atmospheric signal delay
𝜓𝑡 − 𝜓𝑡0 =4𝜋
𝜆Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
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SAR InterferometryInterferometric phase
(interferogram)
∆𝑅𝑡,𝑡0 caused by different:
• position of sensor (paralax)
• position of scatterer (deformation)
• atmospheric signal delay
𝜓𝑡 − 𝜓𝑡0 =4𝜋
𝜆Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
Δ𝑅𝑡,𝑡0
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InSAR observation equation
𝜙𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜 =4𝜋
𝜆
𝐵⊥𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝐻𝑃 𝜙𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜 =4𝜋
𝜆𝑑𝐿𝑂𝑆
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Displacement sensitivity
Sentinel-1:
VERTICAL = 76% ,
EAST-WEST = 63%,
NORTH-SOUTH = 17%
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A-priori precision
Displacement precision
Relative height precision
𝜙𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜 =4𝜋
𝜆
𝐵⊥𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝐻𝑃
𝜙𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜 =4𝜋
𝜆𝑑𝐿𝑂𝑆
Scatterer with SCR = 20 : 𝜎𝜙 = ~6°
𝜎𝐻 = ~1𝑚
𝜎𝑑𝐿𝑂𝑆 = ~0.5 𝑚𝑚
theoretically
theoretically
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Persistent Scatterers (PS)
𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝟎 + ∆𝑻
𝑅𝑒(𝐼) 𝑅𝑒(𝐼)
𝐼𝑚(𝑄)𝐼𝑚(𝑄)
Point scatteringa.) coherent b.) incoherent
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Persistent Scatterers (PS)
𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝟎 + ∆𝑻
𝑅𝑒(𝐼) 𝑅𝑒(𝐼)
𝐼𝑚(𝑄)𝐼𝑚(𝑄)
Distributed scatteringa.) coherent b.) incoherent
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Persistent Scatterers (PS)EUPOS 2019
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Time-series InSAR
Outcome:
Interferometric phasetime series in every pixel
𝑡0 “Master” epoch
(reference datum)
𝑡1,2,3…𝑁 “Slave” epochs
𝜙1,2,3…𝑁
SAR image time series
New acquisition = new measurement every 6 days
freely available, whole Earth’s landmass, {October 2014 – ongoing}
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Demonstrative case of time-series InSAR
D2/D4 Záhorská Bystrica
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Detection & estimation problem
Persistent Scatterer Candidates (PSC)
“opportunistic geodetic network”
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1st order estimation network
Phase double-differences
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𝜟𝝓𝑖,𝑗 = 𝜶 Δℎ𝑖,𝑗 + 𝜷 Δ𝑑𝑖,𝑗 + 2𝜋𝒂𝒊,𝒋
Ambiguity resolution
Functional model for arc between PS „i“ a PS „j“:
<- ambiguity vector
Ambiguity resolution examples (Integer least-squares, LAMBDA method):
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𝜟𝝓𝑖,𝑗 = 𝜶 Δℎ𝑖,𝑗 + 𝜷 Δ𝑑𝑖,𝑗 + 2𝜋𝒂𝒊,𝒋
Ambiguity resolution
Functional model for arc between PS „i“ a PS „j“:
<- ambiguity vector
Ambiguity resolution examples (Integer least-squares, LAMBDA method):
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Network integration
I.) Variance component estimation(VCE) for new VC matrices
II.) Ambiguity testing in triangle closures
RP
𝜟𝝓𝑖,𝑗 + 𝜟𝝓𝑗,𝑘 + 𝜟𝝓𝑘,𝑖 = 0
- all relative to one arbitrary reference point (RP)
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InSAR quality indicators
I. A-posteriori variance factor (for PS „i“)
𝜎𝑖2 =
𝝓𝑖 − 𝝓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 Σ 𝝓 𝝓𝑖 − 𝝓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑇
𝑁 − 𝑘
II. Ensemble coherence (for PS „i“)
𝛾𝑖 =1
𝑁
𝑘=1
𝑁
exp 𝑗 𝜙𝑖 − 𝜙𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑘
III. VC matrix of estimated parameters (for PS „i“)
𝜮 𝒉𝒊, 𝒅𝒊
Correctness of functionalmodel & a-priori variances
Correctness of functionalmodel & degree of phase noise
Correctness of functional model & redundancy & ambiguity errors
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PS networkEUPOS 2019
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PS networkEUPOS 2019
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PS networkEUPOS 2019
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Case studies from Slovakia
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Sentinel-1 coverage of Slovakia
Operational monitoring (under ESA PECS project):
Landslides (Upper Nitra region)
Undermining subsidence (Nováky and surroundings)
Waterworks (Gabčíkovo, Čuňovo)
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State-wide monitoringEUPOS 2019
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Regional monitoring capabilityEUPOS 2019
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Budapest as seen by Sentinel-1 InSAREUPOS 2019
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Budapest as seen by Sentinel-1 InSAREUPOS 2019
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Problem: Atmospheric Phase Screen (APS)
turbulence stratification
20170619 - 20170712 20170619 - 20170607
−𝜋 +𝜋0
InSAR: differential atmospheric phase (𝑡0 − 𝑡𝑖):
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APS estimation
APS is correlated in space, while decorrelated in time (of individual satellite acquisitions)
Assumption:
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APS – InSAR estimation / Numerical weather modelEUPOS 2019
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InSAR limitationsand challanges
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Limitations & challenges for InSAR geodesy
1. InSAR network = “free network/datum”
• 1 spatial (ref. point) + 1 temporal (ref. epoch) reference required• low geolocation accuracy ~ several metres
2. Accuracy, although < 1 mm, significantly decreases over large arc lengths
• esp. due to systematic effects, e.g. troposphere
3. No standardized and generally accepted:
• algorithm, software;• exchange format;• quality indicators
EUPOS 2019
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Limitations & challenges for InSAR geodesy
„InSAR measurements in a geodetic reference frame“
Transformation of InSAR “datum-free networks” into a standardcoordinate reference system (frame) via deployment of artificial SARreflectors (passive/active) and their collocation with permanent GNSSmeasurements
The challenge:
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“Conventional” geodetic techniques vs. InSAR
Line-of-sight (LOS) vector
Complex sum of scatterers per pixel
3D / 1D (vertical) vector
Geodetic benchmark
∆𝑋, ∆𝑌, ∆𝑍 ; ∆ℎ ∆𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝐴𝑆𝐶; ∆𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝐷𝑆𝐶
EUPOS 2019
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InSAR & GNSS collocation
a.) parameter space
b.) observation space
Collocation of InSAR measurements with other technique in:
∆𝑝∆𝑡𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑝1, 𝑡1 − 𝑢 𝑝1, 𝑡0 − 𝑢 𝑝0, 𝑡1 − 𝑢 𝑝0, 𝑡0
EUPOS 2019
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InSAR & GNSS
GNSS baselines:
0. reference epoch
1. cartesian double-differences(weekly solutions)
2. topocentric differences
3. LOS differences
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InSAR & GNSS
90 km
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InSAR & GNSSD
esc
en
din
g5
1D
esc
en
din
g1
53
𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 33°
𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 40°
EUPOS 2019
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InSAR & GNSS
GNSS antenna phase centre SAR scatterer phase centre
?
EUPOS 2019
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InSAR & GNSS collocation
a.) parameter space
b.) observation space
Collocation of InSAR measurements with other technique in:
∆𝑝∆𝑡𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑝1, 𝑡1 − 𝑢 𝑝1, 𝑡0 − 𝑢 𝑝0, 𝑡1 − 𝑢 𝑝0, 𝑡0
EUPOS 2019
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Artificial SAR reflectors
A.) Corner reflectors (Passive artificial radar point scatterer)
Exactly known phase centre! (apex)
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InSAR & GNSS collocation
B.) Radar transponders (Active artificial radar point scatterer)
EUPOS 2019
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First InSAR & GNSS collocation site in Slovakia
Date installed:
31.7.2019
Hvezdáreň Partizánske
PEMB (PEM2)
EUPOS 2019
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First InSAR & GNSS collocation site in Slovakia
Date installed:
31.7.2019
Hvezdáreň Partizánske
PEMB (PEM2)
EUPOS 2019
![Page 56: InSAR geodesy: current capabilities, challenges and why we need … · 2019. 11. 20. · PEMB (PEM2) EUPOS 2019. First InSAR & GNSS collocation site in Slovakia Date installed: 31.7.2019](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071516/61390a1fa4cdb41a985b72c2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
First InSAR & GNSS collocation site in Slovakia
Date installed:
31.7.2019
Hvezdáreň Partizánske
PEMB (PEM2)
EUPOS 2019
![Page 57: InSAR geodesy: current capabilities, challenges and why we need … · 2019. 11. 20. · PEMB (PEM2) EUPOS 2019. First InSAR & GNSS collocation site in Slovakia Date installed: 31.7.2019](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071516/61390a1fa4cdb41a985b72c2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What to consider when deploying CRs?
Suitability of ref. station for CR installation:
Evaluation of expected Signal-to-Clutter (SCR) ratio:
I. Simulation of reflector’s RCS,
II. Estimation of the clutter power (RCS) at deployment site.
EUPOS 2019
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Thank you. Questions?EUPOS 2019