Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader...
-
Upload
bernard-glenn -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
0
Transcript of Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader...
![Page 1: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Inquiry into LifeTwelfth Edition
Chapter 12
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Sylvia S. Mader
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 2: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
12.1 The Blood Vessels
• Three Types of Blood Vessels
– Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
– Capillaries (permit exchange of materials with tissues)
– Veins (carry blood toward the heart)
![Page 3: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
12.1 The Blood Vessels
• The Arteries
– Three layers to an arterial wall• Inner layer - simple squamous epithelium with basement
membrane
• Middle layer- thickest layer, contains smooth muscle
• Outer layer - fibrous and loose connective tissue
![Page 4: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Blood Vessels
![Page 5: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
12.1 The Blood Vessels
• The Capillaries
– Capillaries join arterioles to venules
– Capillary walls are one-cell in thickness
– Capillaries form vast networks in all regions of the
body
– Capillary beds can be bypassed by a arteriovenous
shunt
![Page 6: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Anatomy of a Capillary Bed
![Page 7: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
12.1 The Blood Vessels
• The Veins
– The walls of veins are structured similarly to the walls of arteries, but there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue in veins.
– Veins often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
– Veins have a greater capacity to expand, they serve as blood reservoir.
![Page 8: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• The heart is a muscular organ that lies between the lungs directly behind the sternum.
– Myocardium: The major portion of the heart that consists mainly of cardiac muscle.
– Pericardium: A serous membrane that surrounds the heart.
– Endocardium: A membrane consisting of connective tissue and endothelium that lines the inner surface of the heart.
![Page 9: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• The Human Heart• Four-chambers
• Two atria and two ventricles
• A septum separates the right and left sides• Four valves prevent the backflow of blood
• Two atrioventricular valves• Two semilunar valves
![Page 10: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
External Heart Anatomy
![Page 11: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• The Human Heart Continued
– Heart is described as a double pump• Right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary
circuit• Left ventricle sends oxygen-rich blood into the systemic
circuit
– Blood must travel through the lungs to go from the right side of the heart to the left side
– Oxygen-rich blood does not mix with oxygen-poor
![Page 12: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• Path of Blood Through the Heart
Vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve
right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs
pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left
ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta body
![Page 13: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Internal View of the Heart
![Page 14: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• The Heartbeat (Cardiac Cycle)
• Each time the heart beats:– The two atria contract simultaneously– Then the two ventricles contract simultaneously– All the chambers then relax
• Systole: Contraction of the heart muscle• Diastole: Relaxation of the heart muscle
![Page 15: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• The Heartbeat
– Heart Sounds
• Described as a “lup-dup” sound
– “Lup” sound - atrioventricular valves closing
– “Dup” sound - semilunar valves closing
• A heart murmur (swishing sound) may be due to a leaky
valve
![Page 16: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Heart Sounds / Cardiac Cycle
![Page 17: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• Intrinsic Control of Heartbeat
– The SA (sinoatrial node) • Located in the upper portion of the right atrium wall
• Initiates the heartbeat, sends out an excitatory impulse every
0.85 seconds
• This causes the atria to contract
• The excitatory impulses travels to the AV node
• Called the “pacemaker” of the heart
![Page 18: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conduction System of the Heart
![Page 19: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• Intrinsic Control of Heartbeat– The AV (atrioventricular node)
• Located in the base of the right atrium wall
• When impulses (that originated in the SA node) reach the AV
node, there is a slight delay that allows the atria to finish their
contraction
• An impulse travels from the AV node through the branches of
the atrioventricular bundle before reaching the Purkinje
fibers.
• Purkinje fibers are specialized muscle cells that cause the
ventricles to contract.
![Page 20: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• Extrinsic Control of Heartbeat– Medulla oblongata (brain)
• Influences heart beat via the autonomic nervous system– Sympathetic division increases heart rate– Parasympathetic system decreases heart rate
![Page 21: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
12.2 The Heart
• Electrocardiograms (ECG)– A recording of the electrical changes
occurring in the heart
![Page 22: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
An Electrocardiogram
• P Wave occurs just prior
to atrial contraction
• QRS complex occurs just
prior to ventricular
contraction
• T wave occurs after
ventricular contraction
![Page 23: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
• The cardiovascular system has two circuits:– The Pulmonary Circuit
• Circulates blood through the lungs
– The Systemic Circuit• Circulates blood through the rest of the body
![Page 24: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
• The Pulmonary Circuit– Blood from the body
collects in the right atrium
– Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules
Pulmonary Veins Left atrium
![Page 25: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
• The Systemic Circuit– Blood leaves the left
ventricle, travels through the body and is returned to the heart
– aorta arteries arterioles capillaries
venules veins
vena cava
![Page 26: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
![Page 27: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
Coronary arteries supply In the hepatic portal system,blood to the heart muscle. blood travels from the
intestines through the liver and to a vena cava.
![Page 28: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
12.3 The Vascular Pathways
• The beat of the heart supplies pressure that keeps blood moving in the arteries– Systolic Pressure results from blood forced into the arteries
during ventricular systole.– Diastolic Pressure is the pressure in the arteries during
ventricular diastole.
• Blood pressure– Normally measured with a sphygmomanometer on the brachial
artery.– Expressed in the form: Systolic “over” Diastolic (120/80)
• Skeletal muscle contraction pushes blood in the veins toward the heart.
![Page 29: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Velocity and Blood Pressure Related to Vascular Cross-Sectional Area
![Page 30: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cross Section of Valve in a Vein
![Page 31: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Plasma – Liquid portion of the blood
• Formed Elements– Red blood cells– White blood cells– Platelets
![Page 32: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Blood has:– Transport functions
– Regulatory functions
– Protective functions
![Page 33: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Composition of Blood
![Page 34: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Plasma– Contains inorganic and organic substances dissolved
or suspend in water– Plasma proteins
• Various functions – Transport of substances, blood clotting, fighting disease
• Help maintain blood volume
![Page 35: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)– Manufactured in red bone marrow – 4-6 million per mm3 of whole blood– Shape is biconcave disc, they also lack a nucleus– Contain hemoglobin
• Red iron-containing pigment• Heme portion binds oxygen• Carbon monoxide (a pollutant) can also bind at heme sites
– Combines more readily than oxygen– Can be lethal
![Page 36: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Physiology of Red Blood Cells
![Page 37: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Red Blood Cells Continued– Red blood cells last around 120 days and then are
destroyed in the liver and spleen– Too few red blood cells results in anemia– A lack of iron also causes anemia
![Page 38: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)– Nucleated
– Lack Hemoglobin
– 4,000 - 11,000 cells per mm3 of whole blood
– Role is to fight infection and provide immunity
![Page 39: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• White Blood Cells
– Granulocytes-have visible granules in cytoplasm
• Neutrophils- most abundant leukocyte, phagocytic
• Basophils-granules stain deep blue and release histamine
• Eosinophils-granules stain red, fight parasitic worms
– Agranulocytes- lack visible granules
• Lymphocytes-T and B cells, play roles in immunity
• Monocytes-largest WBC’s, phagocytic
![Page 40: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• White Blood Cells– The number or cell count of specific types of
leukocytes can be used in diagnosing disease.• Infectious mononucleosis• AIDS• Leukemia
![Page 41: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• The Platelets and Blood Clotting
– The Platelets • Form as a result of fragmentation of large cells in the red
bone marrow • 150,000-300,000 per mm3 of whole blood• Involved in the process of clotting
![Page 42: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• The Platelets and Blood Clotting– Blood Clotting
• Platelets form a plug for immediate stoppage of bleeding• Vessels release prothrombin activator and injured tissues
release thromboplastin– Thromboplastin stimulates further release of prothrombin
activator– Requires calcium
• Prothrombin activator activates the plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin
• Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a clot• Clot is composed of network of fibrin threads and trapped
cells• As damage heals, plasmin breaks down the clot
![Page 43: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Blood Clotting
![Page 44: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• The Platelets and Blood Clotting– Hemophilia
• Inherited disorder• Deficiency in a clotting factor• Internal bleeding can cause serious damage to cells and
tissues• Hemophilia is treated by blood transfusions and injections of
clotting factors.
![Page 45: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Bone Marrow Stem Cells– Cells which are capable of dividing and differentiating
into particular cell types• Red and white blood cells• Some may even be able to give rise to liver, bone, fat,
cartilage, heart, and nerve cells• May provide solutions for diseases such as Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s– Many researchers prefer to work with embryonic stem
cells since they are totipotent (can become any cell type)
![Page 46: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Blood Cell Formation in Red Bone Marrow
![Page 47: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Capillary Exchange– Two forces control movement through capillary wall
• Osmotic pressure tends to cause water to move from tissues to blood; due to presence of plasma proteins and salts
• Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) tends to cause water to move from blood to tissues
– At arterial end of capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher so water moves out-contributes to tissue fluids
– Midway through capillary these forces are equalized so no net movement of water• Solutes now move down their gradients
![Page 48: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
12.4 Blood
• Capillary Exchange– At the venous end osmotic pressure is greater than
hydrostatic pressure so water moves into capillary– Almost the same amount of water gets reabsorbed
that left the capillary at the arterial end– The small amount of fluid remaining behind can be
absorbed by lymphatic vessels
![Page 49: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Capillary Exchange in the Systemic Circuit
![Page 50: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Lymphatic Capillaries
![Page 51: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Atherosclerosis– Plaque formation in vessels caused by fats and
cholesterol– Interferes with blood flow– May be hereditary– Prevention
• Diet high in fruits and vegetables• Low in saturated fats and cholesterol
– Plaques can cause clots to form thrombus• If clot breaks loose it becomes a thromboembolism
![Page 52: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm– Stroke (cerebro-vascular accident CVA): small cranial
arteriole bursts or becomes blocked • Lack of oxygen to brain can cause paralysis or death• Warning signs: numbness in hands or face, difficulty
speaking, temporary blindness in one eye– Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
• A portion of the heart muscle deprived of oxygen• Angina pectoris-chest pain from partially blocked coronary
artery• Heart attack occurs when vessel becomes completely
blocked
![Page 53: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
– Aneurysm- ballooning of a blood vessel• Most often in abdomen or brain• Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken walls of
vessels leading to an aneurysm• Bursting of blood vessels can be fatal
![Page 54: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Coronary Bypass Operations– Bypass blocked areas
of coronary arteries– Can graft another
vessel to the aorta and then to the blocked artery past the point of blockage
– Gene therapy may be a future treatment
![Page 55: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Clearing Clogged Arteries– Angioplasty
• Catheter is placed in clogged artery
• Balloon attached to catheter is inflated
• Increases the lumen of the vessel
• Stents can be placed to keep vessel open
![Page 56: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts– Usually successful but shortage of donors– LVAD-left ventricular assist device
• Alternative to heart transplant• Tube passes blood from left ventricle to the LVAD• Blood is pumped to the aorta• LVAD are used as temporary measures until a donor heart
becomes available– TAH-total artificial heart
• Generally only used to very ill patients• Survival rates are not good but may be because patients are
so ill
![Page 57: Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050723/56649f285503460f94c4149a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
• Hypertension (High blood pressure)– Affects about 20% of all Americans– Usually caused by a narrowing of the arteries– Age, gender, and lifestyle can influence blood
pressure• Obesity• Smoking• High dietary salt intake
– Medications can be used to treat this disease