Input and Input and InteractionInteraction

Ellis (1985), interaction, as the discourse jointly Ellis (1985), interaction, as the discourse jointly constructed by the learner and his interlocutors and input constructed by the learner and his interlocutors and input is the result of interaction. The interactionist view of is the result of interaction. The interactionist view of language learning, is that language acquisition is the result language learning, is that language acquisition is the result of an interaction between the learner’s mental abilities and of an interaction between the learner’s mental abilities and the linguistic environment.the linguistic environment.

Long (1990) proposed that interaction is necessary for Long (1990) proposed that interaction is necessary for the second language acquisitionthe second language acquisition. .

Three important aspects: Input, production (output) and Three important aspects: Input, production (output) and feedback. feedback.

Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus.key to designing a syllabus.

According to Ellis, R (1985) there are different kinds of According to Ellis, R (1985) there are different kinds of input.input.

- Caretaker’s speech- Caretaker’s speech

- Foreigner talk- Foreigner talk

- Teacher talk - Teacher talk

Caretaker’s speechCaretaker’s speechCharacteristics:Characteristics:

- Simplified vocabulary.- Simplified vocabulary.

- Concrete, immediate referents. - Concrete, immediate referents.

- Closed class words. - Closed class words.

- Simplified phonology.- Simplified phonology.

- Higher pitch.- Higher pitch.

- Exaggerated intonation. - Exaggerated intonation.

- Simplified Syntax.- Simplified Syntax.

- Use of full noun phrases rather than pronouns. - Use of full noun phrases rather than pronouns.

- Frequent questions.- Frequent questions.

- Frequent repetition. - Frequent repetition.

Redundancy: lot of repetitionRedundancy: lot of repetition

Adjustments in pronunciation, intonation and rhythm.Adjustments in pronunciation, intonation and rhythm.

Mothers simplify their speech to facilitate the Mothers simplify their speech to facilitate the exchange of meanings. exchange of meanings.

They pay little attention to the formal correctness of their They pay little attention to the formal correctness of their children speech but they attend to the social children speech but they attend to the social appropriateness of their utterances. appropriateness of their utterances.

They adjust the speech on the basis of feedback from an They adjust the speech on the basis of feedback from an individual child. individual child.

Full sentences, not in two Word stage even with the Full sentences, not in two Word stage even with the smallest children.smallest children.

Foreigner talkForeigner talkThe simplified version of a language that native speakers The simplified version of a language that native speakers use in order to address other speakers for whom this use in order to address other speakers for whom this language is not a native one, especially speakers who do language is not a native one, especially speakers who do not know the language at all.not know the language at all.

Adjustment of the speechAdjustment of the speechRegressionRegression: Native speakers unconsciously move back through : Native speakers unconsciously move back through the stages of development that characterized his own the stages of development that characterized his own acquisition of the language until he reaches an appropriate acquisition of the language until he reaches an appropriate level for the person he is addressing.level for the person he is addressing.MatchingMatching: The native speaker evaluates the learner’s : The native speaker evaluates the learner’s language system and then imitates the language forms he language system and then imitates the language forms he identifies in it.identifies in it.NegotiationNegotiation: The native speaker simplifies and clarifies : The native speaker simplifies and clarifies according to the feedback he obtains from the learner.according to the feedback he obtains from the learner.

Teacher talkTeacher talk Characteristics: Characteristics:

Teachers address to L2 learners is treated as a register, with Teachers address to L2 learners is treated as a register, with its own specific formal and interactional propertiesits own specific formal and interactional propertiesTeachers should be conscious of the behaviors of routine.Teachers should be conscious of the behaviors of routine.Students should be asked what can be accomplished when Students should be asked what can be accomplished when turns are taken in talking; turns are taken in talking; Ambiguous instructions should be made clearly explicit.Ambiguous instructions should be made clearly explicit.Formal adjustments occur at all language levels.Formal adjustments occur at all language levels.Language was found simpler. Language was found simpler. Ungrammatical speech modifications do not occur. Ungrammatical speech modifications do not occur. Interactional adjustments occur. Interactional adjustments occur.

Acculturation/Acculturation/PidginizationPidginization

Acculturation is a process in which members of one Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.group.

In this process language acquisition is affected by:In this process language acquisition is affected by:

Social distanceSocial distance

Psychological distance Psychological distance

A pidgin is a language that develops to meet the A pidgin is a language that develops to meet the communicative needs of two or more groups of people who communicative needs of two or more groups of people who speak different languages and who are in a contact speak different languages and who are in a contact situation.situation.

Establish thatEstablish that::

Similarities between pidginization and early stages of second Similarities between pidginization and early stages of second language acquisition.language acquisition.

Similarities between creolization and later stages of second Similarities between creolization and later stages of second language acquisition. language acquisition.