INOSA THEAG OF URI GIANTS TH GE...TRIASSIC SOUTH AMERICA During the Triassic period, the world’s...

ISBN 978 1 7418 3772 8DIN

OSAURIA

THE

AGE

OF

THE

GIA

NTS

1514

Jurassic North America

DURING JURASSIC TIMES, the Atlantic Ocean separating NorthAmerica from Europe had not yet fully opened up. There was alsono link between North and South America, as there is today. The

polar regions—what is now Alaska and Canada—had no ice or snow,even in winter. In the forests that covered vast areas of North America,conifer trees, such as redwoods, grew alongside ginkgo trees.

L IFE IN THE MUDMany parts of Jurassic North America were covered in muddyswamps and marshes. Here, the giant sauropod Diplodocus, alongwith the shorter but heavier Apatosaurus, stripped leaves from talltrees. Stegosaurus had tall plates of bones on its humped back.These plates could have soaked up the sun’s heat, making it warmerand more active. It swung its spiked tail to defend its young againstfierce predators, such as Ceratosaurus.

Raptors were a newgroup of meat-eatersin Jurassic North America.They had a huge curvedclaw on each foot.

Ornitholestes was asmall meat-eater

that fed on lizards, frogs,and insects. It also atelarger hunters’ leftovers.

Utahraptor

Stegosaurus

DiplodocusApatosaurus

Ceratosaurus

N O R T H

A M E R I C A

GREENLAND

MEXICO

AleutianIslands

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

PANTHALASS A

Ornitholestes

BEGINNING ABOUT 230 MILLION YEARS AGO, the Age of Dinosaurs

lasted until 65 million years ago. During that vast span of time, the

dinosaurs spread to all parts of the world. As time went by, so the dinosaurs

evolved and different kinds came and went. This book tells you about who

lived where during the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

DDiinnoossaauurriiaaTTHHEE AAGGEE OOFF TTHHEE

GGIIAANNTTSS

DDiinnoossaauurriiaaTHE AGE OF THE

GIANTS

(UK)Job: E2-23541 Title: Dinofiles - Age Of Dinosaurs

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First published in 2012 by Orpheus Books Ltd.,6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire OX28 4AW, England

Copyright © 2012 Orpheus Books Ltd.

Created and produced by Nicholas Harris, Sarah Hartley, Erica Williams, Katie Sexton and Ruth Symons

Orpheus Books Ltd.

Illustrated by Peter Scott, Simon Mendez, Studio Inklink, David Wright and John Sibbick

Text by Olivia Brookes

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the

prior written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 978 1 7418 3772 8

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

Printed and bound in China


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DDiinnoossaauurriiaa

THE AGE OF THE

GIANTS

54

Contents Introduction

Cretaceous world 20

Cretaceous North America 22

Cretaceous Asia 24

Cretaceous Europe 26

Drifting continents 6

The story of dinosaurs 8

Triassic world 10

Jurassic world 12

Jurassic North America 14

Jurassic Asia 16

Jurassic Europe 18

Introduction 5

Extinction 28

Discovering the dinosaurs 30

Index 32

DINOSAURS ruled the world for 165 million years. Modernhumans have only existed for about 100,000 years! Theseanimals were some of the largest and fiercest creatures ever to

walk the Earth. It is no surprise that the name “dinosaur” means“terrible lizards.” No other large land animals existed from about 230million years ago until the dinosaurs disappeared 65 million years ago.

During the Age of Dinosaurs, hundreds of dinosaur species evolved ordied out. Some were gentle giants, others were vicious predators. Manywere tiny, no bigger than cats. A few could run as fast as an ostrich today.

Most reptiles, including today’s lizards and tortoises, walk on crookedlegs positioned at the sides of their bodies, but dinosaurs walked onstraight legs. Dinosaur species are grouped by the shape of their hipbone. The first group is the Saurischian (“lizard-hipped”) dinosaurs.Saurischians include all the theropods (meat-eaters), and the giant,plant-eating sauropods. All other dinosaurs, many witharmored plates or horns, belong to the second group, the Ornithischian (“bird-hipped”) dinosaurs.



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CHANG ING WORLDThese maps show whatthe world looked like andhow it changed during the 165-million-year Ageof the Dinosaurs. In theTriassic period, all of themain continents werejoined together in thesupercontinent ofPangaea. During theJurassic period, thecontinents began tomove apart. Pangaeaseparated into Laurasiaand Gondwana. Sealevels rose, flooded theland, and then fell again.So the shapes of thecontinents changed too. HOW DO THEY MOVE?

Heat flows through themantle, a part-solid, part-liquid rock layer below theEarth’s crust. The heatedrock rises towards thecrust, then movessideways, causingthe tectonic platesto spread apart.When the rockcools, it sinksagain, reheats,and the cyclecontinues.

PA

NG

AE

A

7

The world today

Cretaceous world

Jurassic world

LA

U R A S I A

GO N D W A N A

Drifting Continents

THE OUTER SHELLof the Earth ismade up of

large slabs calledtectonic plates,which make up thecontinents and theocean floors. Theseplates move slowly at arate of about half an inch (1 cm) per year. About 200 million years ago,

the continents came together to form a supercontinentcalled Pangaea. The Americas were connected

to Africa and Europe. Since then, thecontinents have split apart again.

CRUST

C

ont i n

ent

O c e a n f l o o r

6

CORE

Mantle

Heat flows

Triassic world



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8 9

The Story of Dinosaurs

Most of the story of thedinosaurs takes placeduring two geologicalperiods: the Jurassic andCretaceous. The Jurassic(opposite, above) wasthe heyday of thegigantic sauropods, likeDiplodocus. The birdsevolved from a group ofsmall, featheredtheropods in the Jurassicperiod. The Cretaceous(opposite, below), sawthe rise of new kinds ofplant-eaters, some with

armor or spikes.

THE STORY OF THE DINOSAURS beganabout 360 million years ago when somekinds of fish learned to crawl on to land.

These animals, the first amphibians, kept close towater, where they laid their jelly-covered eggs. Ittook another 50 million years for some creaturesto find a way of laying their eggs on land. Thereptiles had evolved. By the Triassic period, 230million years ago, some reptiles ran around ontwo legs: these were the first dinosaurs (below).The plant-eaters evolved from these flesh-eaters.They started off on two legs, but, by the Jurassic,had grown so big they had to walk on all fours.

1 Iguanodon2 Styracosaurus3 Corythosaurus4 Tyrannosaurus5 Struthiomimus6 Morganucodon

1 Diplodocus2 Dilophosaurus3 Archaeopteryx4 Brachiosaurus5 Allosaurus6 Camarasaurus

1 Coelophysis2 Plateosaurus3 Lystrosaurus4 Ornithosuchus5 Proterosuchus



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AUSTRALIAINDIA

1110

Triassic World

THE AGE OF DINOSAURS began with theTriassic period, 251-208 million years ago.All the land on Earth was joined together

in the supercontinent Pangaea surrounded by agreat ocean called Panthalassa. So the worldlooked very different to how it appears in mapstoday. Some lands were in completely differentplaces: India lay between Africa and Antarctica,far from the south of Asia, where it lies today.

Plateosaurus

Saltopus

Ornithosuchus

Kuehneosaurus had “wings” made of skinattached to ribs sticking out from its body. Itjumped from trees and glided to the ground.

SL IM AND QU ICKCoelophysis was 10 feet (3 m)long and stood waist-high toa person. It was slim andcould run very fast on itsstrong back legs.Hundreds ofCoelophysis fossilswere found atGhost Ranch,New Mexico.They wereprobably a packthat diedtogether in asudden flood.

Coelophysis

TRIASS IC SOUTH AMERICADuring the Triassic period, the world’s climate was warmand dry. Only the toughest plants could grow. One of thefirst dinosaurs was Herrerasaurus, a fast, 6-foot (2 m)hunter living in South America almost 230 million yearsago. Riojasaurus was a 1-ton (1 t) plant-eater that livedhere 10 million years later. Meanwhile, in Europe, the long-necked plant-eater Plateosaurus lived peacefully—that is,until Ornithosuchus attacked. Tiny Saltopus was nothreat. Just 2 feet (61 cm) long, it fed on worms and bugs.

T E T H Y S S E A

ASIA

AFRICA

EUROPE

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

PA

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LA

SS

A

PA

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E

A

SOUTHEASTASIA



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12

Jurassic World

DURING JURASSIC TIMES, 208 to 144million years ago), Pangaea started tobreak apart. Laurasia in the north

became many smaller islands. In the south,Gondwana formed one big continent. Theclimates changed, too, as these landmassesgradually moved. Many places grew wetter, andplants, such as conifers, were plentiful. Large,plant-eating dinosaurs thrived on so much food.

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

L A U R A S I A

GO

ND

W A N AGiraffatitan

Kentrosaurus

JURASS IC AFR ICASome of the biggest Jurassic dinosaurs lived in Africa.One was Giraffatitan, a brachiosaurid with long frontlegs and a long neck. It was 80 feet (24 m) long, 40feet (12 m) tall, and heavier than 10 elephants.Kentrosaurus, a stegosaur, was a smaller Africandinosaur. About as big as a car, it could “stick up” foritself. The strong bony plates on its back served asarmor while the sharp spikes on its tail were a deadlyweapon. Like Giraffatitan, it was a plant-eater, but itcould only reach plants growing close to the ground.

13

SIBERIA

AFRICA

Euhelopus was a50-foot- (15 m)long sauropodfrom China.

SOUTHEASTASIA

EUROPE

Pterodactylus, a species of short-tailedpterosaur, emergedduring the Jurassic.

ANTARCTICA

AUSTRALIAINDIA

A COOL HEADCryolophosaurus (“coldcrest lizard”) was a 25-foot- (8 m) longtheropod that lurkedaround the warm forestsof Antarctica in Jurassictimes. It had a bony creston its head.

T E T H Y S S E A

P A N T H A L A S S A

Cryolophosaurus



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1514

Jurassic North America

DURING JURASSIC TIMES, the Atlantic Ocean separating NorthAmerica from Europe had not yet fully opened up. There was alsono link between North and South America, as there is today. The

polar regions—what is now Alaska and Canada—had no ice or snow,even in winter. In the forests that covered vast areas of North America,conifer trees, such as redwoods, grew alongside ginkgo trees.

L IFE IN THE MUDMany parts of Jurassic North America were covered in muddyswamps and marshes. Here, the giant sauropod Diplodocus, alongwith the shorter but heavier Apatosaurus, stripped leaves from talltrees. Stegosaurus had tall plates of bones on its humped back.These plates could have soaked up the sun’s heat, making it warmerand more active. It swung its spiked tail to defend its young againstfierce predators, such as Ceratosaurus.

Raptors were a newgroup of meat-eatersin Jurassic North America.They had a huge curvedclaw on each foot.

Ornitholestes was asmall meat-eater

that fed on lizards, frogs,and insects. It also atelarger hunters’ leftovers.

Utahraptor

Stegosaurus

DiplodocusApatosaurus

Ceratosaurus

N O R T H

A M E R I C A

GREENLAND

MEXICO

AleutianIslands

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

PA

NT

HA

LA

SS A

Ornitholestes



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17

Jurassic Asia

THE GREAT CONTINENT of Asia teemed with dinosaurs duringthe Jurassic period. Asia was not as large then as it is today. Highsea levels flooded some regions. The Indian subcontinent was

still separated from Asia by thousands of miles. It would take millionsof years to drift north, creating the Himalayas as the two landmassescollided. Europe and Asia were separated by a narrow strait.

Yangchuano-saurus

TuojiangosaurusShunosaurus

Xiaosaurus

Mamenchisaurus

EUROPE

WESTASIA SOUTHEAST

ASIA

S I B E R I A

JAPAN

A S I A

F u t u r e H i m a l a y a s

U

r alMountains

T E T H Y S S E A

AFRICAHuayangosauruslived in Chinaduring the mid-Jurassic. It was anearly type ofstegosaur, withspiky plates runningdown its back.

Yangchuanosaurus

DEFENSE AND ATTACKIn the middle of the Jurassic period, giantsauropods thrived in East Asia. One of thelargest, Mamenchisaurus, was over 80 feet (24 m) long (and more than half of that wasits neck!). Another sauropod, Shunosaurus,had a spiked club at the end of its tail fordefense against predators. Tuojiangosaurus, atype of stegosaur, was protected by the spikeson its back. It used those on its tail to fend offfierce enemies like Yangchuanosaurus.Meanwhile, tiny Xiaosaurus took cover under lowbushes, looking for ferns and other plants to eat.At the end of the Jurassic period, sauropods diedout everywhere. Only in South America did a fewkinds, the titanosaurs, live into the Cretaceous.

Yangchuanosaurus was a deadly,30-foot- (15 m) long meat-eater.Hunting in packs, it sought out theyoungest and weakest in a herd ofMamenchisaurus to attack.

Tuojiangosaurus’s plates made it look big and dangerous, but itschief weapon was its tail, which had four cone-shaped spikes at thetip. One swing of this tail could have inflicted real damage.

16



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18 19

Jurassic Europe

EUROPE IN THE JURASSIC PERIOD was covered with shallowseas, salt-water lagoons, freshwater lakes, and marshes. Thecontinent we know today was then broken up into islands. The

conditions suited only certain kinds of dinosaurs. Once dead, theirbones and other hard parts became covered with sand, mud, or siltbelow the warm, shallow waters and eventually became fossilized.

Megalosaurus terrorized stegosaurs and sauropods in JurassicEurope. A fierce 30-foot (15 m) carnivore, it hunted prey muchbigger than itself, like Cetiosaurus, and snacked on tiny Echinodon.

Cetiosaurus

Echinodon

Megalosaurus

Compsognathus

BODY ARMORScelidosaurus was was an armored, plant-eating dinosaur that lived about 200 millionyears ago in England, North America, and EastAsia. About the same size as a crocodile today,its armor was madeof bony, spikedlumps, calledscutes, on itsback, sides,and tail.

EARLY BIRDArchaeopteryx (“first bird”) is one ofthe earliest known birds. It lived inJurassic Europe about 150 million yearsago. Archaeopteryx fossils found insouthern Germany show prints made byits delicate feathers. It also had a tooth-filled beak and a long, bony tail.

Archaeopteryx was probably descended fromsmall, feathered theropods called raptors.

Archaeopteryx

GREENLAND

GREAT BRITAIN

GERMANY

T E T H Y SS E A

FRANCE

SPAIN

AFRICA INDIA

ASIA

SIBERIA

SCANDINAVIA

NORTHAMERICA

S O U T H E R NE U

RO

PE

NO

R T H E R N E U R O P E

Scelidosaurus



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20

Cretaceous World

IN THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD, 144 to 65million years ago, Laurasia and Gondwanafinally broke apart. Shallow seas covered

Europe and North America. Chalk rocks formedon the beds of these seas (“Cretaceous” comesfrom creta, or “chalk” in Latin). The world’sclimate became cooler and drier.

Deinonychus

Sauropelta

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

SOUTHAMERICA

NORTHAMERICA

LETHAL ATTACKSauropelta was an ankylosaur, a plant-eater thatfirst appeared in Cretaceous North America. Itstough, leathery skin was covered with bony studs.It also had long, sharp spikes around its neck andalong the sides of its body. How could the small,child-sized predator Deinonychus penetrate thesedefenses? A pack would surround Sauropeltabefore rushing at it, leaping onto its back, andslashing its hide with the sharp scythe-shapedclaws on the second toe of their feet.

21

Minmi

“LITTLE” TANKLike Sauropelta, Minmi wasan ankylosaur, thoughsmaller than its cousins.Living in Australian forests115 million years ago, itwould snip off leaves andplants to eat using its beak-shaped mouth.

Cretaceous skies weredominated by giant

pterosaurs likeQuetzalcoatlus.

P A C I F I CO C E A N

AUSTRALIA

ANTARCTICA

INDIA

AFRICA

SIBERIA

EUROPE ASIA



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22 23

Cretaceous North America

BY THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD, North America had drifted awayfrom Europe and South America, but it was still connected to Asia.Warm, shallow seas divided the continent into several large

islands. The Western Interior Seaway divided it in half. The climate waswarmer than it is today. On land, flowering plants and broadleaf treesreplaced some of the coniferous forests on the continent.

SilvisaurusCLASH OF THE T ITANSTriceratops was the best-known of a newgroup of plant-eating dinosaurs, theceratopsians, that appeared in the lateryears of the Cretaceous period.Triceratops used its sharp beak to bite offtough vegetation. The long, pointed horns on its browand snout, together with a huge, bony neck frill, gave itsome protection against the monstrous 40-foot- (12 m)long predator, Tyrannosaurus rex, that lived at the sametime. T. rex had massive jaws lined with saw-edged teeth,some more than 6 inches (15 cm) long. With its powerfullegs, it could run fast over short distances. It would rushat its victims and bring them down with its teeth or claws.Its tiny arms could have been used to pin down prey.

Silvisaurus’sskull had wide nasalpassages. These may havelet it make a boomingcall to others in the herd.

Dromaeosaurus

Tyrannosaurus rexCorythosaurus

Triceratops

N O R T H

A M E R I C A

GREENLAND

ASIA

MEXICO

SOUTHAMERICA

AFRICA

EUROPE

PA

CIF

I CO

CE

AN

WesternInterior Sea

way



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Cretaceous Asia

ACROSS THE WORLD during the Cretaceous period, the oceanscovered a much greater portion of the Earth’s surface than theydo today. Asia was the largest continent, and many dinosaur

fossils from this period have been found in Mongolia and China,including those of feathered species. Southern Asia, where theHimalayas rise today, was a chain of islands in Cretaceous times.

Oviraptor

Gallimimus

Protoceratops

Saichania

Unlike birds today, Sinornis,a small Cretaceous bird,had teeth and wing-claws.

LIFE IN THE DESERTSaichania was an ankylosaur. It was covered with body“armor” and a clubbed tail for defense. Its sharp beakwas good for cutting and chewing tough desert plants.Another desert dweller, Gallimimus, was quite similarin size and build to a modern ostrich, but with scalesinstead of feathers. It was the fastest runner of its time.

CRETACEOUS CR IME SCENEAn amazing fossil find shows two dinosaursbattling to the death 80 million years ago.Protoceratops, a pig-sized cousin of Triceratops,was attacked by the fierce hunter, Velociraptor.Protoceratops bit the attacker with its beak, whileVelociraptor slashed back with its foot claws.

ProtoceratopsA S I A

INDIA

AFRICA

I N D I A N

O C E A N

P A C I F I CO C E A N

ARABIA

CHINA

JAPANMONGOLIA

SOUTHEASTASIA

EUR

OPE

Future Himalayas

S I B E R I A

Velociraptor



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Cretaceous Europe

TODAY, EUROPE has two main islands, Britain and Ireland. Butback in Cretaceous times, Europe was made up almost entirely ofislands surrounded by wide, shallow seas. Only the hills and

mountains of Scandinavia in the north towered above the waters. Manynew kinds of flowering plants and blossoming trees evolved on theselow-lying islands, along with new kinds of dinosaurs to eat them.

IguanodonIguanodon

Acrocanthosaurus

Hypsilophodon

Most sauropods diedout in the Jurassicperiod, but somebrachiosaurids survived.

Unlike many earlier dinosaurs,Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon couldchew their food before digesting it.

One of the largestpterosaurs that ever lived,Ornithocheirus had a wingspanof 40 feet (12 m). Its oddlyshaped beak may have helped itcut through the water as itskimmed the surface for fish.

Baryonyx scoured the rivers ofEurope looking for fish to eat.

Brachiosaurids

SAFETY IN NUMBERS (AND S IZE)The brachiosaurids were immensely large sauropodsthat survived into the Cretaceous period. Plant-eaterswere always in danger of attacks from predators, butthe brachiosaurids’ huge size protected them fromeven their biggest enemies. Hypsilophodon relied onboth its speed to sprint away from danger, and onsafety in numbers by moving around in herds.

PREDATORS BEWARE!Iguanodon was a slow-moving, peaceful plant-eaterthat lived in herds for protection, just likeHypsilophodon, even though it was a bigger dinosaur.But if it was cornered by a hungry Acrocanthosaurus,Iguanodon stood up on its hind legs and jabbed itssharp thumb-claw into its attacker’s neck or body.

E U R O P E

GREENLANDSCANDINAVIA

SCOTLAND

FRANCE

GERMANYENGLAND

SPAIN

WEST ASIA

RUSSIA

NORTHAMERI CA

NOR T H A F R I C

A

I N D I A N

O C E A N

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

Future Urals



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28

Extinction

The red bullseyepinpoints where anmeteorite crashed toEarth at Chicxulubon the Yucatánpeninsula, Mexico,65 million years ago.

DINOSAURS RULED theEarth for more than 160million years. During this

time, hundreds of different kindsof dinosaur lived and died. Someleft their fossils behind in therocks. Then, about 65 million yearsago, they suddenly disappeared. Marine reptiles, pterosaurs,

many kinds of shellfish, and ahuge number of other landanimals and plants also died out. Three-quarters of life on Earthvanished forever. What could have caused this mass extinction? Scientists think that a large meteorite (above) hit the Earth. Theresulting explosion created massive dust clouds that blocked out thesun’s light and warmth.

29

A very long winter began. Plants soon died, and with them the plant-eating dinosaurs that relied on them for food. With no prey to hunt,flesh-eaters soon followed. The Age of the Dinosaurs was over. Or was it? Birds, the close relatives of small, feathered dinosaurs,

survived, so it could besaid that dinosaurs liveon to this day. Anothergroup, the mammals,also lived on. Whiledinosaurs ruled, theywere tiny creaturesscurrying about at night.With no predators,mammals evolved intothe many different kindswe know today.

After the meteorite struck, dinosaurslike Tyrannosaurus rex, could notadapt to the new environment.



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1 2

3 4

30 31

Discovering the Dinosaurs

ALL WE KNOW about the dinosaurs comes from studying theirfossils. This science is called paleontology. Scientists can gain alot of information from fossils, such as a dinosaur’s size, the way

it moved, and what it ate, especially when they compare it with howanimals live today.

The place where fossils are found is called the “dig.” Here,scientists uncover the bones very carefully.

CAPTURED IN STONEFossils form when an animaldies and is quickly buried insediment such as sand, silt,or mud (1). The soft parts,like skin, rot away, butminerals in the water fill upthe spaces inside the hardparts, like bones, teeth, orshell, left behind (2). Overmillions of years, layers ofsediment build up, presstogether, and turn into hardrock (3). If the rock layercomes to the surface, becauseof erosion (4), the fossil maybe discovered.

Soil is removed from around thebones with pick-axes and shovels.Pieces of rock are chipped awayusing tiny hammers, chisels, andscrapers. Loose sand and dust arecarefully brushed away withtoothbrushes. At every stage, the rocks and

fossils are measured,photographed, drawn, describedin notes, and then taken away inplaster casts. Tiny details notedhere can become important later.

THE D ISCOVERY OF “SUE”Finding a fossil of a whole dinosaur, withall the bones in place, is very rare. “Sue”was a fossil Tyrannosaurus rex found in1990 with nearly all her parts present.Her skull, slightly crushed, is 5 feet (1.5 m) long. Being solid rock, it weighsmore than 600 pounds (272 kg). Usuallywhen bones, teeth, orother parts are missing,they can be“borrowed”fromothersimilarfossils.

Paleontologists work on afossil of Tyrannosaurus rex.The best places to find suchfossils are often deserts, seacliffs, or quarries.



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IndexPage numbers in boldrefer to illustrations

AAcrocanthosaurus 27Africa, Jurassic 12Allosaurus 9, 15amphibians, evolution of 8

ankylosaurs 20, 21, 25Antarctica, Jurassic 13Apatosaurus 15Archaeopteryx 9, 19Asia, Cretaceous 24-25Jurassic 16-17

asteroid impact 28-29Australia, Cretaceous 21

BBaryonyx 27birds 8-9, 25, 29evolution of 8, 19, 29

brachiosaurids 12, 27Brachiosaurus 9, 27

CCamarasaurus 9, 15ceratopsians 23, 25Ceratosaurus 15Cetiosaurus 19Chicxulub 29climate change 12, 20Coelophysis 8, 11Compsognathus 19continental drift 6-7, 12, 16Corythosaurus 9, 23Cretaceous period 7, 8, 9, 17, 20-28

Cryolophosaurus 13cycads 12

DDeinonychus 20dinosaurs, characteristics of of 5, 8defence capability of 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27evolution of 8-9, 28extinction of 28-29feathered 8, 19, 24, 29flesh-eating 5, 8, 10, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29plant-eating 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29speed of 15, 23, 25, 27size 5, 8, 12, 15, 17, 19, 27

Diplodocus 8, 9, 15Diplophosaurus 9Dromaeosaurus 23

EEarth 6-7, 10, 28Echinodon 19Euhelopus 13Europe, Cretaceous 26-27Jurassic 18-19Triassic 10

FGHfossilization process 31fossils 28, 30-31Gallimimus 25geological time 6Ghost Ranch 11Giraffatitan 12Gondwana 7, 12-13, 20Herrerasaurus 10Huayangosaurus 16humans 5Hypsilophodon 27

IIguanodon 9, 27iridium 28-29

JKLJurassic period 7, 8, 9, 12-19, 27

Kentrosaurus 12Kuehnosaurus 11Laurasia 7, 12-13, 20Lystrosaurus 8

MMamenchisaurus 17mammals, evolution of 29Megalosaurus 19Minmi 21Mongolia, Cretaceous 24-25

Morganucodon 9

NONorth America, Cretaceous 20, 22-23Jurassic 14-15Triassic 11

ornithischians 5Ornithocheirus 27Ornitholestes 15ornithopods 27Ornithosuchus 8, 10ostrich dinosaurs 25Oviraptor 25

PQRpalaeontology 30Pangaea 6-7, 10-11, 12Panthalassa 10, 13, 14Plateosaurus 8, 10Proterosuchus 8Protoceratops 25Pterodactylus 13pterosaurs 13, 21, 27, 28Quetzalcoatlus 21raptors 15, 19reptiles, evolution of 8marine 28

SSaichania 25Saltopus 10saurischians 5Sauropelta 20sauropods 5, 8-9, 15, 17, 19, 27

Scelidosaurus 18scutes 18sea levels, rising 7, 10, 12, 16, 18

sediments 31Shunosaurus 17Silvisaurus 23Sinornis 25South America, Triassic 10stegosaurs 12, 16, 17Stegosaurus 15Struthiomimus 9Styracosaurus 9"Sue" 31supercontinent 6-7, 10, 12, 20

Ttectonic plates 6Tethys Sea 11, 13, 16, 18thecodonts 10theropods 5, 8, 13, 19titanosaurs 17Triassic period 6, 7, 8, 10-11

Triceratops 23Tuojiangosaurus 17Tyrannosaurus rex 5, 9,

23, 28, 30, 31

UVXYUtahraptor 15Velociraptor 25Western Interior Seaway 22

Xiaosaurus 17Yangchuanosaurus 17Yucatán peninsula 29


#150 Dtp: 89 Page: 32

INOSA THEAG OF URI GIANTS TH GE...TRIASSIC SOUTH AMERICA During the Triassic period, the world’s...

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