Inorganic chemical nomenclature (textbook: 12 - 25)
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Transcript of Inorganic chemical nomenclature (textbook: 12 - 25)
Electronegativity
Oxidation state (oxidation number)
Valence
Ionic charge - "real electric charge"
cations: Na+ Ca2+ Al3+ anions: Cl- SO42-
Chemical formulas
We have several types of formulas: (according to the information they contain)
1) Empirical formula
2) Molecular formula
3) "Condensed formula"
4) Structural formula
5) Structural formula showing unshared electrons
1) EMPIRICAL
- relative number of each type of atom (ratio of the elements)
- e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 CH2O
2) MOLECULAR
- real number of atoms in the molecule
- e.g. H2SO4 Al2O3 C6H12O6
3) "CONDENSED" (functional groups)
- characteristic groups of atoms (=functional groups)
- e.g. Mg(OH)2 (NH4)2SO4 K4[Fe(CN)6]
4) STRUCTURAL
- types and arrangement of bonds between atoms
5) STRUCTURAL with unshared electrons - shows also unshared (non-bonding) electron pairs
Latin nomenclature (INN)
INN = International Nonproprietary Names
- intended to be used worldwide for the identification of a given
pharmaceutical substance
- free of any protection of rights of ownership
- recommendations come from World Health Organization (WHO)
"Drug names"
TRADE NAME - registered to pharmaceutical company
- protection of rights of ownership
CHEMICAL NAME - long, difficult
GENERIC NAME (INN) – "free"
e.g. simvastatinum - trade names in the Czech republic: Zocor, Simgal, Simvor, Vasilip,
Simvastatin AL, APO-Simva, ...
... - statinum drug for lowering cholesterol
Symbols of chemical elements
- derived from LATIN name
K Kalium
N Nitrogenium Na Natrium
B Borum Br Bromum
Ag Argentum Ar Argonum As Arsenum
English name - - - > symbol ?
lead L Le Plumbum Pb
Trip to linguistics (morphology)
PREFIX STEM of the word SUFFIX
(ending)
hypo - chlor - ate
Latin is a highly inflected language.
nouns - six cases
- many declensions
1. nominative Natrium
2. genitive Natrii
3. dative Natrio
4. accusative Natrium
5. vocative Natrium
6. ablative Natrio
Genitive forms
Plumbum - - > Plumbi
Natrium - - > Natrii
element names - usual ending: - UM
Lithium, Ferrum, Cuprum, Calcium
genitive form - I
Lithii, Ferri, Cupri, Calcii
Elements with different names in English and in Latin !!!
Sb antimony Stibium
Cu copper Cuprum
Au gold Aurum
Fe iron Ferrum
Pb lead Plumbum
Hg mercury Hydrargyrum
Ni nickel Niccolum
K potassium Kalium
Si silicon Silicium
Ag silver Argentum
Na sodium Natrium
Sn tin Stannum
W tungsten Wolframium
Numerical prefixes
1 mono 11 undeca
2 di 12 dodeca
3 tri 13 trideca
4 tetra
5 penta 20 eicosa
6 hexa 100 hecta
7 hepta
8 octa 1/2 hemi
9 nona 3/2 sesqui
10 deca
Names of oxides
1) Oxides of NONMETALS - numerical prefixes
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
As2O3 diarsenic trioxide
As2O5 diarsenic pentoxide
Names of oxides
1) Oxides of METALS
Only one oxid. state: CaO calcium oxide
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
More oxid. states: FeO iron (II) oxide
Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide
Names of oxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for the element + OXIDUM
(numerical prefixes are employed)
K2O Dikalii oxidum
CaO Calcii oxidum
Al2O3 Dialuminii trioxidum
SnO2 Stanni dioxidum
Sb2O5 Distibii pentaoxidum
SO3 Sulfuris trioxidum ! ( sulfur, -is ) 3rd decl.
Names of peroxides
element + PEROXIDE
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
Na2O2sodium peroxide
BaO2 barium peroxide
Names of peroxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for the element + PEROXIDUM
H2O2 Hydrogenii peroxidum
Na2O2Natrii peroxidum
BaO2 Barii peroxidum
Names of hydroxides
element + HYDROXIDE
( if element forms more hydroxides – specify it ! )
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
Fe(OH)2 iron (II) hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide
Names of hydroxides (INN)
Genitive form of the name for element + HYDROXIDUM
( numerical prefix: if element forms more hydroxides )
NaOH Natrii hydroxidum
Ca(OH)2 Calcii hydroxidum
Mg(OH)2 Magnesii hydroxidum
Fe(OH)2 Ferri dihydroxidum
Fe(OH)3 Ferri trihydroxidum
Names of acids
1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
HYDRO.... -IC ACID or HYDROGEN .... -IDE
HF hydrofluoric acid
HCl hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid
HI hydroiodic acid
H2S hydrogen sulfide
HCN hydrogen cyanide
2. Oxyacids
How many oxyacids can the element form ?
a) only one .... -IC ACID
H2CO3 carbonic acid
H3BO3 boric acid
H2SiO3 silicic acid
H2MoO4 molybdic acid !!!
a) two
Lower oxidation n. .... -OUS ACID
Higher oxidation n. .... -IC ACID
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
HNO3 nitric acid
H3PO3 phosphorous acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I
HClO hypochlorous acid
HClO2 chlorous acid
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid
The same way: "traditional"
H2MnO4 manganic acid
HMnO4 permanganic acid
Names of acids (INN)
1. Acids not containing oxygen ("binary acids")
ACIDUM HYDRO …… -ICUM
HF Acidum hydrofluoricum
HCl Acidum hydrochloricum
HBr Acidum hydrobromicum
HI Acidum hydroiodicum
H2S Acidum hydrosulfuricum
HCN Acidum hydrocyanicum
2. Oxyacids
How many oxyacids can the element form ?
a) only one ACIDUM ……-ICUM
H2CO3 Acidum carbonicum
H3BO3 Acidum boricum
H2SiO3 Acidum silicicum
H2MoO4 Acidum molybdaenicum
a) two
Lower oxidation n. ACIDUM ……-OSUM
Higher oxidation n. ACIDUM ……-ICUM
H2SO3 Acidum sulfurosum
H2SO4 Acidum sulfuricum
HNO2 Acidum nitrosum
HNO3 Acidum nitricum
H3PO3 Acidum phosphorosum
H3PO4 Acidum phosphoricum
a) more than two the halogens Cl, Br, I
HClO Acidum hypochlorosum
HClO2 Acidum chlorosum
HClO3 Acidum chloricum
HClO4 Acidum hyperchloricum
( perchloricum )
The same way: "traditional"
H2MnO4 Acidum manganicum
HMnO4 Acidum hypermanganicum
Names of salts
1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing oxygen)
cation + ……- IDE
more oxidation states of cation: specify it ! e.g. iron (II)
NaCl sodium chloride
AgI silver iodide
KCN potassium cyanide
ZnS zinc sulfide
Common elements with two oxidation states in cations
FeII iron (II) ferrous FeIII iron (III) ferric
CuI copper (I) cuprous CuII copper (II) cupric
HgI mercury (I) mercurous HgII mercury (II) mercuric
AuI gold (I) AuIII gold (III)
SnII tin (II) stannous SnIV tin (IV) stannic
TlI thallium (I) TlIII thallium (III)
PbII lead (II) plumbous PbIV lead (IV) plumbic
Salts of elements with more oxidation states
FeCl2 iron (II) chloride
FeCl3 iron (III) chloride
CuI copper (I) iodide
CuI2 copper (II) iodide
Hg2Cl2 mercury (I) chloride
HgCl2 mercury (II) chloride
2. Salts of oxyacids
cation + … -ATE ( if acid -ic )
… - ITE ( if acid -ous )
according to acid also: HYPO- PER-
Na2CO3 sodium carbonate
K2SO3 potassium sulfite
NaClO sodium hypochlorite
FeSO4 iron (II) sulfate
NH4BrO2 Ammonium bromite
Names of salts (INN)
1. Salts of binary acids (acids not containing oxygen)
genitive form of the cation + ……- IDUM
more oxidation states of cation: lower: -osi
higher -i
NaCl Natrii chloridum
AgI Argenti iodidum
KCN Kalii cyanidum
ZnS Zinci sulfuridum !!!
Common elements with two oxidation states in cations
FeII Ferrosi FeIII Ferri
CuI Cuprosi CuII Cupri
HgI Hydrargyrosi HgII Hydrargyri
AuI Aurosi AuIII Auri
SnII Stannosi SnIV Stanni
TlI Thallosi TlIII Thallii
Salts of elements with more oxidation states
FeCl2 Ferrosi chloridum
FeCl3 Ferri chloridum
CuI Cuprosi iodidum
CuI2 Cupri iodidum
Hg2Cl2 Hydrargyrosi chloridum
HgCl2 Hydrargyri chloridum
2. Salts of oxyacids
cation in genitive + … -AS ( if acid -icum )
( -osi, -i ) … - IS ( if acid -osum )
according to acid also: HYPO- HYPER-
Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas
K2SO3 Kalii sulfis
NaClO Natrii hypochloris
FeSO4 Ferrosi sulfas
NH4BrO2 Ammonii bromis
Names of hydrogensalts
HYDROGEN
(numerical prefix if needed)
NaHS sodium hydrogen sulfide
NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
KHSO3 potassium hydrogen sulfite
Na3PO4 sodium phosphate
Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Names of hydrogensalts (INN)
prefix: HYDROGENO-
(numerical prefix if needed)
NaHS Natrii hydrogenosulfuridum
NaHCO3 Natrii hydrogenocarbonas
KHSO3 Kalii hydrogenosulfis
Na3PO4 Natrii phosphas
Na2HPO4 Natrii hydrogenophosphas
NaH2PO4 Natrii dihydrogenophosphas
Names of basic salts
Mg(OH)Cl Magnesium chloride hydroxide
Cd(OH)I Cadmium iodide hydroxide
Al(OH)CO3 Aluminum carbonate hydroxide
Names of basic salts (INN)
prefix: SUB-
Mg(OH)Cl Magnesii subchloridum
Cd(OH)I Cadmii subiodidum
Al(OH)CO3 Aluminii subcarbonas
Names of hydrates
….. HYDRATE
numerical prefix
CuSO4 . 5 H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
MgCl2 . 6 H2O magnesium chloride hexahydrate
CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O calcium sulfate hemihydrate
anhydrous: (Only if you want to point out this.)
Na2CO3 sodium carbonate anhydrous
Names of hydrates (INN)
….. HYDRICUS ( -UM)
numerical prefix
CuSO4 . 5 H2O Cupri sulfas pentahydricus
MgCl2 . 6 H2O Magnesii chloridum hexahydricum
CaSO4 . 1/2 H2O Calcii sulfas hemihydricus
anhydrous: (Only if you want to point out this.)
Na2CO3 Natrii carbonas anhydricus
Names of polyacids and their salts
(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)
H2B4O7 tetraboric acid
Na2B4O7 sodium tetraborate
H2Cr2O7 dichromic acid
K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate
Names of polyacids and their salts (INN)
(Number of central atoms is expressed by numerical prefix)
H2B4O7 Acidum tetraboricum
Na2B4O7 Natrii tetraboras
H2Cr2O7 Acidum dichromicum
K2Cr2O7 Kalii dichromas
"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids
Peroxyacids -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
(HOO)NO2 peroxynitric acid
(HOO)2CO diperoxycarbonic acid
Thioacids oxygen is replaced by sulfur ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
=O replaced by =S
H2S2O3 thiosulfuric acid
H2CS3 trithiocarbonic acid
"Functional replacement" derivatives of oxyacids (INN)
Peroxyacids -O-H group replaced by -O-O-H
(HOO)NO2 Acidum peroxonitricum
(HOO)2CO Acidum diperoxocarbonicum
Thioacids oxygen is replaced by sulfur ( -O-H replaced by -S-H )
=O replaced by =S
H2S2O3 Acidum thiosulfuricum
H2CS3 Acidum trithiocarbonicum
Double salts
(salts containing more than one cation or anion)
AlK(SO4)2 Aluminum potassium sulfate
CaMg(CO3)2 Calcium magnesium carbonate
ZnBrF Zinc bromide fluoride
Cu3(CO3)2F2 Copper (II) carbonate fluoride