Innovations in Groundwater Monitoring...• Mustapha Mimouni, Sahara and Sahel Observatory 4....

Innovations in Groundwater MonitoringPotential of Telemetry and Remote Sensing

Stockholm World Water Week 2019

26 August

Source:

https://www.hydrosens.com/produkte/diver/diver-netz-sws/

Source:

http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2019/03/11_Sh

aring_knowledge_and_keeping_Earth_s_memory/

Agenda

1. Introduction

• Dr. Alice Aureli, UNESCO-IHP

2. Telemetry: Groundwater monitoring from the desk?

• Torsten Krekeler, BGR

• Oussama Ait Raoui, Agence du Bassin Hydraulique de Souss Massa

3. Remote Sensing: Groundwater monitoring from outer space?

• Fabian Stoffner, BGR

• Mustapha Mimouni, Sahara and Sahel Observatory

4. Questions and Discussion

Regional Cooperation in the Water Sector in the Maghreb

▪ Goal: Regional exchange of tools, methods and information sytems on groundwater

management

▪ Project Partner: Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS)

▪ Outputs:

Introduction

Regional recommendations

on hydrogeological data

Regular updates of water

balances

Measuring groundwater

abstraction (remote sensing)

Pilot Zones

Telemetry: Groundwater monitoring from the desk?

Stockholm, August 26, 2019

Torsten Krekeler

Content

General Setup

Technical optionsLandline

GSM

Radio

Satellite

Advantages

Advantages?

Limitations

Opportunities

General Setup

Source: Diver

Manual, van

Essen

Source: https://www.stssensoren.de/datenlogger/

Source: https://pegelonline.wsv.de/

Technical options

Data transfer via landline

Poll: transfer initialised by control

centre

Sequencing transfer

Transfer needs lot of time –

poll system is outdated

Push: transfer initialised by sensor

Simultaneous transfer

Appropriate for hydrometry, requires

ISDN – not always available

Technical options

Mobile Network GSM

SMS

Dataset is sent by probe via SMS:

No direct link between transmitter

and receiver

GPRS

Data packages are sent via GSM

using standard protocol (FTP,

SMTP, HTTP)

+Standard in (groundwater-)

hydrometry: cost effective, fast,

easy to install…

Source:

https://www.grundwasser-

online.de/gwo_ks_oeff/viewer.ht

m

Technical options

Radio UHF

Negligible for long distance data transfer

If many probes are installed within short distance, radio is often used to

transfer data to a GPRS modem

Source:

https://www.adcon.com/products/rtu

s-274/a753-addwave-uhf-1482/ Source: https://www.vanessen.com/products/diver-netz#how-does-it-work

Technical options

Satellite Where no GSM or landline is available,

satellite can be a solution

Weather satellites:

• METEOSAT (EUMETSAT/ESA, EU)

• GEOS (NOAA, USA)

• GOMS (Roskosmos, Russia)

• GMS (JMA, Japan)

Commercial systems:

• INMARSAT-C (International

Maritime Satellite Organization, GB)

• ORBCOMM (USA)Source: Morgenschweis, G.

(2018)

Source: SatSCADA Application Note 135, Bentek Systems

Technical options

Data management

DIY

• Transfer data direct to your own ftp (sftp, http…) server and import it into

your database

• Use water management software (e.g. WISKI/

SODA – Simultaneous Online Data Acquisition)

Hydrocenter, Diver-HUB, HydroVu…

• Let the manufacturer do the work

Source: https://www.seba-hydrometrie.com/products.html

Source: https://www.vanessen.com/products/

software/diver-hub#overview

Advantages

• Essential if real-time data is necessary (e.g.

flood warning, control of dams…)

• Data is available online

• Failure of instruments is detected immediately

• Automatic data processing

Advantages?

• Saving of fuel, time and

personnel??

NO: it is fundamental to operate

your monitoring system seriously!

Source: https://in-situ.com/product-

category/remote-water-level-monitoring/

Source:

https://www.hydrosens.com/produkt

e/diver/diver-netz-sws/

Limitations

• Data accuracy – water level measurement need to be checked and

loggers calibrated regularly (about 3 month period)

• Outer general condition of monitoring borehole must be checked

• Costs – purchase and operation

Offset= 15 cm!

Opportunities

Freely

accessible

data!

No more

gaps in

your

recordings

Source:

http://www.sasscalwea

thernet.org/weatherstat

_hourly_we.php?logger

id_crit=856134

Thank you!

Water Ressources Monitoring Using Telemetry in the Souss Massa Basin,Morocco

Stockholm, 26th August 2019

Oussama AIT RAOUI

Head of department Water resources monitoring , ABHSM

PLAN

❖ Introduction to Souss Massa Basin

❖ Methodology : Telemetry System Setup

❖ Challenges

❖ Lessons learnt

❖ Water Ressources in the Souss Massa Basin

Total area : 27800 km2

( 1/20 of the area of Morocco)

Souss plain: 4500 km2

Chtouka plain: 1260 km2

Tiznit plain: 1200 km2

the Anti-Atlas mountains and

High-Atlas Mountains

Main activity areas : Agriculture,

tourism, fishing

6 provinces and prefectures

Total population : 2,3 Millions

inhabitants ( 54% rural , 46% urban)

Arid to semi arid climate

INTRODUCTION TO SOUSS MASSA BASIN

Overexploitation

of Groundwater

in the Chtouka

Aquifer

more than 60 m

Drawdown

in 30 years

WATER RESSOURCES IN THE SOUSS MASSA BASIN

Threat of SW intrusion

Area of Interest of the CREM Project :

- Monitoring SW Intrusion since 2016

- International Cooperation: BGR, GIZ,

OSS, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia

- Sustainable Water Management

WATER RESSOURCES IN THE SOUSS MASSA BASIN

WHY ?

rovide water ressources data for the water plans on regional and national

level

ata are used to establish synthesis reports to present to decision-makers to

help them make the right decisions to conserve and develop water

resources

METHODOLOGY : TELEMETRY SYSTEM SETUP

upplement the established network and fill in the gaps that may appear

on datasetsS

P

D

void long distance travel to remote stationsA

nnounce flashfloods to warn the population near the riversA

bserve the data directly from the officeO

ave money in the long term (because of less personal to be paid to go

to the field)S

Components of ABHSM telemetry system

27

piezometers

6

meteorological

stations

3

precipitations

gauges

14

River Gauges


Measured parameters : Temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind direction

and velocity and precipitation

Meteorological Station

is composed of : Datalogger

Solar Panel

Precipitation gauge

Pyranometer

Anemometer

Sensor of temperature and air humidity

Station enclosure 10x10m

2,5 meters height wire grid

door with latch and 3 meters high mast


Measured parameters : water level , salinity and water temperature

Piezometer : Datalogger

Solar Panel

Water level and Conductivity Probe

6 meters high mast with Stainless steel cage for protection

A closing system using specific tools to open


Measured parameters : water level , precipitation

River Gauge : Datalogger

Solar Panel

Water level device using ultrasound

6 meters high mast with Stainless steel cage for

protection

Precipitation gauge

Mounted on a concrete basement

Identification stainless plate


❖ 11 of 18 piezometers are

equipped with telemetry

system

❖ 5 equiped piezometers Out of order

and need to be recovered


In the Chtouka Plain Only

❖ 2 piezometers measure water

level and salinity at different

levels


2 piezometers

equipped with

that system along

the coast in an

area threatened

by SW intrusion

Need to monitor the SW intrusion in order

to alerting in real time the decision makers

Measures are collected and

treated and could be visualized on a daily basis


Multiple sensors are

put into the

boreholes at different

depths measuring

the water level and

the Conductivity


Salinity is shown as a transition

Alerts are set when the salinity

bevel exceeds a critical levelExporting data in order to

supply the GW model

In a process managed by the ABHSM, a

partnership between all the stakeholders

in the water sector , 32 meteorological

stations equipped with telemetry have

been implemented in the Souss Plain and

the Chtouka Plain


Local

Stakeholders

❖ System needs to be calibrated regularly to ensure that

the probes are measuring the parameters correctly

❖ Maintenance is the key to ensure that the system is

continuously working properly

❖ Possibility of sending alerts to operator to prevent

breakdowns

❖ Keep established measurement system in

shape to complement telemetry system

LESSONS LEARNT

igh technologies need specific skills not available in our institution

to find reason of sudden breakdowns and fix it

mportant delay in sending alerts: GPRS transmission stops

because of atmospheric turbulence in heavy rainy or stormy events

CHALLENGES

H

I

aintenance contracts and spare parts are expensive especially in

the case of piezometers as there is only one supplier mastering this

technology and working in this field in Souss Massa

M

THANK YOU

Monitoring groundwater abstraction

for agricultural use

A multi-spectral remote sensing approach

Fabian Stoffner

Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

World Water Week

Stockholm, 26 August 2019

Current situation of the aquifers

Enfidha Safra in Tunisia. Source: Project CREM

Current situation of the aquifers

▪ Intensive agriculture with a high water demand

▪ Low precipitation rates

▪ Groundwater abstraction

Agriculture in the Maghreb. Source: Project CREM

Social challenges

▪ Few existing reference data

▪ Limited data quality

▪ Limited expertise

▪ Restraint towards sharing

information

Challenges in groundwater monitoring for agricultural use

In situ data acquisition

▪ Wide agricultural area

▪ Hard to access

Agricultural activities

▪ Extremely dynamic

▪ No regulations, pattern or information

of crop type and planting date

▪ Illegal and uncontrolled cropping as

well as groundwater abstraction

Application of remote sensing

How much water is abstracted? Where? When?

Satellite imagery

Crop mapping

Estimating groundwater

abstraction

Remote sensing approach – Satellite Imagery

▪ Copernicus Sentinel-2

- European Space Agency (ESA)

- Up to 10m spatial resolution

- Repeat cycle of 5 days

▪ Copernicus data ensure sustainability

- Free and open data policy

- Future availability of data

- Regularity of acquisitions ideal for crop monitoring

www.gim-international.com

Remote sensing approach – Crop mapping

▪ Masking of agricultural areas: ESA CCI land cover of Africa 2016

Source: ESA CCI land cover of Africa 2016


▪ Multispectral classification for agricultural season (Maximum Likelihood)

▪ Field data as input and validation

▪ Based on field surveys

- Growing period

- Crop type

- Planting date

- Crop height

Source: Project CREM


▪ Determination of specific multi-temporal features

- Consideration of time series for each season

- Analysis of multi-temporal profiles of vegetation index NDVI

- Maximum likelihood classification based on defined multi-temporal

features and spectral properties


Remote sensing approach – Estimating groundwater abstraction

▪ Estimation of crop water needs ETc (FAO)

- Calculation of the reference

evapotranspiration ET0

- Use of FAO crop coefficient Kc

▪ Consideration of effective rainfall

Remote sensing approach – Estimating groundwater abstraction


▪ Simple, workable and transferable approach for

- Crop mapping

- Defining water needs

- Estimating the groundwater abstraction

▪ Spatial information about groundwater use and input for further analysis

▪ Based on open data and on open source software

Conclusion

Thank you for your attention

Project website: http://www.oss-online.org

Contact: [email protected]

Coopération Régionale pour une gestion durable des

ressources en Eau au Maghreb (CREM)

Monitoring groundwater abstraction

Application of multi-spectral remote

sensing

MIMOUNI Mustapha

Sahara and Sahel Observatory

World Water Week

Stockholm, 26 August 2019

Sustainable groundwater management requires precise information on quantity and

quality

The use of available earth observation data (multispectral, thermal and radar) in

order to obtain quantitative and qualitative information:

• Water use for agricultural purpose

• Provide modern and efficient methods for estimating and monitoring

groundwater (cost-effectiveness, reliability of outputs, replicability to other

areas,…)

Involvement of national partners in the activities: trainings, methodologies

conception, field work, …

EO in support of groundwater sustainable management

Co-designing the approaches and solutions with the local technical staffs is a

key measure to ensure appropriation and sustainability as well as output’s

reliability

Co-designing the approach, products and solutions

Experts local knowledge

Data constraints

• End-users involvement

• Capacity building

Approach Sustainability

Calibration & validation

Pilot sites in the Maghreb region

Algeria

Remila-F’kirina plain

MoroccoTunisia

Souss-Massa-Draa watershed

Nebhana watershed

Pilot site in Algeria

1. Identifying water manager’s objectives and needs

2. Exploring the opportunities of using EO to detect and monitor water abstraction

3. Demonstrate the potentials and limits of the approach at the pilot sites level

4. Exploring complementary applications, and replication over other aquifers

5. Communication & dissemination, raising awareness

General Approach

▪ Identifying non-authorized abstraction

▪ Estimate water abstractions (where, when, water abstracts quantification)

▪ Analysis of the actual situation, Solutions / reflections has to be proposed:

irrigation mode, crops type, farmers behavior, …. ?

▪ Scientific and technical tools allowing the production of accurate

information on water quantity, scenarios of different profiles in the future

Different workshops (information, restitution, planning, field visits, trainings,

…) has been held to ensure and maintain end-users involvement

Water managers needs

Remote Sensing

Practical Case

▪ Water points database is a key elements in

groundwater resources management

▪ Overlaying the shared database with actual

satellite imagery reveals inconsistencies,

incompleteness and outdates of data

▪ Satellite imagery has been used as support for

identifying anomalies

▪ Results : updated database, as common support

for decision making, shared among the partners

Water points inventory

~3 KM

▪ Field visits have been carried by local partners, EO-derived supports and GPS

Field visits to update the water points inventory

▪ Irrigated areas from

non-inventoried

water points can be

delimited from satellite

imagery

▪ the red dots represent

the water points

inventoried on the

ground, the red

rectangles represent

the irrigated areas

where no water points

are identified

Illicit / non inventoried water points

Sentinel-2 image, acquired on 31st July 2018

> 50% of abstractions are not inventoried

▪ The characterization

of each water point by

a "zone of influence"

which corresponds to

an agricultural area

that can be irrigated

from this water point.

▪ Comparative analysis

(Areas potentially

irrigable from water

points) & (Irrigated

areas extracted from

satellite imagery)

Illicit / non inventoried water points

▪ Since the filed visits are very costly (human resources, cars, time, …), we

investigate the identification of water points from very high satellite imagery

(50cm),

Water points identification from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery

•

▪ It is possible to

inventory the wells;

▪ It is impossible to

identify the

boreholes;

▪ It is impossible to

locate water

points in areas

not covered by

field visits.

There are two types of non-authorized abstraction for irrigation purposes:

1. Abstraction for irrigation of areas without official water rights ;

2. Abstraction of water beyond the authorized amounts (threshold of water

abstractions allowing a sustainable water resources)

Non-authorized abstractions, which remain out of record, represent an additional

significant pressure on groundwater resources.

Non-authorized abstraction for irrigation purpose

▪ From irrigated areas, water volumes abstracted from groundwater are estimated

through indirect methods

Irrigated areas mapping and water abstractions estimation

Different methods have been studied :

▪ Estimation of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) of the crop by Penman

Monteith's approach.

▪ Estimation of current evapotranspiration (Eta) through modelling of energy and

water transfers at the ground-vegetation-atmosphere interface

▪ The application of an average agricultural water supply per hectare on the

basis of the irrigated areas estimated from satellite imagery, which represents

at best the water needs of the crops in the area in question and the farmer's

irrigation behavior.

In-situ data remains the major limiting factor

Water abstraction estimation

▪ EO coupled with a minimum of in-situ data can be technically implemented on

the pilot zones and provide satisfying results,

▪ Involvement of national partners is a key measure to ensure the appropriation

of the approaches

▪ There is a lack of awareness on the benefits/importance of using EO data ,

▪ Showcasing EO potential for SDG’s reporting and progress measure can be a

relevant way to raise awareness.

▪ Developing a replicable approach for monitoring water use for irrigation

from space is very relevant , we welcome organizations, research centers,

and professionals to support us & collaborate with us

Conclusion

Thanks for your attention

Site web: www.oss-online.org

Contacts: OSS : M. Mustapha MIMOUNI - [email protected]

BGR: M. Fabian Stoffner- [email protected]

Innovations in Groundwater Monitoring...• Mustapha Mimouni, Sahara and Sahel Observatory 4....

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