Hand Held Wireless

Computers in EducationMarcia Wert

Handheld Wireless Computers

Encompass:– PDA’s or Personal Digital Assistants– Wireless laptops/compact laptops/Ultra compact

laptops– Mobile Phones– Smart Phones– Tablet PC’s – Game consoles - Wi– Media Players – Ipod’s– Hybrid devices - include a mixture of mobile phones

and tablet PC’s

Need for Handheld Wireless

The need for business professionals to keep track of:• Contacts• e-mail• voice mail • addresses • phone numbers• appointments

Need for Handheld Wireless

Mobility of Communication to access the Internet

Ability to connect anytime - as long as an Internet portal is available

Need for speed to connect – electronic trading

Categories

The project will be narrowed to Personal Digital Assistants or PDA’s

2 Categories – Hand Held Computers:

• Larger Liquid Crystal Display• Mini Keyboard

– Palm-Size Computer• Stylus• Touch Screen and hand writing

recognition

Characteristics

Characteristics of PDA’s– No Hard Drive

– Programs stored on Read-only Memory (ROM)

– Microprocessor

– Input/Output ports

History

History of the PDAThese Companies invented and marketed

their PDA’s– 1980 - Invented By Psion Company– 1993 - Apple used touch sensitive screens and

handwriting recognition– 1995 - US Robotics – Palm Pilot

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz4GwLpxAhc

Lead Thinkers Lead Thinkers on this Research

– Cheung Sum Wing– Hew Foon Khe

Lead Designers– Psion - Nick Healey - as a programmer, with a

degree in Computer and Microprocessor Engineering

– Apple- Newton- Steve Capps and Michael Tchao

Problems in Development

Psion's weak point was Internet connectivity in countries where wireless service isn't available

Apple’s Newton- – Problem with fonts – Sent faxes – Limited communication

Problems in Development

Palm Pilot - limited memory and a relatively slow processor, also key components still written in Assembler – Good assembler programmers– Development of programs– Instructions to write– Complex algorithms– Debugging

Intended Market

In the beginning– The business world, in order to be mobile in

communications

Present– Education Field

Findings

On utilizing the devices as (21.8%)-Communication(20.5%)- Multimedia access(17.9%)-Task management tool

On the use of handhelds as (14.1%)-Assessment(12.8%)-Capture tools (6.4%)-Representational(6.4%)-Analytical tools

Steps for Innovation Process

Production- Initiated by Packaging

– Licensing of PDA’s

Marketing– Consists of two 1 hour classes to instruct faculty and

students on usage

Distribution– Set number of PDA’s for 2 classes and corresponding

faculty

Stages

Knowledge

Persuasion

Decision

Decision

Implementation

Confirmation

Knowledge Stage

1995 – Co-Worker2001 – PDA’s in the classroom

A small video supporting knowledge studies from universities on PDA’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOyGyXatx5c

Persuasion Stage

Costs can be minimized High Mobility Good visuals in color,

sound, and networking Familiar “Start” menu Standard Microsoft

applications Standard support for the

hardware Supports other Hardware Increases motivation of

students

Click on image

Decision Stage

Investment– Faculty– Hardware costs– Software costs– Training costs

• Information Technology

• Faculty• Students

Click

Implementation Stage

Time period for Delivery – 1 month One hour class to instruction students on the use of the PDA Two hour classes to instruct faculty- “While the teachers were clear on the basic operations of the PDAs,

they were caught by surprise concerning student engagement and in the ways the software could be used to pose or solve particular coding problems.” As stated by Goldman, Pea, Maldonado, Martin, White and associates at Stanford University (2004).

Active enrollment of students in credit classes and corresponding training classes

Schrage, M. (2004). The power of Persuasion, Retrieved 10 05, 2009 from http://www.leighbureau.com/speakers/MSchrage/essays/persuasion.pdf

Goldman, S., Pea, R., Maldonado, H., Martin, L. White, T. &the WILD Team @ Stanford University. (2004). Functioning in the wireless classroom, P. 5. Retrieved 10 06, 2009 from

http://hci.stanford.edu/publications/2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004.pdf

But my PDA, unlike my phone, actually “persuaded”me to learn how to better use it. (Schrage,2004)

Confirmation Stage

After Purchase– Faculty

– Monthly informal meetings

– E-Mail

– Information Technology

– Surveys

Click

Communication Channels

Knowledge – Mass Media for Education

Persuasion – InterpersonalDecision – Interpersonal/

Mass MediaImplementation – InterpersonalConfirmation - Interpersonal

Be not the first by who the new is tried, nor the last to lay the old aside. -Alexander Pope, An Essay

on Criticism, Part II

http://cyber.bentley.edu/faculty/wb/courses/370/opencommclimate.doc

S-Curve for Adoption

http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_rogers_innovation_adoption_curve.html

Key Innovators and Early Adopters

Younger Instructors Non-tenure Instructors

Strategies for Key Innovators and Early Adopters

Persuasion Complexity Compatibility Ease of Use or Trail ability

Laggards

Older Instructors– Persuasion

Retirement – Persuasion

Strategies for Laggards

Group and peer pressureChange agents Group meetings for faculty

Hybrid of Centralized and Decentralized Approach

Centralized Decentralized

http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/bench/princp.htm#cent

Key Change Agents

Dean Faculty Leaders

S-Curve for Adoption

Critical Mass

Need for PDA’s

The need for PDA’s for this University– To promote future growth of the student

populace by:• Accreditation

• Improvement

• Visualization of cutting edge technologies

Need for PDA’s

For Faculty– Assessment

– Analytical tools

– Communication

– Multimedia access

– Task Management tool

– Representational

14%

13%

16%16%

23%

18% Assessment

Task Management

Representational

Analytical Tools

Communication

MultiMedia Access

Need for PDA’s

For Students– Communication

– Multimedia access

– Task Management tool

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

Communication MultiMediaAccess

TaskManagement

Tool

Advantages

Questions?