Developing behavior change techniques targeting cleaning of shared toilets by users in Kampala’s slums, Uganda

Innocent K. Tumwebaze, PhD Student – University of Zürich

Prof. Hans-Joachim Mosler, EawagMain Advisor

Kampala is the capital city of Uganda & hosts around 188 slums

Introduction

The Good The Bad The Ugly

Why ‘cleaning’ interventions targeting users of shared toilets are important?

Research question• How can we determine appropriate cleaning

behaviour interventions for users of shared toilets in urban slums?

• Change from bad to good state of shared toilets

Cleaning

Toilet etiquette

Methodology • Cross-sectional survey in 50 randomly

selected slums in Kampala (N = 1500, n1019 use shared toilets ).

• Cleanliness key challenge among users.

• Linear regression to assess shared toilet users’ cleaning intentions.

Cleanliness and intention results

Cleaning intention

Respondents’ perceived toilet cleanliness

     

VariablesFrequency Percentages

not at all 1 .2

a little 23 3.8

medium 44 7.2

strongly 247 40.6

very strongly 294 48.3

Total 609 100.0

Mean comparison of factors influencing shared toilet users cleaning intention

Standardized Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta(Constant) 2.212 .365 6.060 .000

Cleaning habit1 = Not a habit at all to 5 = Very strong habit

.221 .029 .330 7.603 .000

sharing toilet with friends outside neighbourhood

1= Yes, 2 = no -.666 .125 -.255 -5.326 .000

Importance to use clean toilet

1 = Very unimportant to 9 = very important

.147 .027 .201 5.443 .000

Cleaning toilet effortful

1 = Not effortful at all to 5 = very effortful

.108 .023 .179 4.722 .000

Talking to other toilet users to maintain cleanliness

1 = almost never to 5 = almost always

.086 .021 .149 4.143 .000

Perceived disgust to use dirty toilet

1 = Not at all to 5 = very much .146 .042 .122 3.457 .001

Ease / difficult to keep toilet clean

1 = Very difficult to 9 = very easy

.034 .011 .117 2.948 .003

Sharing toilet with relatives

1= Yes, 2 = no -.251 .092 -.117 -2.720 .007

Number of sharing households

continuous (from 2 households to 12 and above)

-.022 .009 -.082 -2.284 .023

Perceived toilet cleanliness

1 = Very dirty to 9 = very clean .066 .033 .079 1.998 .046

N = 508, R2 = 0.43 , Adjusted R2 = 0.42

Variables Scale Unstandardized Coefficientst Sig. (P<0.05)

Behavioural factors influencing cleaning intention

Determining intentional factors that steer cleaning behaviour

Factors Improvement reserve (Max - Mean)

Intervention potential (IR *B)

Habit 5-3.99 = 1.01 1.01*0.33 = 0.33Importance to use clean toilet 9-8.32 = 0.68 0.68*0.20 = 0.14Cleaning toilet effortful 5-3.90 = 1.1 1.1*0.18 = 0.20Talking to other toilet users 3-3.47 = 1.53 1.53*0.15 = 0.23Disgust to use dirty toilet 5-4.69 = 0.31 0.31*0.12 = 0.04Ease to keep toilet clean 9-5.65 = 3.35 3.35*0.117 = 0.39Perceived toilet cleanliness by respondents

5-3.45 = 1.55 1.55*0.079 = 0.12

• Process (Source: Mosler et al., 2011. A guide for behaviour change), Eawag

Look at factors frequencies and means Determine intervention potential by analysing

strength of improvement reserve and impact of each factor on cleaning intention

Intervention developmentBehavior change technique

Factors Measure of cleaning behaviour

Norms Normative-Personal norm (importance to use clean toilet)-Expressed demand (Talking to other toilet users)

-Anticipated regret

-Highlighting norms

Infrastructural, skill and ability

- Self-efficacy (ease to keep toilet clean) and (Cleaning effortful)

- Reattribution of past successes and failures-Guided practice towards good toilet use (children) -Facilitating resources (availability of cleaning items)

Mosler et al., 2012

Way forward• Design and test interventions

• Assess / evaluate effect of the interventions

Acknowledgements• NCCR North-South,• Eawag/Sandeco Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawago Prof. Dr. Jonas Klaus, University of Zurich,o Dr. Christoph Lüthi, Eawago Dr. Niwagaba Charles, Makerere

University Email contacts: kamara.innocent@gmail.com, innocent.kamara@eawag.ch, kamarainnocent.tumwebaze@uzh.ch AndHans-joachim.mosler@eawag.ch