Injury Mechanisms in Frontal Plane Corner Impacts Presentations... · Fatalities in Frontal Impact...

Injury Mechanisms in Frontal Plane Corner Impacts

Frank A. PintarDale Halloway

Narayan YoganandanDennis J. Maiman

Medical College of Wisconsin and VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI

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Motivation For StudySweden: Lindquist, et.al., 2004, IJCrash

Corner impacts 48% (29/61)Belted Frontal Fatal Crashes

Crush and Extent

Crush

Extent

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CDC-Code: Specific Longitudinal or Lateral Area

D ZY RCL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7__ __ __ __ __ __ __

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

C D L R Y Z

Perc

enta

ge o

f Fat

aliti

es.

Fatalities in Frontal Impact by Crash TypeNASS Data 2000-2005 Frontal 11, 12, 1 o’clock

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

C D L R Y Z

Perc

enta

ge o

f MA

IS=3

+ Tr

aum

a.MAIS=3+ Trauma in Frontal Impact by Crash Type

NASS Data 2000-2005 Frontal 11, 12, 1 o’clock

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0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

C D L R Y Z

Perc

ent R

isk

of F

atal

ity.

Percent Risk of Fatality in Frontal Impact by Crash TypeNASS Data 2000-2005 Frontal 11, 12, 1 o’clock

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0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

C D L R Y Z

Perc

ent R

isk

of M

AIS

=3+

Trau

ma.

Percent Risk of MAIS=3+ Trauma in Frontal Impact by Crash Type

NASS Data 2000-2005 Frontal 11, 12, 1 o’clock

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Selection Criteria for CIREN Case

Case occupant: driver or right front passengerSevere Injury: AIS=3+ or 2 AIS=2 PDOF range: 340 to 0 (left); 0 to 30 (right) degreesVehicle damage did not involve loading of the longitudinal structural members along the X-axisNo other end or side-plane impacts with an extent zone at least twoNo roll-over eventThe object contacted was another vehicle, a pole or a tree

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CDC-Code FLEE or FREE Crashes: CIREN Analysis

71 cases analyzedOf the 71:y50 drivers, 21 passengersy44 Males; 27 Femalesy32 from 16-34 yrs; 15 from 55-oldery51 belted (72%)y70 (99%) airbag deployed

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts

Occupant Age

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

12


Vehicle Model Year

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Cas

es

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsVehicle Type

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

subcompact compact midsize large SUV LTV Van

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsOccupant Injuries

Occupants with AIS=2+ Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Head Spine Chest Abdomen Pelvis Low Extr Up Extr

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsOccupant Injuries

Occupants with AIS=3+ Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


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Examples of Extremity Trauma: AIS=3

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71 CIREN Corner Impacts: Head Trauma

12 LOC or Concussion AIS=2+

5 hematoma/hemorrhage AIS=3

2 Basilar skull fractures AIS=3

3 Cerebrum contusion AIS=3

1 DAI AIS=5

2 Brain Stem Lac or Head crush AIS=6

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsTrauma Associated with Head Injury

% of Occupants with AIS=2+ Head Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Spine Chest Abdomen Pelvis Low Extr Up Extr

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71 CIREN Corner Impacts : Chest Trauma

5 Aorta/Heart Laceration AIS=5+

17 Rib Fractures AIS=2+

9 Lung contusions AIS=3+

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts Trauma Associated with Chest Injury

% of Occupants with AIS=2+ Chest Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Head Spine Abdomen Pelvis Low Extr Up Extr

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71 CIREN Corner Impacts : Lower Extremity Trauma

33 Femur Fractures AIS=3

22 Tibia/Fibula Fractures AIS=2 or 3

24 Pelvis Fracture or Crush AIS=2, 3, or 4

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts Trauma Associated with Low Extremity Injury

% of Occupants with AIS=2+ Low Extremity Injuries

0

10

20

30

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60

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Head Spine Chest Abdomen Pelvis Up Extr

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CIREN 71 Corner Impacts: SeverityExtent Zone vs ISS

y = 0.0628x + 17.355R2 = 0.0001

0

10

20

30

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Delta-V vs ISS

y = 0.1404x + 11.943R2 = 0.0603

0

10

20

30

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70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Max Crush vs ISS

y = 0.0797x + 12.079R2 = 0.0988

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 50 100 150 200 250

Damaged Wheel Base vs ISS

y = 0.0046x + 15.821R2 = 0.0004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325

24

Extent

Front-end plane

Measurement axisMeasurement axis

Zone 6 Zones 7 & 8

Zones 1- 5

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Front Tree/Pole CrashesFront Tree/Pole Crashes

• 31 cases• Extent Zone

• Zone-2-5: 21 cases• Zone-6-9: 11 cases

• Average ISS = 18

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FrontFront--toto--front Crashesfront Crashes–– Matched VehiclesMatched Vehicles




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FrontFront--toto--front Crashes front Crashes –– Mismatched VehiclesMismatched Vehicles




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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts Zones 6-9

Zones 1- 5

Percent Occupants with AIS=2+ Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Extent 2-5Extent 6-9

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CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts Zones 6-9

Zones 1- 5

Percent Occupants with AIS=3+ Injuries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Extent 2-5Extent 6-9

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Injury Mechanism Theory: Corner Impacts

Extent Zone 1Extent Zone 1--55 Extent Zone 6Extent Zone 6--99

Occupant Occupant Side ImpactSide Impact

Occupant Occupant Frontal ImpactFrontal Impact

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Conduct Corner Impact Crash Test

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Corner Impact Crash Test Results

Crash test videoCrash test video

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Crash test videoCrash test video

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Corner Impact Crash Test Result

Extent zone = 4Extent zone = 4

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

-50 50 150 250 350msec

G'S

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

RA

D/S

Vehicle linear acceleration (x) Vehicle linear acceleration (y)Vehicle angular velocity (z)

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-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

-50 50 150 250 350msec

G'S

Upper rib linear acceleration Lower rib linear accelerationT12 linear acceleration

TTI= 6.9

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

-50 50 150 250 350msec

G'S

T1 linear acceleration (x) T1 linear acceleration (y)

Driver ResponseDriver Response Passenger ResponsePassenger Response

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Passenger Chest DeflectionsPassenger Chest DeflectionsRibEyeRibEye®® InstrumentationInstrumentationFrontFront--toto--Back DeflectionsBack Deflections

RIB 6 RX3.8 mm

RIB 5 RX3.8 mm

RIB 4 RX4.5 mm

RIB 3 RX5.7 mm

RIB 2 RX5.2 mm

RIB 1 RX7.0 mm

0 5 10 15 20Displacement (mm)

RIB 6 LX15.0 mm

RIB 5 LX17.5 mm

RIB 4 LX17.6 mm

RIB 3 LX18.3 mm

RIB 2 LX19.1 mm

RIB 1 LX19.7 mm

05101520Displacement (mm)

LEFT CHESTLEFT CHEST RIGHT CHESTRIGHT CHEST

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Passenger Chest DeflectionsPassenger Chest DeflectionsRibEyeRibEye®® InstrumentationInstrumentationLeftLeft--toto--Right DeflectionsRight Deflections

LEFT CHESTLEFT CHEST RIGHT CHESTRIGHT CHEST

RIB 6 RY8.0 mm

RIB 5 RY8.0 mm

RIB 4 RY8.1 mm

RIB 3 RY8.4 mm

RIB 2 RY8.2 mm

RIB 1 RY8.5 mm

0 2 4 6 8 10Displacement (mm)

RIB 6 LY5.8 mm

RIB 5 LY6.1 mm

RIB 4 LY5.4 mm

RIB 3 LY5.1 mm

RIB 2 LY5.0 mm

RIB 1 LY4.9 mm

0246810Displacement (mm)

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Summary: 71 Corner Impact CrashesFrontal corner impacts a significant percentage of fatalities/severe traumaSevere lower extremity trauma with chest and pelvis traumaImpact type mattersy Tree/pole or Matched vehicles: ISS=18yMismatched vehicles: ISS=24Delta-V, crush measures not good predictors of trauma severityExtent zone crush may cause different occupant kinematics and interaction with airbagRecommend vehicle structural inspection with crush measures

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This research was supported in part by

US Dept. of Transportation NHTSA,Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Research

Acknowledgment

Injury Mechanisms in �Frontal Plane Corner Impacts Motivation For StudyCrush and ExtentCDC-Code: Specific Longitudinal or Lateral AreaFatalities in Frontal Impact by Crash TypeMAIS=3+ Trauma in Frontal Impact by Crash TypePercent Risk of Fatality in Frontal Impact by Crash TypePercent Risk of MAIS=3+ Trauma in Frontal Impact by Crash TypeSelection Criteria for CIREN Case CDC-Code FLEE or FREE Crashes: �CIREN AnalysisCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner ImpactsCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts�Occupant InjuriesCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts�Occupant InjuriesExamples of Extremity Trauma: AIS=371 CIREN Corner Impacts: Head TraumaCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts�Trauma Associated with Head Injury71 CIREN Corner Impacts : Chest TraumaCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts � Trauma Associated with Chest Injury71 CIREN Corner Impacts : � Lower Extremity TraumaCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts � Trauma Associated with Low Extremity InjuryCIREN 71 Corner Impacts: SeverityExtentCIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts CIREN Analysis: 71 Corner Impacts Injury Mechanism Theory: Corner ImpactsConduct Corner Impact Crash TestCorner Impact Crash Test ResultsCorner Impact Crash Test ResultsCorner Impact Crash Test ResultCorner Impact Crash Test ResultsCorner Impact Crash Test ResultsCorner Impact Crash Test ResultsSummary: 71 Corner Impact Crashes

Injury Mechanisms in Frontal Plane Corner Impacts Presentations... · Fatalities in Frontal Impact...

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