Initial Environmental Examination · This initial environmental examination is a document of the...

Initial Environmental Examination February 2011

BAN: Khulna Water Supply Project Prepared by Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, for the Asian Development Bank.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank ADC – Assistant Deputy Commissioner BDT – Bangladesh Taka BOD – biological oxygen demand BOQ – bill of quantities BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CBO community-based organization DOE – Department of Environment DPHE – Department of Public Health Engineering DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant ECA Environmental Conservation Act ECC – Environmental Clearance Certificate ECR – Environment Conservation Rules EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan FGD – focus group discussions GRC – Grievance Redress Committee GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism IEE – Initial Environment Examination JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency KCC – Khulna City Corporation KWASA – Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority NGO – nongovernment organization O&M – operation and maintenance PMU – Project Management Unit PWD – Public Works Department ROW – right of way RPM – respiratory particulate matter SPM – suspended particulate matter SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement SWTP – surface water treatment plant TDS total dissolved solids

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

cm/sec – cubic meter per second dbA – decibels ha – hectare km – kilometer l – liter m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mm – Millimeter

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CONTENTS

Page

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

II. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 3

III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE AND EXISTING CONDITIONS 16

A. Physical Environment 16 B. Climate and Air Quality 18 C. Ecological Environment 20 D. Socioeconomic Conditions 21

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 22

A. Location and Design Impacts 22 B. Construction Impacts 23 C. Operation and Maintenance Impacts 25

VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 33

A. Process for Consultation 33 B. Plan for Continued Public Participation 36

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 36

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 38

A. Institutional Arrangements 38 B. Environmental Monitoring Plan 39 C. Capacity Building 43 D. Environmental Budget 44

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45

APPENDIXES 1. Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist 46 2. National Environment Quality Standards 49 3. Water Quality and River Flow Data – Madhumoti River, Mollarhat 53 4. Precautions for Protection of Environmental Resources 57

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Khulna, the third largest city in Bangladesh, is located in the southwest area of the country and has a population of 1.5 million (2008). To cope with current insufficient water supply and increasing demand, the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KWASA) plans to improve the existing water supply system with assistance from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Khulna Water Supply Project (the Project) will be co-financed by JICA and ADB and is being formulated as a project loan with key investments to be implemented over a 5-year period (2011 to 2016). The Project envisages a major improvement to the public water supply system and aims to improve the quality of life for all residents and businesses in Khulna. 2. Citizens in Khulna have long suffered from limited access to water supply services. Out of approximately 1 million population, approximately 20% have access to piped water supply, and the rest resort to alternative sources, such as shared public taps and tube wells built privately. The existing system is old and poorly maintained, resulting in substantial leakage and low quality of water. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) survey results shows that even households connected to the network enjoy water supply only for 5.3 hours per day, and 74% of households find the supplied quantity insufficient. 1 As for water quality, 59% of the surveyed household perceived the supplied water as dirty and 55% rates the service standard as very poor or poor.2 Many unconnected households rely on shared public taps and spend on average 90 minutes to fetch water everyday, imposing a particular burden on women who often fetch water for the whole family. The Project will expand the access to water supply service by building a surface water treatment plant and extending the distribution network to cover the whole City. 3. Project Overview. To address the water supply issues in Khulna, the Project proposes a surface water system sourced from the Mollarhat intake point on the bank of Modhumati River in Bagherhat District. The raw water from the Modhumati River will be stored into an impounding reservoir and then transmitted to a water treatment plant at Samonto Sena with the purified water to be distributed through a system of smaller storage reservoirs and overhead tanks and delivered to consumers in Khulna City Corporation. 4. Physical infrastructure to be developed and financed by the project includes the following:

(i) JICA Components: (a) Water Intake Facility (b) Raw Water Transmission Mains (c) Impounding Reservoir (d) Surface Water Treatment Plant (SWTP)

(ii) ADB Components: (a) Distribution Pipe Network (b) Distribution Reservoirs (c) Overhead Tanks (d) Clear Water Transmission Pipes (e) KWASA Office Buildings

1 The survey was conducted under the Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded Small Scale Technical Assistance

(SSTA) 7223: Supporting the Establishment of Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WASA) in 2009 and covers 3,000 households randomly selected in Khulna City.

2 Thirty – three percent of the surveyed households rated fair, and 11% rated good.

2

5. Categorization. In accordance with JICA’s Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2002), and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) 3 the Project is classified as Category B as no significant impacts are envisioned. In accordance with the Government’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements as outlined in their Environmental Conservation Act (ECA, 1997) (Amendment, 2000) and the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR, 1997) the Project is classified as a Red Category requiring EIA for necessary Environmental Clearance requirements.4 The draft Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) represents a single, uniform document agreed upon by all three parties to ensure compliance with their respective rules and policies, including EIA requirements of the Government. 6. Purpose of IEE. This document is an IEE prepared in accordance with the Government’s, JICA and ADB’s environmental and safeguard policies to address environmental impacts resulting from the overall Project (both JICA and ADB components). It will serve as the environmental assessment document for ADB and JICA’s due diligence and monitoring for the Project. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the Project is also part of the IEE. During the detailed design, the IEE and EMP shall be further updated and included in the bidding and contract documents. 7. IEE Methodology. The IEE is based on a feasibility-level study and preliminary engineering design conducted by consultants hired by JICA and ADB. The IEE was based on a careful review of Project site plans and reports; defined management plans for cultural and natural areas; field visits, and secondary data to characterize the environment and identify potential impacts; and interviews and meaningful consultations with primary and secondary stakeholders. A team of multidisciplinary specialists were employed to prepare the IEE including: (i) Water Supply Specialist; (ii) Environmental Specialist; (iii) Geologist/Hydrologist; (iv) Socioeconomist; (v) Ecologist; (vi) Resettlement Specialist; (vii) Surveyor and Survey Team; and (viii) Data Collectors cum Field Personnel (Enumerator). 8. Data Collection. Both secondary and primary data were used in the preparation of the IEE. All possible secondary information and data were collected from relevant sources, other data was and from field observations, primary data collection, public consultation, surveys, and field validation. During this process, the following steps were followed:

(i) A map of the area surrounding the proposed Project was prepared. Field

enumerators were engaged for carrying out extensive surveys in the designated area and for collecting relevant data as per designed questionnaires. Several focus group discussions (FGD) were held comprising the public, representatives from different professions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs). All consultations were documented accordingly.

(ii) All relevant data on the environmental, social, and natural resource parameters were collected.

(iii) A review of environmental policies, strategies and acts was undertaken. (iv) Meetings with relevant agencies were held to gather information including Local

Union Councils, Upazilla5 Councils, KWASA, Department of Environment (DOE), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), etc.

(v) Field visits, surveys, and public hearings were held. (vi) Identification of environmental and social impacts were identified.

3 ADB’s safeguard requirements apply to all ADB-financed and/or ADB-administered sovereign and non-sovereign

projects, and their components regardless of the source of financing. 4 Construction of water treatment plants and water distribution lines are activities listed under Red Category projects

in the Environmental Clearance Requirements (ECR) 1997. 5 Administrative sub-districts of Bangladesh.

3

9. Review of Government’s Statutory Requirements. Relevant laws, ordinances, acts, rules, public notices, regulations and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, sizing, and use control, land acquisition, compensation, etc. at the local, regional, national, and international levels were reviewed as part of the IEE process. 10. Review of JICA and ADB Policies. The IEE is prepared to meet both the JICA Guidelines for Confirmation of Environmental and Social Considerations (2002) as well as the ADB’s SPS. The two policies share similar policy principles making them compatible to each other and mutually reinforcing. 11. Identifying Potential Impacts, Mitigation, and Monitoring Measures. Impacts and mitigation measures are identified for the pre-construction, construction, and operation stages and included in the EMP. Impacts are primarily associated to those during construction which include generic construction related impacts associated with construction of facilities as reservoirs and treatment plants, and laying of distribution lines. These are not expected to be significant, and can be addressed through adoption of good engineering practices and undertaking specific mitigation measures towards minimization of construction impacts on sensitive receptors and communities in the vicinity of locations/roads where the facilities/distribution networks are proposed. The mitigation measures for the various impacts are outlined in the EMP (Table 26).

II. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

12. Legal Framework. The implementation of the Project will be governed by the Government’s environmental acts, rules, policies, and regulations. Table 1 summarizes the applicable national and local laws, regulations, and standards for environmental assessment and management, including applicable international environmental agreements.

Table 1: Government Policies, Laws, Regulations, and Environmental Standards Laws, Regulations,

and Standards Details Relevance

Environmental Conservation Act, 1995

Provides for the conservation of environment, improvement of environmental standards and control and mitigation of environmental pollution. In line with these provisions of the Act, the Environmental Conservation Rules,1997 have been framed. This Act provides for (i) remedial measures for injury to ecosystem; (ii) provides for any affected person due to environmental pollution to apply to DOE for remediation of the damage; (iii) discharge of excessive environmental pollutants; (iv) inspection of any activity for testing any equipment or plant for compliance to the environment act, including power to take samples for compliance; (v) power to make rules and standards with reference to environment; and (vi) penalty for non-conformance to environment act under the various sections.

The provisions of the act apply to all of the Project interventions in the construction and operation stages.

Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR), 1997

The Rules outline the processes and requirements of environmental clearances for specific type of projects indicated therein, and stipulates that “no industrial unit or project shall be established or undertaken without obtaining, in the manner prescribed by rules, an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the Director General” of the Department of the Environment. Schedule 1 of the Rules classifies industrial units and projects into four categories according to their site and impact on the environment, namely (i) green, (ii) orange-A, (iii) orange–B, and (iv) red. The Rules specify the procedures for issuing ECC for the

The Project is categorized as Red Category. All requisite site clearance certificates (SCC) and environmental clearance certificates (ECC) from the DOE shall be obtained prior to commencement of civil works. The SCC for the Project was issued by DOE Head Office in Dhaka on 18

4

Laws, Regulations, and Standards

Details Relevance

various categories of projects. For Red Category: (i) completed application for ECC, and the appropriate fee; (ii) report on the feasibility of the project; (iii) report on the IEE for the project, and Terms of Reference for the EIA; or EIA report prepared on the basis of TOR previously approved by DOE, plus (in the case of an industrial project): layout plan showing location of ETP, process flow diagram, design and time schedule of the ETP; (iv) report on the EMP; (v) no objection certificate from the local authority; (vi) emergency plan relating to adverse environmental impact and plan for mitigation of the effect of pollution; and (vii) outline of the relocation and rehabilitation plan (where applicable).

October 2010 with the terms and conditions in preparing EIA report for ECC. Application for ECC is in progress.

Environmental Court Act, 2000

Enacted to establish Environment Courts and make rules for protection of environmental pollution. Environment Courts are situated at the District-level but Government may by notification in the official Gazette, establish such courts outside the districts. Environment Courts were given power to directly take into cognizance any offence relating to environmental pollution. Proceeding of Environmental Courts will be similar to Criminal Courts. One important feature of this Act is that it has been given retrospective effect of any crime committed under environment laws and thus any crime previously committed but is not taken before any court can be taken before the Environment Court or any special Magistrate.

An Environmental Court has been established in Khulna. The Court has jurisdiction over, in accordance with the Act provisions, trial of an offence or for compensation under an environmental law, imposing penalties for violation etc.

National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation, 2004

Provides a framework for provision of water supply for areas/aquifers with high arsenic levels. Roles for agencies are specified for development of water supply systems, certification of arsenic removal technology, and disposal of treatment sludge. Arsenic-prone Upazila are also identified.

Considered in design and project preparation. Water is sourced from surface sources where arsenic is less of a problem.

City Corporation Ordinances of 1983 and the recently revised unified ordinance for all City Corporations of 14 May 2008 (Local Government Ordinances 16, and 17 of 2008); City Corporation Act 2009, 15 Oct 2009

These ordinances have clearly assigned responsibilities to the LGIs to ensure urban health for their residents. It has given them the mandate to ensure and provide a wide range of primary and public health services including primary health care, sanitation, water supply, drainage, food and drink, birth and death registration, vector and infectious disease control, etc. As independent autonomous bodies, the LGIs, as necessary, may take all required actions to ensure good health for all population within its jurisdiction. They have the authority to address all related issues with their legal and administrative mandate.

The Project integrated community health and hygiene of the residents and workers in the construction stage, and this will be taken forward during the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure facilities.

National Forestry Policy, 1994

Rules related to forest protection, often a domain of environmental management, are found in the Policy. Due to the dearth of forests, afforestation is actively pursued with targets to “implement programs of tree plantation and afforestation on fallow and hinterland, the bank of the pond and homestead land, which are under private ownership.”

It is desirable to incorporate tree planting in the Project (where it is practical).

Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006

The Act provides the guidance on employer’s extent of responsibility and workmen’s extent of rights to compensation in case of injury by accident while working.

Provides for safety of work force during construction period.

5

Laws, Regulations, and Standards

Details Relevance

National Water Policy, 1999

The Policy explicitly states 6 main objectives: (i) address the use and development of groundwater and surface water in an efficient and equitable way; (ii) ensure the availability of water to all parts of the society; (iii) accelerate the development of public and private water systems through legal and financial measures and incentives, including appropriate water rights and water pricing rules; (iv) formulate institutional changes, encouraging decentralization and enhancing the role of women in water management; and (v) provide a legal and regulatory framework that encourages decentralization, consideration of environmental impacts, and private sector investment.

Surface water system is developed for the Khulna population.

East Bengal Protection and Conservation of Fish Act 1950

The Act, as amended by the Protection and Conservation of Fish (Amendment) Ordinance of 1982 and the Protection and Conservation of Fish (Amendment) Act of 1995, provide provisions for the protection and conservation of fish in inland waters of Bangladesh. This is relatively unspecific and simply provides a means by which the Government may introduce rules to protect inland waters not in private ownership. This is a framework legislation with rule making powers. Among others, some of these rules may include prohibiting the destruction of, or any attempt to destroy, fish by the poisoning of water or the depletion of fisheries by pollution, by trade effluent or otherwise.

The Project requires compliance with any rules set out to protect inland water ways.

The Protection and Conservation of Fish Rules 1985

The Rules require that “no person shall destroy or make any attempt to destroy any fish by explosives, gun, bow and arrow in inland waters or within coastal waters”. The Rules further state “No person shall destroy or make any attempt to destroy any fish by poisoning of water or the depletion of fisheries by pollution, by trade effluents or otherwise in inland waters”.

The Project complies with rules to protect inland water ways.

Bangladesh Standard Specification for Drinking Water, 1990

Formulation and revision of national standards. To be complied with.

Inspection and Enforcement Manual 2008

This manual has been written to provide national standard and uniformity environmental sampling for the inspections, investigations in the Department of Environment (DOE) in Bangladesh.

To be complied with.

Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Properties Ordinance 1982

The government made rules in the exercise of the powers conferred upon by section 46 of the acquisition and requisition of the immovable property ordinance, 1982 (Ordinance No. II of 1982). ARIPO sets the Government rules and regulations governing all cases of land acquisition.

To be complied with. See Resettlement Plan.

International Conventions Rio Declaration 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED) adopted the global action program for sustainable development called ‘Rio Declaration’ and ‘Agenda 21 ‘Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration’, 1992, to which Bangladesh is a signatory along with a total of 178 countries.

No sensitive species are located in the project area. There is no threat to the conservation of flora or fauna.

Convention on Wetland of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats, Ramsar (1972)

The Ramsar Convention was adopted on 2 February 1971 and entered into force on 21 December 1975. Bangladesh ratified the Convention on 20 April 2002. Bangladesh has two Ramsar Sites (i) parts of Sundarban Reserved Forest (Southwest of Bangladesh); and (ii) Tanguar Haor (Northeast of Bangladesh).

No impact. The Sundarbans are located a far distance (85km) from the project site and 65km from Khulna.

EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment, EMP =Environmental Management Plan, ETP = effluent treatment plant, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination, km = kilometer, LGI = Local Government Institution, TOR = terms of reference

6

13. During construction, the Project will conform to the occupational and health related rules as outlined in the Table 2 below.

Table 2: Relevant Occupational Health and Safety Laws and Rules Title OverviewSocial Security under the Act, 1923 and an amendment in 1980

According to the Act social impact assessment includes the processes of analyzing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any social change processes invoked by those interventions.

The Employer's Liability Act, 1938 The Act declares that the doctrine of common employment and of assumed risk shall not be raised as a defense in suits for damages in respect of employment injuries. Under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1939, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1950, the Mines Maternity Benefit Act, 1941, and finally the rules framed thereunder, female employees are entitled to various benefits for maternity, but in practice they enjoy leave of 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after delivery.

Public Health (Emergency Provisions) Ordinance, 1994

The ordinance calls for special provisions with regard to public health. Whereas an emergency has arisen, it is necessary to make special provision for preventing the spread of human disease, safeguarding public health and providing them adequate medical service and other services essential to the health of respective community and workers in particular during the construction related work.

The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948

It has to be noted that health, injury and sickness benefit should be paid to people, particularly respective workers at work place under the Act.

Bangladesh Factory Act, 1979

The Act requires every workplace including small or large scale construction where women are employed to have an arrangement of childcare services. Based on this Act and Labor Laws - medical facilities, first aid and accident and emergency arrangements are to be provided by the authority to the workers at workplaces.

Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Act, 1996

The Act specify WASA’s responsibility to develop and manage water supply and sewerage systems for the public health and environmental conservation.

WASA = Water Supply and Sewerage Authority. Source: Bangladesh Government Rules and Regulation book.

14. Rule 7 of the ECR indicates that the application for Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) must be made to the DOE Divisional Officer. Under the ECR, DOE has 60 days to respond to receipt of the ECC application for a Red Category project, for which this project is classified. The Environmental clearance process chart is provided in Figure 1.

7

Figure 1: Government Environmental Clearance Process DOE = Department of Environment, EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination, ToR = Terms of Reference 15. ADB Safeguards Policy Statement, 2009. The ADB SPS stipulates addressing environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project preparation. For this, the SPS categorizes the proposed components into categories (A, B or C) to determine the level of environmental assessment required to address the potential impacts. The Project has been categorized as B since no significant impacts are anticipated. Accordingly this IEE is prepared to address the potential impacts. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE. An EMP outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the Project has been prepared. Disclosure, consultation, and reporting requirements are also described herein.

Application to DOEs Concerned Divisional Offices through prescribed form (Form 3 of ECR, 1997)

8

16. JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2002). The Project is classified as Category B in accordance with JICA’s Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2002). JICA discloses the results of such categorization on its website—including the name of each project and its country, location, project outline, category, and its reason—before making the decision to undertake preparatory surveys. When project documents on environmental and social considerations are available, JICA makes any necessary confirmation of the contents prior to the surveys. In doing so, JICA endeavors to ensure transparency, predictability, and accountability in its support for and examination of environmental and social considerations. JICA confirms that projects comply with the laws or standards related to the environment and local communities in the central and local governments of host countries; it also confirms that projects conform to those governments’ policies and plans on the environment and local communities.

III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

17. Project Location. The Project proposes a surface water system sourced from the Mollarhat intake point on the bank of Modhumati River in Bagherhat District approximately 33 kilometers (km) from Khulna. The raw water from the Modhumati River will be stored into an impounding reservoir and then transmitted to a surface water treatment plant (SWTP) at Samonto Sena with the purified water to be distributed through a system of smaller storage reservoirs and overhead tanks and delivered to consumers in Khulna City Corporation. 18. Project Components. Physical infrastructure to be developed and financed by the Project includes the following and summarized in Table 3:

(i) JICA Components: (a) Water Intake Facility (b) Raw Water Transmission Mains (c) Impounding Reservoir (d) SWTP.

(ii) ADB Components:

(a) Distribution Pipe Network (b) Distribution Reservoirs (c) Overhead Tanks (d) Clear Water Transmission Pipes (e) Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (KWASA) office buildings.

9

Table 3: Proposed Project Components by Source of Funding Components Capacity Quantity Dimension

(m) Area (acres) Location

1 Water Intake Facility 110,000m3/day 1 75 x 125 + Access Road 120m

2.521 Madhumati River at Mollarhat

2 Raw Water Transmission Pipe

- 350mm, L=33km -

3 Impounding Reservoir 775,200m3 1 400 x 400 67.73 Samanto Sena 4 SWTP 110,000m3/day 1 250 x 400 Samanto Sena

5 Clear Water Transmission Pipe

- 300mm-1,100mm, Length=25km

-

6 Distribution Reservoir and Overhead Tank (5)

Reservoir (5,000m3 - 18,000m3

OHT (300m3 - 500m3)

Deana West Para Reservoir

100 x 70 1.70 Private Land

Ward No.16 Office Reservoir

100 x 70 1.70 KCC Land

Sonadanga Moha Sarak Reservoir


Beside No.7 Ward Office Reservoir


Khalishpur Charerhat River Ghat Reservoir

100 x 90 2.20 Government Land

7 Overhead Tank (6) 300m3 Rab Sarani OHT 45 x 30 0.33 Private Land 300m3 Mujgunni OHT 45 x 30 0.33 KCC Land 300m3 Ferry Ghat Power

House OHT 45 x 30 0.33 KCC Land

500 m3 Andir Pukur OHT 50 x 35 0.43 Private Land 500 m3 South Side of Ward

No.31 Office OHT 50 x 35 0.43 Private Land

500 m3 DPHE Rupsha OHT 50 x 35 0.43 DPHE Land 8 Distribution Pipe

Network - 50mm-400mm,

L=700km -

9 KWASA Offices Total 15,000 sq. ft. (approximate)

Headquarters (1) Zonal Offices (3)

Total 15,000 sq. ft. (approximate)

Headquarters (Government Land) Zonal offices (1 private, 2 public Lands)

DPHE = Department of Public Health Engineering, KCC = Khulna City Corporation, km = kilometer, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, m3 = cubic meter, m3/day = cubic meter per day, mm = millimeter, L = length, OHT = overhead tank, sq. ft. = square feet, SWTP = surface water treatment plant. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project, 2010 JICA Study Team.

19. Water Intake Facility in Mollarhat. The water intake site was selected at Mollarhat (Site-I2) located 0.10 km downstream from the Mollarhat Bridge. A total of 2.52 acres of private agricultural land is required. All land acquisition and resettlement issues are addressed in the Project’s Resettlement Plan.6 20. Water level measurements have been collected by the Government at Mollarhat along the Madhumati River since 1929. Table 4 shows the high and low water level at Mollarhat.

6 No physical displacement will occur. All lands are agricultural and the Resettlement Plan provides an entitlement

matrix for affected persons.

10

Table 4: River Water Level

Water Level m (PWD)High Water Level (HWL) +4.60 Low Water Level (LWL) -0.20

HWL = high water level, LWL = low water level, m = meter, PWD = Public Works Department. Source: Calculated by JICA study team based on Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) data.

21. The proposed water extraction has been based on (i) an assessment of the lean flow of the river for the past 30 years; and (ii) the prediction of the future flows in the river up to 2030. The proposed abstraction7 accounts for 0.41% and 0.81% of the lean flows for years 2020 and 2030, respectively. These levels of abstraction are within the safe levels of water uptake from the River and shall not adversely impact downstream uses. 22. The feasibility team proposed that the ground level of water intake facility is +6.00 meters (m), with reference to the benchmarks established by the Public Works Department (PWD), based on following investigation and examination:

(i) Existing road level in front of water intake is +5.50 m. (ii) Past record of flood level based on interview of 10 residents around proposed

water intake site is +4.50 m. (1m below from existing road). (iii) High water level measured by the Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) from 1929 to 2008 is +4.53 m. 23. Several electromechanical equipment for the water intake faciity are proposed to be installed as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Electromechanical Equipment for Intake Item Description

Intake Pump Intake pumps are vertical double suction volume pumps with dry sump selected for safety against flood, high efficiency, O&M, etc.

Inflow Screen and Grit Chamber

Raw water will be introduced from the river to pump well through the gate, inflow screen with opening 100 mm, grit chamber. Inlet and outlet gates will be provided with each chamber for maintenance.

Power Receiving Facilities

Taking into account the situation of power distribution, one line incoming system is applied with power generator backup in case of failure. The total capacity is 1.5 times of the calculated capacity. Two transfers are to be installed - in case one is out of order, another one will cover 75 % of the total capacity.

Standby Generator

Diesel engine generators will be provided for standby power. For the water intake, two sets of diesel engine generators (e.g., cubicle package types) will be provided to ensure power supply in case of failure to the synchronizer.

Motor Control and Operation

A power control panel will be applied for the impounding reservoir and automatic operation will be applied for water intake facilities. For the water intake, a river water level meter, pump pit water level meter, and water transmission flow meter will be installed. The river water level meter will be submersible and the pump pit water level meters will be both submersible and differential pressure types. Water transmission flow meters will be provided for electro-magnetic types.

mm = millimeter, O&M = operation and maintenance. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

24. Route of Raw Water Transmission Pipe. The routes of raw water transmission pipes are proposed to be installed in the Gopalganj-Khulna Road and Bahirdia-Baghmara Road. This pipe is

7 Flow rates for 2020 and 2030 are; 2020: 1.273 m3/sec / 313.36 m3/sec = 0.41 %, and 2030: 2.546 m3/sec / 315.77

m3/sec = 0.81 %.

11

for construction under the existing roads. Ductile cast iron pipes (DIP) will be used for raw water transmission, considering durability, pipe joint work, soft soil conditions, and cost. The diameter of the proposed raw water transmission pipes is 1,350 millimeters (mm).

25. Impounding Reservoir. The location of proposed impounding reservoir is at Samanto Sena near Bahirdia-Baghmara Road. A total of 67.73 acres of land is required for the combined impounding reservoir and SWTP. All land acquisition and resettlement issues are addressed in the project’s Resettlement Plan. No physical displacement from homes will occur as a result of the project. Table 6 shows design condition for impounding reservoir.

Table 6: Design Condition for Impounding Reservoir Item Design Condition

Effective Water Depth 12.0 meters Required Land Area 67.73 acres (including 14.8 acres for expected

future expansion) Area of Impounding Reservoir 24.7 acres

Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team. 26. A single pipe of 1,100 mm diameter and of about 100 m long will be installed for the project flow (110,000 m3/d) from the impounding reservoir to the SWTP. Table 7 shows electrical equipment to be installed in the impounding reservoir.

Table 7: Electrical Equipment for Impounding Reservoir Equipment DescriptionPower Receiving Facilities

Taking into account the situation of power distribution, a one line incoming system is applied with power generator backup in case of failure. The total capacity is 1.5 times of the calculated capacity. Two transfers are to be installed - in case one is out of order, another one will cover 75 % of the total capacity.

Standby Generator Diesel engine generator will be applied for standby power. Motor Control and Operation

A power control panel will be applied for the impounding reservoir.

Instrumentation

For impounding reservoir, the reservoir water level meter and raw water transmission flow meter will be installed. The type of level meter is submersible and raw water transmission flow meter is applied for electro-magnetic type.

Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team. 27. Surface Water Treatment Plant (SWTP). The proposed SWTP is at Samanto Sena. The Ground level of the SWTP is set at +4.10 m PWD considering the road level (+4.059 m) near the SWTP and the highest flood level (+3.360 m) based on past records. The layout plan (Figure 2) considers a future expansion plan for the sludge drying bed. Since the administration building and power receiving facility are near the entrance gate, the sludge drying bed is located near most of the SWTP site, and the clear water reservoir will be constructed near the clear water transmission pipe route considering water flow.

12

Figure 2: Layout Plan of SWTP 28. Table 8 summarizes the design criteria for the SWTP.

Table 8: Design Criteria for SWTP

Item Mixing Tank Flocculation

Basin Sedimentation

Basin Rapid Sand

Filter Clear Water Reservoir

Type/ Shape Vertical Channel Bend

Vertical Channel Bend

Rectangular Gravity Type Rectangular

GT Value More than 23,000 - - - - Retention Time 3 min 30 min - - More than 1.0 hr Velocity

- 15 – 30 cm/sec Less than 0.28 m/min

- -

Surface Loading - - 26 mm/min 120 m/day - Effective Depth - - 4.0 m - 4.0 m cm/sec = centimeters per second, hr = hour, m = meter, m/day = meters per day, mm = millimeter, m/min = meters per minute, mm/min = millimeters per minute, SWTP = surface water treatment plant. Note: GT Value is the indicator for effectiveness of flocculation mixing. In the design of water supply works, the mean velocity gradient G of the turbulent water-flow is often adopted to represent the intensity of mixing reaction, so the product of GT (T denotes the time of mixing reaction) can reflect the magnitude of mixing reaction extent. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

29. Coagulation-sedimentation and rapid filter process are proposed as the water treatment method. A Flowchart for water treatment is illustrated in Figure 3.

Source: Feasibility Study Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

13

Figure 3: Flowchart of Surface Water Treatment Plant

30. Table 9 shows mechanical equipment to be installed in the impounding reservoir.

Table 9: Mechanical Equipment for SWTP Equipment Description

Clear Water Pump

A single pipe of 1,100 mm diameter and about 10,000 m long will be installed for the projected flow of 110,000 m3/day from the clear water pump station to the distribution reservoir, which will transfer clear water to the five distribution reservoirs, by clear water pump.

Chemical Dosing Facilities

Alum. As coagulation, alum dosing facilities consist of dissolving tanks and dosing devices. Diaphragm pump is recommended because it is simple and economical. Lime. As pH control, lime dosing facilities consist of dissolving tanks and dosing devices. Diaphragm pump is recommended due to less clogging. Chlorination. The chlorination will be done at two dosing points in the proposed SWTP. One of the dosing points is at the receiving well as pre-chlorination, and the other is at the filter outlet as post-chlorination.

m = meter, mm = millimeter, m3/day = cubic meter per day, pH = negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution,SWTP = surface water treatment plant. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

31. The table below shows electrical equipment to be installed in SWTP.

Table 10: Electrical Equipment to be Installed in SWTP Equipment Description


Taking into account the situation of power distribution, medium voltage one line incoming system is provided for the power receiving method with power generator for backup in case of power failure similar to the water intake. The total capacity is 1.5 times of the calculated capacity. Two transfers are to be installed; in case one of them is out of order, the other one will cover 75 % of the total capacity.

Standby Generator Diesel engine generator will provide standby power. Motor Control and Operation

A site control panel will be applied for the load.

Instrumentation

For SWTP, inflow meter, wash wastewater return flow meter, clear water transmission flow meter and water level meter will be installed for each tank. Water turbidity, pH, water temperature, salinity, chromaticity, conductivity, alkalinity measurements for raw water, salinity for filtrated water, and turbidity and residual chlorine will be measured once a day through laboratory equipment.

pH = negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution , SWTP = surface water treatment plant. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

14

32. Clear Water Transmission Facility. The clear water transmission pipeline will be 24.6 km. The “pipe jacking method” has been selected as river crossing method taking into account environmental impact, simplified temporary work, and construction cost. The clear water transmission facility will send clear water from SWTP to the distribution reservoir. Direct transmission method by pump is adopted since the ground level from the SWTP to Khulna City is almost flat. Table 11 shows mechanical equipment to be used for the Clear Water Transmission Facilities.

Table 11: Mechanical Equipment for Clear Water Transmission Facilities Equipment Description

Distribution Pumps

A single pipe of 250 - 400 mm dia and about 100 – 8,200 m long will be installed with a total flow rate of 110,000 m3/day from the distribution reservoir to the overhead tank, which would transfer clear water to the eleven overhead tanks by distribution pumps. Dry well horizontal end suction pumps are recommended for the clear water transmission.

Chlorination

The chlorination facilities will be installed in five distribution reservoirs because groundwater is transferred to the distribution reservoirs from existing tube wells. The chlorination facilities consist of chlorine cylinders, weighing devices, chlorinators, injectors and safety devices.

dia = diameter, m = meter, mm = millimeter, m3/day = cubic meter per day Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

33. Table 12 shows electrical equipment to be used for the clear water transmission facilities.

Table 12: Electrical Equipment for Clear Water Transmission Facilities Equipment Description


Taking into account the power distribution situation, one line incoming system is applied for the power receiving method with a power generator in case of power failures. One transformer will be installed because of the small size of the facility and also potential damage is small scale in case an accident will occur.

Standby Generator Diesel engine generator will provide standby power. Fuel storage capacity is the tank capacity that is built-in the cubicle package.

Motor Control and Operation

A power control panel will be used for the distribution reservoir because the load number is comparatively low. Automatic operation should be used for the distribution reservoir and overhead tank facilities. The water level of distribution reservoir is controlled mechanically by float valve.

Instrumentation

For distribution, the reservoir and overhead tank, inlet water flow, distribution water flow, distribution reservoir water level and the water level of overhead tank will be monitored. The water level meter will be a differential pressure type because of its simple mechanism and high accuracy. Residual chlorine will be measured once a day by laboratory equipment.

Supervisory System

The overhead tank water levels will be sent to the distribution reservoir by radio telemeter and this information will be sent to SWTP with distribution reservoir information including water level, inlet water flow etc., two or four times a day. For emergency situations, an alarm system will send a signal which can control the SWTP pump.

SWTP = surface water treatment plant. Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team. 34. Water Distribution System. The water distribution system includes storage, transmission, distribution, and supply for clear water. It consists of distribution reservoir, overhead tank, distribution pipe network, pumps, valve, and other equipment. The distribution system is designed taking into account the following: (i) water must be supplied with safe and proper water pressure corresponding to the demand; (ii) operation and maintenance is effective and simple; and (iii) pollution will be prevented and national water quality standards met. 35. Distribution Reservoirs and Overhead Tanks. Table 13 summarizes the function and water level of the distribution reservoir and overhead tanks, which are utilized for the water distribution system.

15

Table 13: Function and Water Level of Distribution Reservoir and Overhead Tank

Item Distribution Reservoir Overhead Tank Function To respond to the time fluctuation, it also retains a

role of reserve water for emergencies. Therefore, the following has been taken into account to determine its location and capacity. ・ Distribution reservoir is located at the center or

near each distribution zone. ・ The volume of distribution reservoir is aimed at

12 hours storage, which considers time fluctuation and countermeasure for emergency.

・ Structure is considered durable, quake proof and water proof.

To adjust distribution flow and water pressure, The functions of the overhead tank installations are: ・ to adjust water distribution amounts; ・ to adjust water pressures in pump pressurization

area; and ・ to adjust distribution amounts.

Water Level

Distribution reservoirs will be constructed underground, and the level of upper slab is set 1.0 m lower than average ground level GL+4.0 m. On the condition that thickness of upper slab is 0.3 m, allowance to the HWL is 0.3 m and effective depth is 5.0 m. The water levels of distribution reservoir are HWL+2.40 m, and LWL -2.60 m

Many buildings in Khulna City are two-story and three-story. To supply water properly, the height of overhead tank is set about 30 m from +4.0 m average ground level in Khulna City. Considering effective water depth of 4.0 m the water levels of overhead are HWL +27.4 m and LWL +23.4 m.

HWL = high water lever, LWL = low water level, m = meter, Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

36. Table 14 summarizes the capacity of distribution reservoir and overhead tanks to be installed by the Project.

Table 14: Capacity Distribution Reservoir and Over Head Tank

Zone Number Block Number Distribution

Capacity (m3) Over Head Tank

Capacity (m3)

1 1-1

8,000 300

1-2 300

2 2-1

9,000 300

2-2 300 2-3 500

3 3-1

18,000 500

3-2 500

4 4-1

5,000 500

4-2 500

5 5-1

15,000 300

5-2 500 m3 = cubic meter Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

37. Pipe diameter and length are decided based on the distribution network, and repeated calculation is conducted until necessary water pressure is acquired. Distribution pipeline is classified into four types: distribution trunk pipe, distribution main pipe, distribution branch pipe, and small distribution pipe. The basic design of the water distribution network is shown in Table 15.

16

Table 15: Water Distribution Network

Pipes DescriptionDistribution Trunk Pipe Installation of overhead tank to water supply zone, φ350 to 400mm Distribution Main Pipe Installation of pipeline as circular or to the centre in the zone, φ300mm Distribution Branch Pipe Pipeline is diverged from distribution main pipeline, φ200 to 150 mm

mm = millimeter, φ = diameter Source: Feasibility Study for Khulna Water Supply Improvement Project 2010 JICA Study Team.

38. Pipe material for the distribution network is ductile cast iron for the main pipes. Pipe material of small distribution pipes with diameter of less than φ200 mm is PVC and/or HDPE. 39. Water Distribution Zones. The adjoining zones are connected to ensure the water distribution network can supply a certain volume of water in an emergency.

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE AND EXISTING CONDITIONS

A. Physical Environment

40. Geology and Soil Condition. The geological succession of Bangladesh shows that the sub-surface stratigraphy includes: (i) the Precambrian, (ii) the Permain Gondwana sediments, (iii) the upper Jurassic Volcanic rocks, and (iv) a thin mantle of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks originating mainly from deposition of the denuded volcanics. Overlaying these deposits are the tertiary lime stones, sandstones, and shales. The surface geology of the country consists of holocene deposits (80%), tertiary sedimentary rocks (12%), and uplifted Pleistone clay residual (8%). The holocene deposits, consisting of unconsolidated sand, silt and clay of varying amounts, are the products of piedmont alluvial, fluvial, deltaic, or coastal activities. 41. The Khulna City area consists of late Holocene to Recent Alluvium of the Ganges deltaic plain in the north and the tidal plain in the south. The area is composed of sand, silt, and clay in various proportions with small amount of coarse sand, which is classified into seven litho-stratigraphic units from base to top. Complexes of channels of fluvial/tidal origin, natural levees, bars, swamps and plains like floodplains, deltaic plains, estuarine plains, or coastal plains constitute the Khulna City area. Channels (tidal as well as fluvial), natural levees, flood plains, flood basins, ox-bow lakes, abandoned channels, bars, swamps/flood basins, and estuarine plains have been recognized as geomorphologic units within the Khulna City area. 42. Although Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to seismic activity, the nature and level of this activity is yet to be defined. In Bangladesh complete earthquake monitoring facilities are not available. The Meteorological Department of Bangladesh established a seismic observatory at Chittagong in 1954. This remains the only observatory in the country. The seismic zoning of the country has been carried out and the project area falls in zone III, the safe zone with regard to earthquake vulnerability. 43. The soil in Khuna is mostly saline. Saline soils occur mainly in the Ganges Tidal Floodplain, Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain, and in the Tidal Floodplain areas of the Chittagong Coastal Plain and offshore islands. High salinity, low fertility with respect to organic matter, nitrogen, zinc and copper, scarcity of quality irrigation water during winter, variability in rainfall from year to year, short winter season, heavy texture (silty clay to clay), and perennial water-logging due to inadequate drainage, hamper crop growth. Cultivation of salt tolerant crops, mulching in the summer, improvement of drainage and prevention of intrusion of saline water from the sea will improve these soils. The deltaic coastline of Bangladesh consists of two basic physiographic units: the inactive or abandoned Ganges Tidal Plain and the active Meghna Deltaic Plain. While the

17

Ganges Tidal Plain is relatively old, the Meghna Deltaic Plain is geologically very young. Broad map comparisons indicate that the delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers has not grown significantly toward the sea over last two centuries. The Project is not at the riverbank erosion prone area. 44. Surface Water Quality. Even at Mollarhat, it is expected that chloride concentration level is expected to exceed the government standard (1,000 milligrams per liter [mg/L])8 for certain periods of the dry season. Water with low chloride concentration will be taken during the rainy season and stored in an impounding reservoir. Water with high chloride concentration in the dry season will be diluted with water stored in the impounding reservoir to meet government standards. The size of the impounding reservoir depends on the period of dry season when the raw water does not meet government standards on chloride concentration.9 For accurate estimates of future water quality, KWASA agreed to continue daily monitoring of water quality in the dry season with support from consultants. The clear water from the surface treatment plant will be further mixed with groundwater at distribution reservoirs in the city. Since groundwater is not affected with salinity, it will provide a further buffer to unexpectedly long dry seasons with high chloride concentration. Groundwater will be used as a supplementary source of water. Groundwater will be monitored and assessed regularly, and abstraction from the KWASA’s tube wells will be limited to sustainable amounts. Private wells will be registered to monitor the abstraction. 45. According to the water quality standard of inland surface water in Schedule 3 of Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 (ECR) the feasibility study found that the surface water of Modhumoti River at Mollahat upazila can be a source of drinking water after conventional treatment. Appendix 3 presents the water quality and river flow data at Mollahat. 46. DOE conducted continuous four years (2005 to 2008) study on surface water of Modhumoti River at Mollahat upazila. The study observed that average, maximum and minimum values of pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen are within the standard inland surface water quality range which can be conventionally treated. Turbidity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids (TDS) are high. 47. Eight cycle water quality test results of Rupsha River show most of the parameters i.e. pH, TDS, Mercury, Lead, Arsenic, Hexavalent Chromium, Cooper, Zinc, Cadmium, Sulfate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Manganese, and dissolved oxygen concentrations are within guideline values. Turbidity, TDS, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD, Calcium, Chloride, dissolved oxygen, and iron are reasonably high. The same observation gathered was from the Modhumati River water quality test but some of the important water parameters, i.e. TDS, dissolved oxygen, calcium, chloride and dissolved oxygen concentration were within the standard

8 Based on the government’s ECR (1997). Khulna is classified as a Coastal Area, where 1,000 miligrams per liter

(mg/L) is the threshold. The threshold for the other area is 600mg/L. 9 Due to climate change impacts and the dredging project upstream of the river, there is uncertainty about future

water quality. The current impounding reservoir is designed based on historical monthly data of DOE and daily data collected in recent years to prepare the Project. The proposed impounding reservoir has a capacity of 775,200 cubic meters (m3), equivalent with 7 days consumption. By mixing raw water from the river and stored water from the impounding reservoir, the system can provide water with chloride concentration less than the government standard (1,000mg/L) for a longer period. If the water quality is similar to that observed in 2010, the system can provide water with chloride concentrations below the government standard for 23 days. While it is observed that in 2010 the chloride concentration is above the government standard for 15 days, the salinity level in the future is uncertain. The government agreed to acquire 26 hectares (ha) of land, while the Project will use 20 ha of land for the proposed facilities. If all lands are used, the capacity of the impounding reservoir will be 1,387,200 m3, 80% larger than the proposed facility. The appropriate and necessary size of the impounding reservoir in the future will be further examined based on data collected.

18

limit of acceptability. The water quality of the Madhumoti River in comparison with Rupsha River is convincingly better as a source water for treatment. 48. Water Flow and Abstraction. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) team tested the water level at Modhumoti River in Mollahat from April 2010 to June 2010. The average water level remains 4 meters (high tide) and 3 meters (low tide), with the maximum high and low tides observed in June. The discharge of Modhumoti, Rupsa, and Bhairab rivers were measured in two phases. In phase 1 the flow measurement was completed by 31 March 2010 to 2 April 2010. The phase 2 discharge measurement was done from 29 April 2010 to 1 May 2010 by the JICA study team. 49. The impacts of water abstraction from the river on downstream water users, based on the location of the intake facility at Mollarhat, is not significant, as the proposed water extraction has been based on (i) an assessment of the lean flow of the river for the past 30 years; and (ii) the prediction of the future flows in the river up to 2030. The proposed abstraction10 account for 0.41% and 0.81% of the lean flows for years 2020 and 2030, respectively. 50. Groundwater. The Khulna City Corporation (KCC) water supply currently depends on groundwater as surface water supply is limited. The available fresh water pocket is at around 350m depth located mostly at the center of the Khulna City. The shallow and upper aquifer water is not potable as the mineral (salt) content is very high. Iron and manganese in the groundwater is also a problem whereas arsenic is within the acceptable range. B. Climate and Air Quality

51. The region has a tropical monsoon climate. There are two marked seasons: the rainy season from May to October, during which more than 85% of the total annual rainfall occurs and the dry season from November to April. Mid November to February is the coolest and driest period; March to May is the hottest period with periodic heavy thunderstorms; June to mid September is the most rainy and humid period: and mid September to early November is a transitional period with decreasing rainfall, often with association of thunder but with relatively high temperature and humidity. 52. The mean annual rainfall in the area is 1,946 mm (year 2004-2008), with peak rainfall occurring in July and August. The mean monthly maximum temperature for Khulna varies from 26.3oC in January to 34.6oC in April. A maximum daily temperature of 40.6oC and minimum 7.2oC have been recorded. The mean daily maximum temperatures rise during March and April as a prelude to the oncoming monsoon. 53. Monsoon rains are generally not stormy, but downpours of 2-3 inches (50-75mm) per day are not uncommon and rain fall of more than 10 inches (250 mm) in a day are occasionally experienced. The project area is in a normal flood area and has never been affected by flash floods due to overly high rainfalls upstream. 54. Because of the funnel-shaped coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh very often becomes the landing ground of cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal. Most of the damage occurs in the coastal regions of Khulna, Patuakhali, Barisal, Noakhali, and Chittagong. The chronological

10 Flow rates for 2020 and 2030 are 2020: 1.273 cubic meters per second (m3/sec) / 313.36 m3/sec = 0.41 %; and 2030:

2.546 m3/sec / 315.77 m3/sec = 0.81 %.

19

cyclone history of 1585 to 1998 shows that the project area has experienced several cyclonic attacks.

55. Climate in Khulna. Annual rainfall in Khulna is shown in Table 16. The average annual rainfall during 2004 to 2008 is 1,946 mm.

Table 16: Rainfall in Khulna (in mm) Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2004 0 0 7 85 180 383 253 266 621 183 0 0

2005 15 0 148 43 215 102 435 194 410 420 0 0

2006 0 0 5 19 230 262 522 364 579 79 1 0

2007 0 54 14 92 119 374 591 160 397 197 113 0

2008 66 36 48 36 151 190 301 202 379 187 0 0

Average (2004-2008)

16 18 44 55 179 262 420 237 477 213 23 0

mm = millimeters Source: Metereological Department Climate Division.

56. Air Quality in Khulna. In 1999-2000 two sessions of air pollution survey were conducted (mid-monsoon and after monsoon period) on two sites of the Rupsha Bridge, as shown in Table 17. The seasonal variation of air quality is noticeable. The observed variation was more than 20% based on after-monsoon data.

Table 17: Air Quality of Rupsa Bridge Site (Mid-monsoon Data) Date Location Ambient Air Pollution Concentration in

g/m3 SPM NOx SOx

21 August 1999 (Holiday)

Krishna Nagar (Khulna-Satkhira Road)

306 (400) 56.02 (100) 29.42 (100)

25 August 1999 (Working Day)


318 (400) 59.86 (100) 32.18 (100)


Char Rupsa (near Jahanabad Sea Food Factory)

491 (500) 47.99 (100) 43.30 (100)


Char Rupsa (near Jahanabad Sea Food Factory)

364 (500) 60.22 (100) 43.04 (100)

NOx = Oxides of Nitrogen, SO2 = Sulphur di Oxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter, g/m3= microgram per cubic meter Note: Figures in parentheses indicate limit values of Standard. 57. Noise Pollution in Khulna. The noise level study for Rupsha Bridge in 1999-2000 considering motor vehicle or mechanized vessels is in Table 18. These data correlate with the project area roadside noise levels. Comparing two season’s data, the after monsoon maximum average noise level is within recommended standard (Schedule-5 of ECR), whereas the mid monsoon data exceeded the standard limit. The project area is relatively far away from the Rupsha Bridge and silent with regard to vehicular movement, but during the construction phase, noise levels might go up and possibly be more than the present condition.

20

Table 18: Noise Level Rupsha Bridge Site (Mid-monsoon Data) Date Location Minimum

Average Maximum Average



49.16 89.00



49.75 98.30

21 August 2000 (Holiday) Kudir Battala (Rupsa-Mongla Road)

60.58 95.75


Kudir Battala (Rupsa-Mongla Road)

68.00 97.25

21 August 2000 (Holiday) Rupsa Ferray Ghat 70.40 97.50 25 August 1999 (Working Day)

Rupsa Ferray Ghat 71.83 96.08

C. Ecological Environment

58. Natural Habitats and Ecosystems. There are no endangered species or critical habitats in the project area. The ecological environment is characterized by a human managed landscape characterized with agricultural uses. 59. Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitat. Terrestrial flora is classified according to their habitats. In the study area, terrestrial flora are present mainly in the homestead regions, roadsides, village groves, playgrounds, and upland/high cultivated lands. Homesteads and orchards have: betel nut, kadam, coconut, date palm, sofeda, mango, jackfruit, fig, pomegranate, guava, grapefruit, lemon, blackberries, plum, toddy palm, koroi, shisoo, shirish, rain tree, evcaiytta, bamboo, babla, jeol, neem, tamarind, banana, ipil-ipil, papaya, mehgani, debdaru, shimul, akashmoni, khai babla, jamrul, chalta, bel, amra, amloki, segun, etc. Roadside plantations have: datepalm, road chambol, koroi, krishnachura, rain tree, banyan, shisoo, babla, akashmoni, eucalyptus, mango, blackberries, raj koroi, etc. Fish species include rui, katal, thai puti, minar carp, silver carp, and shrimp. The tables 19 to 22 show various species in the area.

Table 19: Terrestrial Flora Sl. No.

Local Name Scientific Name Status

1. Betel nut Areca catechu Fairly Common 2. Mashkalai (type of pulse) Fairly Common

3. Potato Solanum tuberosum Fairly Common

4. Ground Nut Arachis hypogea Fairly Common

5. Ginger Zingiber officinale Fairly Common

6. Wheat Fairly Common

7. Til Fairly Common

8. Kumra Cucurbita maxima Fairly Common Source: Banglapedia.

Table 20: Terrestrial Fauna (Reptiles)

Sl. No.


1. Anjila Mabuya carinata Common 2. Dhura Shap Amphiesma stolata Common 3. Matia Shap Atretium schistosum Common 4. Tiktiki Hemidactylus brooke Common 5. Daraish Shap Ptyas mucosus Fairly Common

6. Gui Shap Varanus nubulosus Fairly Common Source: Field Investigation.

21

Table 21: Terrestrial Fauna (Mammals)

Sl. No.


1. Babur Pteropus giganteus Common 2. Idur Mus musculus Common 3. Shial Vulpes bengalensis Common 4. Chika Pipistrellus. Sp Common 5. Beji Herpestes Fairly Common

Source: Field Investigation.

Table 22: Terrestrial Fauna (Birds)

SI.No Local Name Scientific Name Status 1. Choroi Passer domesticus Common 2. Doyel Opsychus sularis Common 3. Kak Carvus splendens Common 4. Ghugho Streptapelia Orientalis Common 5. Shalik Stuma contra Common 6. Tuntuni Orthotomus sutorius Common 7. Machranga Helcyon smyrrensis Fairly Common

8. Haludpakhi Oriolus xanthornus Fairly Common

9. Katthokra Picus canus Fairly Common

10. Pecha Tyto alba Rare Source: Field Investigation.

D. Socioeconomic Conditions

60. The project area comprises a mix of rural and urban areas. The urban and rural portions of the project area are KCC, and Rupsha and Mollahat Thana, respectively. KCC economy mainly depends on small industrial activity. The economy of the rural portion of the project area depends on agriculture and fish/shrimp cultivation. 61. Population. Khulna consists of 38 wards and 183 mahallas in a 20.60 square kilometers (sq.km) area. The town population is about 52.57% of the district population (2,334,285). Table 23 shows the population in the three locations within the project area.

Table 23: Population Scenario at Three Locations

Location Area (km2) Population Density of Population

(km2) Male (%) Female (%)

Khulna City 20.60 1,227,239 59,574 52.79 47.21 Rupsha Upazila 120.15 150,185 1,250 51.98 48.02 Mollahat Upazila 187.88 116,729 621 51.52 49.48

km2 = square kilometer Source: Banglapedia.

62. Livelihood Practices and Economic Activities. In the project area the main occupation in the Khulna City and Mollahat Upazila is agriculture. Most of the Rupsa Upazila residents are in different types of businesses.

22

Table 24: Professional Practices of the Project Area Location Agriculture

(%) Fishin

g (%)

Agricultural

Laborer (%)

Wage Laborer

(%)

Industrie

s (%)

Commerce (%)

Transport (%)

Service (%)

Construction

Others

(%)

Khulna City

25.11 1.66 11.3 7.15 16.38 - 4.09 18.93 1.53 12.22

Rupsa Upazila

18.02 - 6.6 11.81 2.87 20.91 6.35 17.10 2.09 14.25

Mollahat Upazila

53.61 1.71 22.15 2.02 1.6 5.93 1.21 6.2 - 5.57

Source: Banglapedia. 63. Historical and Archeological Features. The Khulna Divisional Archaeological Museum is in Khulna City. No special archeological features are found in the project area.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Location and Design Impacts

64. The resettlement impacts are summarized in the project’s Resettlement Plan. Impacts are limited to economic displacement in the form of loss of land, assets, income sources, and means of livelihoods as a result of involuntary acquisition of land. No physical displacement will occur. Properties to be acquired are primarily agricultural lands or lowland fishing ponds with associated assets to support such activities (e.g., fish pens, etc.). There are no structures in the lands identified for the project components with the exception of an abandoned structure at the site identified for the zonal office of the KWASA. 65. Location impacts are not likely to be significant as there are no environmentally sensitive areas in the vicinity of project locations. Cutting of trees in private land for ADB and JICA components will be minimized to the extent possible through retaining trees as part of landscaping to the extent possible. Compensatory plantation for trees lost at a rate of two trees for every tree cut shall be taken up. 66. The location impacts on downstream water users due to the siting of the intake facility at Mollarhat, is not significant as the proposed water extraction has been based on (i) an assessment of the lean flow of the river for the past 30 years; and (ii) the prediction of future flows in the river up to 2030. The proposed abstraction11 account for 0.41% and 0.81% of the lean flows for years 2020 and 2030, respectively. 67. To address any potential impacts due to excessive groundwater abstraction, the potential of groundwater was assessed with a simulation model; and a strategy was proposed to manage the groundwater in a sustainable manner, based on a groundwater assessment study. The study results demonstrate that the deep aquifer at Khulna does not show any signs of deterioration in water quality, despite a significant increase in pumping by industry and private wells which suggests that additional groundwater supplies may be available from the Khulna area for new municipal supply wells. Estimates suggest a total of 50,000 cubic meters per day (m3/d) can be extracted from KCC and Phultala municipal supply wells, and has been considered in the finalization of project components. The Project will support sustainable management of groundwater with regular monitoring and assessment. Private wells will be registered to monitor

11 Flow rates for 2020 and 2030 are: 2020: 1.273 m3/sec / 313.36 m3/sec = 0.41%; and 2030: 2.546 m3/sec / 315.77 m3/sec = 0.81%.

23

abstraction and annual fees will be introduced. Groundwater and surface water will be used conjunctively to ensure environmentally-sustainable and economically-efficient water resource management. 68. Impacts arising from the inappropriate designs of proposed facilities would in general include poor design of sludge drying beds, etc. These will be addressed through adoption of good practices as part of detailed design. 69. Climate Change Adaptation: Considerations for Selecting Intake Site. Khulna City is located in the coastal belt of Bangladesh, and rivers near the city are already affected by salinity intrusion. Expected sea level rise due to climate change will exacerbate salinity intrusion along the rivers. ADB conducted a study to simulate climate change impacts in Khulna and develop adaptation strategies.12 The results of the study are reflected in project design, especially in locating the intake facility, to make the Project climate-proof. 70. Since the river water near the city contains substantial salinity, the surface water intake point will be outside the city considering the impact of climate change. The intake site was selected at a more upstream location to avoid higher salinity levels based on climate change modeling conducted under the ADB Technical Assistance: Strengthening Resilience of the Water Sector in Khulna to Climate Change (TA-7197) which simulated salinity levels in different sections of the river under various future climate scenarios. The surface water treatment plant will be located in Samanto Sena, 25 km from the city, and the intake point will be in Mollarhat, 33 km from the treatment plant. Even at the Mollarhat, chloride concentration level is expected to exceed the government standard (1,000mg/L)13 in the dry season for certain periods. To mitigate the salinity situation considering future climate change impacts, water with low chloride concentration will be taken in rainy season and stored in an impounding reservoir. Water with high chloride concentration in the dry season will be diluted with water stored in the impounding reservoir to meet the government standard. The size of impounding reservoir depends on the period of dry season when raw water does not meet the government’s standard on chloride concentration. For accurate estimates of future water quality, KWASA will continue daily monitoring of water quality in the dry season. The clear water from the surface treatment plant will be further mixed with groundwater at distribution reservoirs in the City. Since the groundwater is not affected with salinity, it will provide further buffer to unexpectedly long dry seasons with high chloride concentration. Groundwater will be used as a supplementary source of water. Groundwater will be monitored and assessed regularly, and abstraction from the KWASA’s tube wells will be limited to sustainable amounts. Private wells will be registered to monitor the abstraction. B. Construction Impacts

71. Impacts during construction include generic construction related impacts associated with construction of facilities as reservoirs and treatment plants, and laying of distribution lines. These are not expected to be significant, and can be addressed through adoption of good engineering practices and undertaking specific mitigation measures towards minimization of construction impacts on sensitive receptors and communities in the vicinity of locations/roads where the facilities/distribution networks are proposed. The mitigation measures for the various impacts are outlined in Table 26, and are summarized in the following subsections. The Project Management Unit (PMU) will enforce additional precautions for environmental protection in Appendix 3. 12 ADB. 2010. Technical Assistance: Strengthening Resilience of the Water Sector in Khulna to Climate Change.

Manila. 13 Based on the government’s Environment Conservation Rules (1997). Khulna is classified as Coastal Area, where

1,000mg/L is the threshold. The threshold for the other area is 600mg/L.

24

72. Excavation. The volume of earth to be excavated for the development of the impounding reservoir at Samanto Sena is about 1.2 million cubic meters (m3) (area of 10 hectares for a depth of 12 m). About 70% of the quantities of earth from the proposed excavation shall be utilized in filling requirements for other project components. The remaining shall be utilized in other development projects, and be available for development of lowlands for individuals. 73. Water Bodies. Stockpiles of construction debris if left unattended near water bodies will be washed off as runoff into nearby water bodies causing siltation. Spillage of oil, lubricants and other chemicals also mix with the runoff and contaminate water bodies. Spillage of debris and construction material to surface water bodies may lead to surface water quality deterioration. 74. Air Pollution. Emission from construction vehicles, equipment and machinery used for excavation and construction would have impacts on the air quality in the construction site as well as in surrounding settlements. Construction activities generate dust in surrounding area causing increased particulate matter. Given that the proposed construction of 11 underground reservoirs and overhead tanks, and 700 km of water supply distribution networks are largely within the Khulna urban area, suppression of dust during construction stage is required. 75. Noise and Vibration. Use of construction machinery in the construction site would generate vibrations and affect the adjacent structures especially for components proposed within the urban area of Khulna. Noise generated during construction is however intermittent and would be of limited duration. 76. Safety During Construction. Appropriate measures during construction will be worked out to address safety issues during construction. Traffic diversions will be notified sufficiently in advance and where necessary temporary diversions have to be provided for safe crossing of traffic. During laying of pipes, alternative arrangements, if required, to address disruption of water supplies, will be worked out by the contractor. 77. Loss of Access and Disruption to Incomes. Temporary loss to access and income disruption is envisaged due to laying of transmission networks /distribution lines where streets will require partial closure and disruption to traffic and movement. Contractors will provide traffic diversion/management plans where necessary. Temporary disruption of livelihood, if any, will be addressed in accordance with the Resettlement Plan. 78. Site Clearance and Restoration of Construction Camps. Post construction clearance of sites temporarily utilized for construction activities, including borrow areas, construction camps etc, if not adequate, would result in poor environmental quality, and increased water logging, etc. apart from loss of aesthetic quality of the site. 79. Socioeconomic. Manpower will be required during the 3-year construction period. This can result to generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Thus, potential socioeconomic impact is positive. 80. Community Health and Safety. Hazards posed to the public, specifically in high-risk pedestrian areas (e.g., schools, community centers, central business, and shopping areas), may include traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. Potential impact is negative but short-term and reversible through mitigation measures, including (i) plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities; (ii) liaise with implementing agency in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps; (iii) regularly maintain vehicles and use manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; and (iv) provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.

25

C. Operation and Maintenance Impacts

81. There will be beneficial impacts on communities due to improved access to potable water. Disruption of traffic in the town during routine maintenance of the pipelines can also be expected, though much of this will be localized in nature. 82. The small amount of wastewater discharge from treatment facilities will comprise effluent from the sedimentation tank, backwash of filter bed, and other occasional releases and it will be passed to a treatment facility to maintain standard effluent quality following Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) of the Department of Environment (DOE). 83. The Project will result in increased sewage generation. To address this, KWASA is in the initial stages of planning for a strategy to manage additional wastewater to be generated in the city. KWASA is planning to engage donors in the near future to assist them in developing a sustainable sanitation and wastewater treatment system. 84. To address risks during the operation of the proposed facilities, KWASA will prepare and implement an Emergency Action Plan, which will include environmental risks and potential pollution incidences. Capacity building and training of personnel on the emergency response systems and procedures will be incorporated in the Project.

26 Table 25: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Sl No

Environmental Issues Mitigation Measures Responsibility

1. Location 1.1 Land acquisition and resettlement impacts

required Land acquisition and resettlement impacts will be addressed through provisions of the Resettlement Plan. Impacts on land and assets due to transmission and distribution networks will be avoided through routing of alignments within the the available ROW. Temporary impacts, if any, within the ROW will be addressed in accordance with the Resettlement Plan.

PMU and Resettlement Plan Implementation Consultants

1.2 Relocation of utility lines along the transmission mains, distribution networks, and at sites of underground reservoirs and overhead tanks

All utilities and services impacted due to the proposed network improvements or siting of new infrastructure will be shifted/relocated with prior approval of concerned agencies.

PMU

1.3 Impacts on downstream users due to water abstraction at the intake point, especially in lean flow period

The proposed water extraction has been based on (i) an assessment of the lean flow of the river for the past 30 years; and (ii) the prediction of future flows in the river up to 2030. The proposed abstraction accounts for 0.41% and 0.81% of the lean flows for years 2020 and 2030, respectively. Therefore, no impacts on downstream uses are envisaged.

PMU

2. Design and Pre-Construction 2.1 Impacts due to excessive groundwater

abstraction Surface water use will mitigate the pressure on groundwater systems. The quantity of groundwater extraction by KWASA was determined based on a groundwater assessment study. KWASA, during the finalization of the design, will ensure that the proposed extraction is within the safe yields assessed for the study area. Private wells will be registered to regulate abstraction and annual fee will be introduced. Groundwater and surface water will be used conjunctively to ensure environmentally-sustainable and economically-efficient water resource management.

PMU with support from DSC

2.2 Damage to trees and clearance of vegetation at sites, including the intake point, impounding reservoir and SWTP, underground reservoirs and OHTs, etc.

Only trees that require removal within the proposed construction areas of the sites will be cut. After the finalization of designs and layout, the trees within proposed construction areas will be marked. For trees not proposed to be cut, all precautions to protect them from any damage from construction activities, including placement of tree guards, will be taken up.


2.3 Providing access to communities for assets/facilities such as canals lost

An agricultural canal of 1.5m width that passes within the proposed site at Samanto Sena impounding reservoir will be diverted, through the construction of an alternate route in the periphery of the site, to ensure that there is no disruption for users of canal water.

Contractor with support from PMU, DSC

2.4 Disposal of excavated earth at the impounding reservoir site

A utilization plan for the disposal of 1.2 million m3. of earth resulting from the excavation at the impounding reservoir will be prepared. It is envisaged that nearly 70% of the excavated earth will be utilized for the filling requirements. The sites for disposal, of the remaining quantities will be identified prior to finalization of the designs, and will be incorporated into the BOQs. In the event of suitable lands not being available, the soil will be utilized at the Khulna landfill site for daily landfill cell cover.

DSC / KWASA

2.5 Construction camps, hot mix plants, storage areas, stockpiles, and/or disposal areas – Location, Selection, Design and Layout

The construction camps, hot mix plants, storage areas, stockpiles, and disposal areas will be located based on the following siting criteria: (i) at least 500m away from habitation; (ii) away from flood prone areas and/or protected from floods; (iii) away from sensitive environmental resources as heavily vegetated areas, park/recreation areas, and water

Contractor and DSC


Sl No


bodies; at these locations, the Contractor will make layouts adhering to air and water standards prescribed by DOE; (iv) sites to be considered will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and/or drinking water supply systems; and (v) disposal areas will not be located at areas that will cause inconvenience to communities. All locations will be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings.

2.6 Drinking water availability and water arrangement

Prior to initiation of construction activities, the Contractor will be responsible for arranging water in every workplace at suitable and easily accessible places for the whole construction period. Sufficient supply of cold potable water will be provided and maintained at the construction camps and other ancillary work areas.

Contractor / DSC

3. Construction 3.1 Improper stockpiling of construction materials

causing impacts such as obstruction of drainage, disturbance/ safety hazard to local population, traffic blockage, etc.

Due consideration will be given for material storage and construction sites such that it doesn’t cause any hindrance to daily traffic movement. The Contractor will (i) consult with the implementing agency on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soil, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the rainy season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (iii) prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in construction works; and (iv) protect surface water bodies from any source of contamination such as oily wastes, debris, and spoils that will degrade its quality.

Contractor / DSC

3.2 Quarry / Borrow pits Operations Mitigation measures include requiring Contractor to: (i) obtain approval of implementing agency if new quarries and borrow sites are necessary; (ii) store stripped materials as not to disrupt natural drainage and will be protected to prevent erosion and migration of soil particles into surface waters; (iii) provide temporary ditches and/or settling basins to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water; (iv) plant exposed areas with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity, (v) prevent ponding of water through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels; (vi) restore sites after construction activities by stabilizing contours and slopes, spreading stripped materials to promote percolation and re-growth of vegetation, and draining of any standing water; (vii) restore land utilized for quarry sites access roads; and (viii) ensure adequate safety precautions during transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site; and (ix) cover vehicles transporting the material to prevent spillage.

Contractor and DSC

3.3 Excavation for transmission mains/distribution network and need for disposal of earth material, and resulting in disruption of services including damage of existing infrastructure, including roads, telephone / electric lines etc.

The Contractor will be required to: (i) plan for immediate attendance by the service providers for any damages to utilities during construction; (ii) replace (or compensate) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; and (iii) provide prior public information about the likely disruption of services. In consultation and with support from KWASA, the Contractor will provide alternate arrangements for water supply in the event of disruption beyond a reasonable time, for instance, through tankers.

Contractor and DSC


Sl No


3.4 River crossings required for the water transmission lines at the Rupsha River.

To minimize impacts due to the proposed river crossing, pipe jacking method for the proposed crossing is proposed. The Contractor will take special care for appropriate reinstatements at both the banks of the river crossing sites, to ensure the protection of the banks. Adequate precautionary measures by the Contractor will be taken to ensure that disposal of construction wastes/materials into the river is not done: The construction activities and operations for the river crossings will be planned to ensure that interference of navigation – including cargo boats, fishermen, and passenger movements, are minimal. Advance notices of disruption, if any, will be disclosed.

Contractor and DSC

3.5 Canal and stream crossings for the pipelines (27 culverts and 17 bridges will be crossed by the pipelines)

Trenching and backfilling operations at the canal crossings/stream crossings will be carried out in the lean seasons, when the flow will be minimum, and disruption will also be minimum. In case of crossings at existing minor bridges and culverts, the Contractor will ensure that there is no impact/disturbance to the bridges/culverts due to crossing of the water pipelines.

Contractor and DSC

3.6 Stripping, stocking and preservation of top soil The topsoil from borrow areas, areas of cutting, and areas to be permanently covered will be stripped to a specified depth of 150 mm and stored in stockpiles. The stockpile will be designed such that the slope does not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal), and the height of the pile is to be restricted to 2 m. Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The stockpiles will be covered with gunny bags or tarpaulin. It will be ensured by the Contractor that the topsoil will not be unnecessarily trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles. Such stockpiled topsoil will be returned to cover the disturbed area and cut slopes.

Contractor and DSC

3.7 Soil erosion The measures to address soil erosion at the proposed facilities will consist of measures as designed, or as directed by the Engineer to control soil erosion, sedimentation, and water pollution. The Contractor shall provide drains with silt fences, jute mats or sand bags as necessary to trap sediments, and minimize erosion. All temporary sedimentation, pollution control works, and maintenance thereof will be deemed as incidental to the earthwork or other items of work.

Contractor and DSC

3.8 Use of explosive materials Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor will not use explosives. The Contractor will at all times take every possible precaution and will comply with appropriate laws and regulations relating to the importation, handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives and will, at all times when engaged in blasting operations, post sufficient warning flag persons. The use of explosive materials will be carried out by the Contractor, only after obtaining written approval of the procedures to be followed by the Engineer.

Contractor and DSC

3.9 Loss of access to residents, businesses and institutions during the construction period

The Contractor will provide safe and convenient passage for vehicles, pedestrians through diversions to and from side roads and property access connecting the project roads. Continued access to shops will be provided at all times. If any disruption to

Contractor and DSC


Sl No


customer access is identified and/or experienced, the shops will be compensated consistent with the Resettlement Plan. However, the Contractor ensures that (i) the construction works do not interfere with the convenience of the public or the access to, use and occupation of public or private roads, or any other access to properties, whether public or private. Temporary access to properties adjacent to construction site will be provided through laying of planks, or construction of ramps with concrete slabs for use of pedestrians and light vehicles; (ii) at critical areas such as institutions, operating hours are factored in work schedules and workforce is increased for speedy completion; (iii) advance information on works to be undertaken including appropriate signages is provided; and (iv) the diversion is done in coordination with the traffic police division for necessary rerouting of traffic and traffic management.

3.10 Soil and water pollution due to fuel and lubricants, construction waste

The fuel storage and vehicle cleaning area will be stationed such that runoff from the site does not drain into water bodies/ponds abutting the construction sites. Oil interceptors will be provided at construction vehicle parking areas, vehicle repair areas and workshops ensuring that all wastewater flows into the interceptor prior to its discharge. The work site will be cleaned and restored to pre-project conditions.

Contractor and DSC

3.11 Siltation of water bodies due to spillage of construction wastes

Silt fencing will be provided at all water bodies near construction sites to prevent sediments from construction sites entering adjoining water bodies. The number of units of silt fencing to be installed will be decided by the Engineer. Discharge standards for waste from industrial units or projects waste will be strictly adhered to.

Contractor and DSC

3.12 Generation of dust The Contractor will (i) take every precaution to reduce the levels of dust at construction sites and not exceed pre-project ambient air quality standards; (ii) fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices that are operating correctly; (iii) reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, excavated materials, and spoils; (iv) cover vehicles transporting soil and sand with tarpaulin; and (v) cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin or plastic sheets.

Contractor and DSC

3.13 Emission from construction vehicles, equipment and machinery

All vehicles, equipments, and machinery used for construction will be regularly maintained to ensure pollution emission levels comply with the relevant requirements of DOE. Copies of compliance reports will be submitted regularly to the Engineer.

Contractor and DSC

3.14 Movement of construction vehicles on narrow roads

The movement of construction materials and equipments, to the extent possible will be planned along major roads, with the exception of access roads to the site. In the event of movement of construction vehicles and equipments on narrow roads, strengthening of these roads will be carried out, and movement of heavy vehicles will be timed to avoid peak hours and night times, and ensure minimal disturbances to communities and the residents along these roads.


Sl No


3.15 Noise from construction Equipments

The Contractor will ensure (i) regular maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery to keep noise from these at minimum; and (ii) all vehicles and equipment used for construction will be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found to be defective will be replaced.

Contractor and DSC

3.16 Traffic control and safety Before taking up any construction, detailed Traffic Control Plans will be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval, 5 days prior to commencement of work on any section of road. The traffic control plans will contain details of arrangements for construction under traffic, and details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work each day. The Contractor will ensure that the running surface is always maintained in good condition, particularly during the monsoon so that no disruption to traffic flow occurs. The Contractor will provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. All necessary measures for the safety of traffic during construction and provision, erection and maintenance of barricades, including signs, marking flags, lights and flag persons will be undertaken as per Engineer’s direction and approval.

Contractor and DSC

3.17 Material handling at site All workers employed mixing asphalt material, cement, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding, will be provided with protective eye-shields. Workers engaged in stone breaking activities will be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals. The use of any toxic chemical will be strictly in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

Contractor and DSC

3.18 Disposal of bituminous wastes / construction waste / debris / cut material

For project components involving demolition of structures, the Contractor will prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan. Safe disposal of the extraneous material will be ensured in pre-identified disposal locations. To enable minimization of waste disposal and disposal of wastes in an environmentally safe manner, the Waste Management Plan will (i) recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove these from the site; (ii) manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycle, and dispose to designated areas; bituminous waste generated will be reused in road construction based on its suitability of reuse to the maximum extent possible; cut material generated because of construction will be utilized for as filling material; remaining material if any will be disposed off safely at disposal sites; (iii) remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures that are no longer required,; in no case will any construction waste be disposed around the project road indiscriminately; and (iv) restore pre-project environmental conditions through implementation of environmental restoration works.

Contractor and DSC

3.19 Safety measures during construction All relevant provisions of the Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006 and Bangladesh National Building Code, 2006 will be adhered to pertaining to provision of adequate safety measures during construction. The contractor will comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders,

Contractor and DSC


Sl No


working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches, and safe means of entry and egress.

3.20 Risk caused by force majure All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. Specifically, the Contractor (i) will provide medical and accident insurance for workers; (ii) will provide first aid by arranging a clinic in the construction camp site and will employ a full-time medical staff; and (iii) will provide access to hospitals/clinics within the project site that can be accessed in case of emergency by arranging necessary transport for safe carriage of the injured.

Contractor and DSC

3.21 Malaria risk The Contractor will, at his own expense, conform to all anti-malaria instructions given to him by the Engineer.

Contractor and DSC

3.22 First aid At every workplace, a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing material and appliances will be provided as per the Factory Rules. Suitable transport will be provided to facilitate transfer of injured or ill person(s) to the nearest hospital. At every workplace and construction camp, equipment and nursing staff will be provided.

Contractor and DSC

3.23 Hygiene All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained so that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. Safe drinking water in sufficient quantity for the work force will be provided in the construction site as well as at construction camps. Garbage bins must be provided in camps and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. Unless otherwise arranged for by the local sanitary authority, the local medical health or municipal authorities will make arrangement for disposal of excreta. On completion of works, all temporary structures will be cleared, all rubbish disposed, excreta tank and other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor’s expense. The site will be restored to pre-project conditions through removal of all extraneous material on site.

Contractor and DSC

3.24 Archaeological Property chance find In the event of an archaeological chance find at the construction site, the Contractor will prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any chance find artifacts and will, immediately upon discovery thereof inform the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with it, awaiting which all work will be stopped 100 m all directions from the site of discovery. The Engineer will seek direction from the Department of Archaeology before instructing the Contractor to recommence work on the site.

Contractor and DSC


Sl No


3.25 Clearing of construction camps and restoration

Contractor to prepare site restoration plans for approval by the Engineer. The plan is to be implemented by the Contractor prior to demobilization. On completion of works, all temporary structures will be cleared, all rubbish disposed, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor’s expense. The site will be restored to pre-project conditions through removal of all extraneous material on site.

Contractor and DSC

4. Operation and Maintenance 4.1 Environmental conditions KWASA will undertake seasonal monitoring of air, water, noise, and soil quality through

an approved monitoring agency. The parameters to be monitored, frequency, and duration of monitoring as well as the locations to be monitored will be based on the Monitoring Plan prepared.

KWASA

4.2 Impacts on downstream uses at the intake point

Assessment of flows shall be annually done by KWASA especially during the lean seasons, to ensure that there is no impact on the downstream uses.

KWASA

4.3 Groundwater extraction KWASA will periodically assess the groundwater situation to ensure that groundwater extraction for water supply distribution is within permissible safe yields identified.

KWASA

4.4 Survival of trees and maintenance of landscaping, and the green buffer zone

Proper care shall be taken to increase survival rate of saplings like regular watering, pruning, provision of tree guards, manure for better nourishment, etc. Including timely replacement of perished saplings.

KWASA

4.5 Occupational health and safety at the intake/treatment facilities

KWASA will establish procedures and systems to maintain sound occupational health and safety for personnel at various facilities, including use of PPE, provision of training on occupational health and safety to all workers etc. To address environmental risks, during the operation of facilities, KWASA will develop and implement an emergency action plan, which will include training on emergency response systems and procedures.

4.6 Management of solid wastes at the treatment plant

Operation of a waste collection system to handle solid wastes, and lube oil filters in a leak proof container that can be stored and disposed off at the landfill site, will ensure effective management of solid wastes at the treatment plant site.

KWASA

4.7 Effective maintenance of the sludge drying beds at the SWTP

KWASA will ensure regular maintenance of sludge drying beds at the SWTP, and take efforts towards utilization of dried sludge for horticultural/agricultural purposes, as suitable. Disposal of sludge materials, if required, will be done at the sanitary landfill site in Khulna.

KWASA

BOQ = bill of qualities, cu. m. = cubic meters, DOE = Department of Environment, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, m = meters, mm = millimeters, OHT = overhead tank, PMU = Project Management Unit, PPE = Personal Protective Equipment, ROW = right of way, SWTP = surface water treatment plant.

33

VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

A. Process for Consultation

85. As part of the feasibility studies, an extensive consultation program with key stakeholders, including persons interested in or affected by project activities, has been carried out on the environmental and social impacts due to the proposed Project. In line with requirements pertaining to environment and social considerations of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and ADB, consultations and participative engagement of stakeholders has been initiated at an early stage of the project planning phase. The tools used for consultations are individual meetings, interviews, structured questionnaires, open ended questionnaire and Focused group discussions (FGD). These consultations provided inputs in identifying needs of communities and relevant stakeholders. 86. Five consultation sessions, including stakeholder meetings and FGDs were carried out with local stakeholders for information dissemination and community participation. The consultations were held at five different places in two districts on different dates commencing 12 August 2010. These meetings were attended by different cross sections of stakeholders, including land owners, local elite, and general members of the public at the project locations. In addition, the consultations were also attended on occasion by the City Mayor, Assistant Deputy Commissioner (Revenue) Bagerhat, Managing Director, KWASA, Assistant Deputy Commissioner (Land Acquisition) Khulna, JICA Study Team, KWASA staff, elected representatives, local leaders, women groups, representatives of professional groups like businessmen, farmers, teachers, religious leaders, and public representatives and members and chairpersons of the Union and Upazila Councils. The summary of issues discussed in consultation sessions is summarized in Table 26 below.

34 Table 26: Details of Public Consultations

S.No Date/Location Participants Issues Discussed Response and Incorporation into Resettlement Plan and Project Design

A. Stakeholders Meeting

1 KWASA office 12 August 2010 (24 participants)

Landowners, Chairman, UNO & Vice-chairman of Rupsha Upazila, Bio-chemist of DOE, ADC (Revenue) of Bagerhat and ADC (Land Acquisition) Khulna, Engineer, KDA, Chairman of Noihati Union Parishad, MD and officials of KWASA, and JICA Feasibility Study Team

KCC Mayor Importance of the Project, need for a proper water

supply system for Khulna residents. KWASA MD Description of the proposed water supply project,

components, locations, and benefits of the Project. Communities and Landowners The Padmabeel (Samanta Sena) area’s soil is very

fertile for cultivation. The people of that area are mainly depending on crop cultivation.

Alternative could be proposing another land for KWASA’s project in a huge Char Land (government land) in Atharo Baki area of Alaipur Mouza. These lands were created through the river erosion process of Madhumati River.

The suitability and finalization of the site, is selected based on several technical criteria. Mayor assured that KWASA and the Study Team will explore the suitability of the site being proposed. In the event of the suggested site being suitable, there will be efforts to take it forward. The participants, landowners and other stakeholders agreed that a detailed meeting will be carried out on 21 August 2010, to further discuss the Project in Samanto Sena.

2 Patharghata High School, Rupsha 21 August 2010 (159 participants)

Land owners of Samanto Sena, local people, Chairperson and members of Land Owners Association, Khulna City Mayor, Upazila Chairman of Rupasha, ADC (Land Acquisition Division), JICA Study Team, and, MD and Officials of KWASA.

Mayor and ADC Announcement of the list of lands and landowners

required for the KWASA project. Request for support from the community, saying that 6

alternative sites were studied and the selection of alternative sites was not possible for technical reasons.

This site is the option which will involve minimum acquisition of private lands and least number of landowners.

The extent of land required is known and compensation will be worked out as per the Resettlement Plan.

Landowners and Communities These lands are their main income source; so they

would require sufficient compensation to ensure that the families are not affected.

In the absence of a marking on ground, there is confusion as to which lands and what extent is to be taken for the Project.

If portion of land is affected, will the person be entitled to compensation for entire plot.

Compensation for trees, vegetation, and affected assets should be provided.

ADC (Land Acquisition) of Khulna gave assurance the land owners that they will get the proper and maximum compensation.

Marking of the land to be affected on the ground with red flags committed by Mayor and KWASA, and flags established (by 25 August 2010) on the ground delineating the proposed boundaries.

In the event of partial loss of land and the remaining land not being viable to the owner, there is an option to be compensated for the entire plot of land.

Entitlement matrix provides for replacement cost for loss of land and assets in the Project,

All trees and assets will be compensated at the market price.

In addition to compensation of land and assets lost, the Project has provisions for special assistance to ensure livelihood impacts are addressed.

B. Focus Group Discussion and Public Consultation 3 Patharghata Landowners and Alternative lands should be to be explored since KWASA assured that concerns of the affected

35 Table 26: Details of Public Consultations

S.No Date/Location Participants Issues Discussed Response and Incorporation into Resettlement Plan and Project Design

7 October 2010, (7 participants)

sharecroppers, KWASA officials and JICA Study Team

livelihood will be affected. There is willingness to part with the land if proper

compensation is provided.

persons will be addressed in the Project. Compensation at replacement cost, will be

ensured so that livelihoods are not impacted. 4 Samanto Sena

Bazar 9 October 2010, (7 participants)

Union Parishad elected members, farmers, shrimp farmers, KWASA officials and JICA Study Team

In the event of large scale extraction of ground water from Samanto Sena, there will be impacts on the ground water table, and consequent livelihood risks.

In the event of loss of land, there has to be provision for opportunities for employment in the Project.

Shrimp cultivation is a major source of income, and there will be a significant impact if their lands are acquired.

Proper and adequate compensation should be provided.

The project components were described and participants informed that there is no ground water extraction proposed in Samanto Sena, and the reservoir will be used to store surface water from the river.

In addition to compensation for land and lost assets, the project proposes livelihood assistance measures for people with significant land loss impacts, to ensure that impacts on livelihood are minimal.

While in the short term, there is ample opportunities for affected people to participate in project implementation, in the long run, KWASA will make efforts to have preferential consideration of affected persons for employment.

5 Mollarhat Technical College 9 October 2010 (7 participants)

Chairman, Garfa Union Parishad, Union Parishad members, local residents, KWASA officials and JICA Study Team

Land compensation should be at market levels, and the prevailing rate is 18,000 taka per decimal.

Timely compensation should be provided without any harassment of affected people, including delays.

Provisions in the Project ensure that people are compensated at the replacement cost.

Mechanisms will be established in the Project to ensure that all grievances of communities are addressed, and the payment and disbursement of compensation and assistance is carried out without delays and in a transparent manner.

ADC = Assistant Deputy Commissioner, DOE = Department of Environment, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, KCC = Khulna City Corporation, KDA = Khulna Development Authority, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, UNO = Upazila Nirbahi Officer.

36

B. Plan for Continued Public Participation

87. To provide for more transparency in planning and for further active involvement of the public and other stakeholders, project information will be disseminated through disclosure of project planning documents. KWASA through its Project Management Unit (PMU) will keep the public informed about impacts, compensation and assistance proposed, and facilitate addressing any grievances. The information will also be made available at convenient places in the project area especially, the office of KWASA, office of Khulna City Corporation (KCC), offices of the Rupsha Upazila, Chairman of Noihati Union Parishad and at other key accessible locations (such as market places) convenient to the public. For the benefit of the community, a summary of the IEE will be translated in Bangla and made available at (i) the Office of the PMU, KWASA, and (ii) Office of the KCC. Hard copies of the IEE will be available in the PMU, and accessible to citizens as a means to disclose the document and at the same time creating wider public awareness. The PMU will issue notification on the disclosure mechanism in local newspapers, ahead of the initiation of project implementation, providing information on the project, as well as start dates, etc. The notice will be issued by the PMU in local newspapers one month ahead of the implementation works. This will create awareness on project implementation among the public. Posters containing the basic tenets of the IEE will be distributed to libraries in different localities to generate mass awareness.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

88. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is an arrangement for receiving, evaluating, and facilitating resolution of affected persons concerns, complaints, and grievances about social and environmental performance at the project level. The GRM is a trusted way to voice and resolve concerns linked to the project, and an effective way to address affected persons’ concerns. The GRM for the Project is outlined below and consists of three levels with time-bound schedules for addressing grievances. 89. The first level and most accessible and immediate venue for the fastest resolution of grievances is the PMU, chiefly through the PMU Environmental Officer and Project Director, with assistance from the Environmental Specialist (National) of the design and supervision consultant (DSC). The contact phone number of the PMU will be posted in public areas in the project area and construction sites. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons and the PMU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues including contractor performance, environmental impacts of the Project (noise, air, traffic, etc.), land acquisition, structures acquisition, livelihood impacts, entitlements, and assistance. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field-level itself within seven (7) days. All grievances will be documented with full information of the person (name, address, date of complaint, etc.) and the issue. 90. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PMU's Project Director, will activate the second level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of the KWASA, who will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU Resettlement Officer and Project Director and affected persons. The local GRC will consist of the following persons: (i) Managing Director, Project Director, or Project Manager of KWASA (GRC Chair); (ii) Representative of the Mayor of KCC; (iii) Affected person or representative of the affected person(s); (iv) Representative of the local District Commissioners office; (v) Representative of the Department of Environment’s (DOE) divisional office; and (vi) DSC Environmental Specialist (national). A hearing will be called with the GRC, if necessary, where the affected person can present the concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local GRC will meet as necessary when there are

37

grievances to be addressed. The local GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within fifteen (15) days. 91. The functions of the local GRC are as follows: (i) provide support to affected persons on problems arising from land acquisition (temporary or permanent); asset acquisition; and eligibility for entitlements, compensation and assistance; (ii) record grievances of affected persons, categorize and prioritize them and provide solutions fifteen (15) days; and (iii) report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC. The PMU Environmental Officer will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before the PMU GRC, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the meetings and taking follow up action to see that formal orders are issued and the decisions carried out. In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the PMU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate courts, the third level of the GRM. The GRM proposed is depicted in Figure 4.

38

Figure 4: Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

GRC = Grievance Redress Committee, GRM = Grievance Redress Mechanism, PMU = Project Management Unit.

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

92. This EMP provides guidance to the Contractor, PMU, and DSC on the implementation of the environmental measures included in Table 24 above. This will be integrated as part of the contract document for the Project. A. Institutional Arrangements

93. KWASA will be the executing agency responsible for overall guidance and project implementation. A PMU, headed by a Project Director will implement the project investments and will be responsible for overall planning, management, coordination, supervision, and progress monitoring of the Project, including both JICA and ADB components. Safeguards for both JICA and ADB components are considered together for implementation purposes. The PMU will be responsible for day-to-day monitoring of both ADB and JICA components and will ensure compliance with the statutory and legal requirements of the Government, JICA, and ADB. The PMU will prepare and submit an updated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and quarterly monitoring reports to JICA and ADB to be included in the quarterly project monitoring reports.14 Figure 5 shows the organizational chart for IEE implementation.

14 One monitoring report will record progress for both JCA and ADB components. Although the SPS, 2009 only requires semi-annual monitoring reports for Category B, the EA agreed to include environmental monitoring reports as part of their overall quarterly monitoring progress reports to be submitted to ADB.

39

KWASA

PMUEnvironmental Officer

(ADB and JICA components)

Construction Contractors

DSC1 Environmental

Specialist (national)

ADB and JICA

Figure 5: Organization Chart for IEE Implementation

ADB = Asian Development Bank, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultants, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination, JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, PMU = Project Management Unit. B. Environmental Monitoring Plan

94. Environmental monitoring will be done during construction in three levels; namely monitoring development of project performance indicators done by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC monitoring implementation of mitigation measures done by the Contractor; and overall regulatory monitoring of the environmental issues done by Environmental Officer of the PMU. The environmental monitoring plan for the Project is presented in Table 27. The table shows proposed monitoring of all relevant environmental parameters, with a description of the sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards and responsible agencies. The monitoring of the environmental attributes in the first season (first year of implementation) will be carried out prior to the start of implementation works at the site, and shall form a baseline for the environmental parameters. Monitoring will be the responsibility of civil works contractors who would likely outsource this responsibility.

40 Table 27: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Sl. No.

Attributes Stage Parameters to be Monitored

Location Frequency Standards Responsibility

1 Air Quality Construction RPM, SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, soot, and dust

Intake location, impounding reservoir location at Samanto Sena

Once in a season (except monsoons) for the entire construction period

Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air Quality

Contractora

Distribution networks: six locations along stretches where construction activities are ongoing) within the Khulna urban area, including: 2 locations on major arterial roads, 2 locations on key activity nodes (e.g. major junctions/ markets), and 2 locations close to sensitive receptors (e.g. schools, hospitals).

construction period Schedule-2, Rule 12, Environment Conservation Rules of 1997

Contractor

2 Water Quality – discharge to surface waters including rivers, ponds, tanks, canals, streams, etc.)

Construction TDS, TSS, pH, hardness, BOD, faecal coliform, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, heavy metals, phenols, temperature, DO, hydrocarbons, mineral oils, phenols, cyanide, temperature

Upstream and downstream of the intake point (500m) to assess water quality impacts due to construction. Rupsha River crossing location: transmission line, locations of major streams and canals. 2 water bodies along the proposed distribution networks, where relaying, construction of distribution networks is proposed

Twice a year (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) for the entire period of construction

Bangladesh Standards for Industrial and Project Effluent, Schedule -10, Rule-13, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997

Contractor

3 Noise and Vibration Levels

Construction Equivalent Day and Night Time Noise Levels

Intake location, impounding reservoir location at Samanto Sena Distribution networks: At six locations along stretches where construction activities are ongoing) within Khulna urban area, including: 2

Once in a season during construction stage

Bangladesh Standards for Noise, Schedule 4, Rule-12, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997

Contractor

41

Table 27: Environmental Monitoring Plan Sl. No.



locations on major arterial roads, 2 locations on key activity nodes (e.g. major junctions/ markets), 2 locations close to sensitive receptors (e.g. schools, hospitals).

4 Fish Diversity Construction Yield and impacts on fish/shrimp species

Construction sites around rivers at intake point, Rupsha River crossing location Construction sites around fish ponds and water bodies

During the fish harvest season Interviews and consultations, including fisheries department


5 Groundwater Quaity

Operationb TDS, TSS, pH, hardness, BOD, faecal coliform

At DTW locations Once every month, during operation of the facilities

National Standard for Drinking Water

KWASA

6 Surface Water Quaity

Operation 23 parameters defined in the national standards for drinking water quality

At intake point at Modhumati River and the SWTP

Daily, during the operation of facilities

National Standard for Drinking Water

KWASA

7 Leachate Monitoring

Operation Leachate quality, TDS, TSS, pH, hardness, BOD, faecal coliform

At the location of the sludge drying bed at the treatment plant

Twice a year, before, during and after the monsoons

- KWASA

8 Survival Rate of Landscaping, Tree Plantation

Operation Survival rate In the areas where plantation/landscaping is proposed

Twice a year for two years - KWASA

9 Socioeconomic Monitoring

Operation stage

Income levels, livelihood options

Displaced persons impacted due to the project components

Once a year, for five years from the completion of the Project

Primary surveys and consultations

KWASA

42 Table 27: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Sl. No.



BOD = biological oxygen demand, CO = Carbon Monoxide, DSC = Design Supervision and Management Consultant, DTW = deep tube well, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority,NOx = Oxide of Nitrogen, pH = negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution, PMU = Project Management Unit, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = Sulphur Dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter, SWTP = surface water treatment plant, TDS = total dissolved solids, TSS = total suspended solids. a Contractor to outsource the monitoring of environmental parameters to an environmental laboratory, recognized by the DOE. b The Executing Agency is not required to submit monitoring reports to ADB and JICA during the O&M period.

43

C. Capacity Building

95. Institutional Capacity. At present, the capacity on safeguards planning and implementation at KWASA is not adequate to handle safeguard implementation. To ensure effective implementation of environmental aspects as outlined in this IEE, a PMU environmental safeguard officer will be recruited to oversee IEE/Environment Management Plan (EMP) implementation for both JICA and ADB components. The DSC Environmental Specialist (National) will train and assist the PMU, according to the training program outlined below, to ensure smooth implementation and monitoring of the IEE. 96. The proposed capacity building program will include (i) sensitization of (PMU) staff and stakeholders on environmental management, including on the ADB, JICA, and Government of Bangladesh requirements on environment; (ii) capacity building programs to improve the capability of environment staff at all levels in carrying out/monitoring and implementing environmental management measures for the Project; and (iii) capacity building programs on environmental issues including water quality monitoring. 97. The Environmental Specialist of the DSC will provide the basic training required for environmental awareness followed by specific aspects of infrastructure improvement projects along with environmental implications for projects. Specific modules customized for the available skill set will be devised after assessing the capabilities of the members of the Training Program and the requirements of the Project. The entire training would cover basic principles of environmental assessment and management mitigation plans and programs, implementation techniques, monitoring methods and tools. The proposed training program along with the frequency of sessions is presented in Table 28.

Table 28: Training Modules for Environmental Management Program Description Participants Form of

Training Duration Trainer /

Agency Introduction and sensitization to environment issues

Sensitization on environmental concerns Environmental impacts of urban infrastructure -- water supply improvement projects Environmental regulations of the Government ADB/JICA environmental regulations Coordination between departments for implementation of environmental issues

KWASA/KCC engineers / management team, officials responsible for implementing the Project, and other PMU/DSC staff

Workshop One day workshop Pre-construction

DSC Environmental Specialist/ PMU

Pre-project training on hazards, health, safety and environmental issues pertaining to the Project

Sensitization and training for engineering and management professionals, to be involved in on-site execution and operation of the proposed facilities.

KWASA engineers / management team

Workshops, site visits

Three days, pre-construction

Tailor made training programs by the Industrial Safety Board of Bangladesh (ISBB), College Engineering Staff etc.

EMP implementation

Implementation of EMP Identification of

KWASA / KCC engineers, officials

Lectures and field

Two-day session

DSC Environmental

44

Program Description Participants Form of Training

Duration Trainer / Agency

environment impacts Monitoring and reporting for EMP Public interactions and consultations Coordination for consents with various departments Monitoring formats filling and review of impacts

responsible for implementing the Project, and other PMU / DSC staff

visit Construction stage

Specialist

Training on environmental management, OHS systems, emergency and risk response systems

Guidance for conformance to environmental management systems

KWASA/KCC engineers, officials responsible for implementing project, and other PMU/DSC staff

Lectures Four day program, lectures, site visits

Tailor made training programs by local institutes, engineering, college, etc.

ADB = Asian Development Bank, DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, ISBB = , JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency, KCC = Khulna City Corporation, KWASA = Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, OHS = occupational health and safety, PMU = Project Management Unit. D. Environmental Budget

98. As part of good engineering practices in the Project, there have been several measures as erosion prevention, rehabilitation of borrow areas, safety, signage, provision of temporary drains, etc., the costs for which will be included in the design costs of the Project. The IEE costs include monitoring costs during construction and capacity building costs on environmental management of which are absorbed into contractors work packages. The costs for training proposed include the costs incurred toward site visits, travel to the training program by participants, printing of training materials, and other logistic arrangements. The costs involved towards preparation of training material and training are covered in the consultancy budget for the DSC. The budget for the environmental management costs for the Project is presented in Table 29 below.

Table 29: Cost Estimates to Implement the EMP Sl. No.

Particulars Stages Unit Total number

Rate (BDT)

Cost (BDT)

Costs covered by

A. Mitigation Measures 1 Environmental

mitigation/enhancement measures integrated into the designs and costs included as part of civil works

Construction - - Civil works contract

Sub-Total (A) B. Monitoring Measures

Air quality monitoring Construction Per

location 48 10,000 480,000 Civil works contract

Water quality – discharge to surface waters (including rivers, ponds, tanks, canals, streams)

Construction Per sample

108 7,500 810,000

Civil works contract

Noise levels monitoring

Construction Per location 48 7,500 360,000


Fish diversity monitoring

Construction Per year 15 60,000 900,000


Sub-Total (B) 2,550,000 C. Capacity Building 1 Introduction and

sensitization to Pre-Construction L.S 550,000 DSC

45

Sl. No.

Particulars Stages Unit Total number

Rate (BDT)

Cost (BDT)

Costs covered by

environment issues Pre-project training on

hazards, health, safety, and environmental issues

Pre-Construction L.S 1,000,000 DSC

2 EMP implementation Construction L.S 800,000 DSC 3 Training on environmental

management, OHS systems, emergency and risk response systems

Construction L.S 1,500,000 DSC

Sub-Total (C) 3,850,000 Total (A+B+C), Taka 6,400,000 Total (in USD) 91,500 BDT = Bangladesh Taka, DSC = Design Supervision and Management Consultant, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, OHS = occupational health and safety USD = United States Dollar.

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

99. The proposed interventions under the Khulna Water Supply Project will improve environmental conditions in the project area. There are no environmentally sensitive areas or features in the project area that will be impacted adversely due to the proposed interventions. The proposed Project will conform to all Government of Bangladesh, JICA and ADB regulations, policies, and standards including obtaining all necessary government permits and clearances.

100. The significance of environmental impacts will be more due to the construction-related impacts. It is noted that the resultant potential impacts from these proposals can be offset through provision of proven mitigation measures during design, and adoption of good engineering practices during construction and implementation. Further, the provision of water supply will greatly improve the environmental conditions in the project area, in terms of improved access to treated water, and also reduce the existing pressure on groundwater extraction. The specific management measures laid down in the IEE will effectively address any adverse environmental impacts due to the Project. The effective implementation of the measures proposed will be ensured through building capacity towards environmental management within the PMU supplemented with the technical expertise of an Environmental Specialist as part of the DSC Consultants. Further, environmental monitoring plans provide adequate opportunities towards course correction to address any residual impacts during construction or operation stages.

101. The IEE carried out for the Project shows that it will result in net environmental benefits, and that any adverse environmental impact can be addressed through proper location, planning, and design of the proposed Project; control of construction activity; and implementation of mitigation measures. The EMP provides for mitigation of all identified impacts, and contract clauses for environmental provisions will be part of civil works contracts. Further, the proposed project elements have been consulted with stakeholders and no significant issues requiring redress in terms of environmental safeguards exist. No further environmental impact assessment is determined to be required.

46 Appendix 1

APPENDIX 1: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Siting Is the project area…

Densely populated? Khulna is the third largest city in Bangladesh and the entire City corporation area is densely populated. While the distribution systems are proposed within the urban areas, the intake works, impounding reservoir and SWTP are located in non urban areas.

Heavy with development activities?

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

There are no sensitive ecological and cultural sites in the project area. Sunderbans and Bagerhat Mosque, both designated World Heritage Sites by the UNESCO for their natural and cultural heritage values, are located at distances of 50 to 85kilometers from the project components, and no impacts are envisaged.

Cultural heritage site

Protected Area

Wetland

Mangrove

Estuarine

Buffer zone of protected area

Special area for protecting biodiversity

Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?

hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive groundwater pumping?

The proposed project will reduce the current high levels of groundwater pumping, and the extraction will be within the safe yields of the groundwater identified based on assessment of the groundwater situation in Khulna. Extraction rates have been on safe yields determined by strict criteria and scientific understanding of recharge and service population and groundwater modeling findings

conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters?

Extraction rates have been on extensive studies on the river flow, especially during the lean seasons for the past 30 years. The proposed abstraction accounts for 0.41% and 0.81% of the lean flows for years 2020 and 2030 respectively, and these are within the acceptable safe limits and shall not impact downstream uses.

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)?

All water supply to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards.

Appendix 1 47

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS delivery of unsafe water to distribution system?

over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities?

impairment of downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage treatment or release of untreated sewage?

overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw sewage?

hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?

environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewers?

Sludge management to be enhanced under project through improved collection and improved sludge disposal facilities. health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?

discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in damage to sewer system and danger to workers?

inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants? Sludge management included in the design, and monitoring of the same is laid down in the EMP.

inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities?

impairments associated with transmission lines and access roads?

health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.

Design of facilities to integrate concerns of health hazards due to handling of chemicals. Occupational Health and Safety Plan to be worked out by the KWASA during the operation of the facilities.

impacts on the sustainability of associated sanitation and solid waste disposal systems and their interactions with other urban services.

deterioration of surrounding environmental conditions due to rapid urban population growth, commercial and industrial activity, and increased waste generation to the point that both manmade and natural systems are overloaded and the capacities to manage these systems are overwhelmed?

degradation of land and ecosystems (e.g. loss of wetlands and wild lands, coastal zones, watersheds and forests)?

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

Land acquisition impacts are significant. A Resettlement Plan to address the land acquisition and resettlement impacts of the project prepared.

degradation of cultural property, and loss of cultural heritage and tourism revenues?

occupation of low-lying lands, floodplains and steep hillsides by squatters and low-income groups, and their exposure to increased health hazards and risks due to pollutive industries?

48 Appendix 1

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS water resource problems (e.g. depletion/degradation of available water supply, deterioration for surface and groundwater quality, and pollution of receiving waters?

The project will ensure source protection and sustainable extraction of groundwater.

air pollution due to urban emissions?

social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and local workers?

road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation during rainy season?

All construction related impacts to be mitigated through good construction practices specified in the EMP.

noise and dust from construction activities?

traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and wastes?

temporary silt runoff due to construction?

hazards to public health due to ambient, household and occupational pollution, thermal inversion, and smog formation?

Appendix 2 49

APPENDIX 2: NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY STANDARDS 1. At present there are environmental standards in operation in Bangladesh also promulgated under the Environment Conservation Rules of 1997. There are standards prescribed for varying water sources; ambient air; noise; odor; industrial effluent and emission discharges; and vehicular emissions, etc. The standards, commonly known as Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), are legally binding. The Bangladesh standards for ambient air, noise, odor, sewage, industrial effluent and emission are furnished hereinafter. These are all in an authentic translation from original Bengali citing the specific source.

Table A2.1: National Standard for Inland Surface Water Best Practice based classification pH BOD

(mg/l) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

Total Coliform Number/100

a. Source of drinking water for supply only after disinfecting

6.5-8.5

2 or less 6 or above 50 or less

b. Water usable for recreational activity 6.5–8.5

3 or less 5 of more 200 or less

c. Source of drinking water for supply after conventional treatment

6.5–8.5

6 of less 6 or more 5000 or less

d. Water usable by fisheries 6.5–8.5

6 of less 5 or more ---

e. Water usable by various process and cooling industries

6.5–8.5

10 or less 5 or more 5000 or less

f. Water usable for irrigation 6.5–8.5

10 or less 5 or more 1000 or less

BOD = biological oxygen demand, mg/l = milligram per liter, pH = negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution Notes: 1. In water used for pisiculture, maximum limit of presence of ammonia as Nitrogen is 1.2 mg/l. 2. Electrical conductivity for irrigation water – 2250 μmhoms/cm (at a temperature of 25°C); Sodium less than 26%; boron less than 0.2%. Source: Department of Environment (DOE).

Table A2.2: National Standard for Drinking Water

Parameter Unit Standards Parameter Unit Standards1. Aluminum mg/L 0.2 26. Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 200 – 500 2. Ammonia (NH3) mg/L 0.5 27. Iron mg/L 0.3 – 1.0 3. Arsenic mg/L 0.05 28. Kjeldhl Nitrogen (total) mg/L 1 4. Balium mg/L 0.01 29. Lead mg/L 0.05 5. Benzene mg/L 0.01 30. Magnesium mg/L 30 – 35 6. BOD5 20°C mg/L 0.2 31. Manganese mg/L 0.1 7. Boron mg/L 1.0 32. Mercury mg/L 0.001 8. Cadmium mg/L 0.005 31. Manganese mg/L 0.1 9. Calcium mg/L 75 32. Mercury mg/L 0.001 10. Chloride mg/L 150 – 600* 33. Nickel mg/L 0.1 11. Chlorinated alkanes 34. Nitrate mg/L 10 carbontetrachloride mg/L 0.01 35. Nitrite mg/L <1 1.1 dichloroethylene mg/L 0.001 36. Odor mg/L Odorless 1.2 dichloroethylene mg/L 0.03 37. Oil and grease mg/L 0.01 tetrachloroethylene 0.03 38. pH -- 6.5 – 8.5 trichloroethylene 0.09 39. Phenolic compounds mg/L 0.002 12. Chlorinated phenols 40. Phosphate mg/L 6 pentachlorophenol mg/L 0.03 41. Phosphorus mg/L 0 2.4.6 trichlorophenol mg/L 0.03 42. Potassium mg/L 12 13. Chlorine (residual) mg/L 0.2 43. Radioactive materials (gross

alpha activity) Bq/L 0.01

14. Chloroform mg/L 0.09 44. Radioactive materials (gross beta activity)

Bq/L 0.1

15.Chromium (hexavalent) mg/L 0.05 45. Selenium mg/L 0.01 16. Chromium (total) mg/L 0.05 46. Silver mg/L 0.02 17. COD mg/L 4 47. Sodium mg/L 200 18. Coliform (fecal) n/100ml 0 48. Suspended particulate matters mg/L 10 19. Coliform (total) n/100 ml 0 49. Sufide mg/L 0

50 Appendix 2

Table A2.3: Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air Quality Schedule-2, Rule 12,

Environment Conservation Rules of 1997 (Micrograms /cubic meters)

Sl. No. Area Suspended Particulate

Matters (SPM) Sulfur

Dioxide (SO2)

Carbon Monoxide

(CO)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Ka Industrial and mixed 500 120 5000 100 Kha Commercial and mixed 400 100 5000 100 Ga Residential and rural 200 80 2000 80 Gha Sensitive 100 30 1000 30

Notes: 1. Sensitive area includes national monuments, health resorts, hospitals, archaeological sites, educational institutions and other government designated areas (if any). 2. Any industrial unit located not in a designated industrial area will not discharge such pollutants, which may contribute to exceed the ambient air quality above in the surrounding areas of category ‘Ga’ and ‘Gha’.

3. Suspended particulate matters mean airborne particles of diameter of 10 micron or less. Source: Department of Environment (DOE). Schedule-2, Rule 12, Environment Conservation Rules of 1997 (Page 3123, Bangladesh Gazette, 28 August 1997) .

Table A2.4: Bangladesh Standards for Noise

SI. No. Area Category Standards Values(all values in dBA)

Day Night Ka Silent zone 45 30 Kha Residential area 50 40

Ga Mixed area (basically residential and together used for commercial and industrial purposes)

60 50

Gha Commercial area 70 60 Umma Industrial area 75 70

Notes: 1. Daytime is reckoned as the time between 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. 2. Night time is reckoned as the time between 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. 3. Silent zones are areas up to a radius of 100 meter around hospitals, educational institutions or special

establishments declared or to be declared as such by the Government. Use of vehicular horn, other signals and loudspeakers is prohibited in silent zones.

Source: Department of Environment (DOE). Schedule 4, Rule-12, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. (Page 3127, Bangladesh Gazette, 28 August 1997).

Table A2.5: Bangladesh Standards for Odor Parameters Unit Values

Acetaldehyde Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide Methyl Disulfide Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Sulfide Styrene Trimethylamine

PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM

0.5-5 1-5

0.02-0.2 0.009-0.1 0.02-0.2 0.01-0.2 0.4-2.0

0.005-0.07 Notes: 1. Regulatory standards at emission/discharge outlets (apply to those outlets which are higher than 5 meters): Q = 0.108 x He2 cm,

Parameter Unit Standards Parameter Unit Standards20. Color Hazen

unit 15 50. Sulfate mg/L 400

21. Copper mg/L 1 51. Total dissolved solids mg/L 1000 22. Cyanide Mg/L 0.1 52. Temperature °C 20-30 23. Detergents mg/L 0.2 53. Tin mg/L 2 24. DO mg/L 6 54. Turbidity JTU 10 25. Fluoride mg/L 1 55. Zinc mg/L 5

BOD = biological oxygen demand, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = milliliter Notes: In coastal area 1000. Reference: Bangladesh Gazette, Addendum, August 28, 1997. Source: Department of Environment (DOE).

Appendix 2 51

Where Q – gas emission rate (Nm3/hour), He – effective height of the outlet (m),cm – above mentioned standard (ppm) 2. Where there is a range given for a parameter, the lower value will be used for warning and the higher value for initiation of legal procedure or punitive measures. Source: Department of Environment (DOE). Schedule –8, Rule-12, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. (Page 3130, Bangladesh Gazette, 28 August 1997). Table A2.6: Bangladesh Standards for Sewage Discharge

Parameters Unit Values BOD mg/l 40 Nitrate mg/l 250 Phosphate mg/l 35 Suspended Solids (SS) mg/l 100 Temperature oC 30 Coliforms number/100ml 1000

mg/l = milligram per liter Notes: 1. These standards are applicable for discharge into surface and inland water bodies. 2. Chlorination is to be done before final discharge. Source: Department of Environment (DOE). Schedule- 9, Rule-13, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. (Page-3131 of Bangladesh Gazette of 28 August 1997).

Table A2.7: Bangladesh Standards for Industrial and Project Effluent

Sl. No. Parameters Unit Discharge To

Inland Surface Water

Public Sewer to Secondary Treatment Plant

Irrigable Land

1 Ammonical nitrogen (as elementary N)

mg/l 50 75 75

2 Ammonia (as free ammonia) mg/l 5 5 15 3 Arsenic (as As) mg/l 0.2 0.05 0.2 4 BOD5 at 20oC mg/l 50 250 100 5 Boron mg/l 2 2 2 6 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l 0.05 0.5 0.5 7 Chloride mg/l 600 600 600 8 Chromium (as total Cr) mg/l 0.5 1.0 1.0 9 COD mg/l 200 400 400 10 Chromium (as hexavalent Cr) mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 11 Copper (as Cu) mg/l 0.5 3.0 3.0 12 Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg/l 4.5-8 4.5-8 4.5-8 13 Electro-conductivity (EC) µsiemens/cm 1200 1200 1200 14 Total dissolved solids mg/l 2100 2100 2100 15 Flouride (as F) mg/l 2 15 10 16 Sulfide (as S) mg/l 1 2 2 17 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 2 2 2 18 Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) mg/l 100 100 100 19 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.1 1 0.1 20 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 5 5 5 21 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 22 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l 1.0 2.0 1.0 23 Nitrate (as elementary N) mg/l 10.0 Not yet set 10 24 Oil and grease mg/l 10 20 10 25 Phenolic compounds (as

C6H5OH) mg/l 1.0 5 1

26 Dissolved phosphorus (as P) mg/l 8 8 15 27 Radioactive substance (to be specified by Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission) 28 PH 6-9 6-9 6-9 29 Selenium (as Se) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 30 Zinc (as Zn) Mg/l 5 10 10 31 Total dissolved solids Mg/l 2100 2100 2100

32 Temperature oC (summer) oC (winter)

40 45

40 45

40 45

33 Suspended solids Mg/l 150 500 200 34 Cyanide Mg/l 0.1 2.0 0.2

52 Appendix 2

Source: Department of Environment. Schedule -10, Rule-13, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 (Page 3132 - 3134 of Bangladesh Gazette of 28 August 1997) (Own authentic translation from original Bengali). Notes: 1. These standards will be applicable for all industries other than those which are specified under ‘industrial sector specific standards’.

2. These standards will have to be complied from the moment of trial production in case of industries and from the moment of the very beginning in case of projects. These standards will have to be met at any point of time and any sampling. In case of need for ambient environment condition, these standards may be made stringent. Inland surface water will include drains, ponds, tanks, water bodies, ditches, canals, rivers, streams and estuaries. Public sewer means leading to full fledged joint treatment facility comprising primary and secondary treatment. Land for irrigation means organized irrigation of selected crops on adequate land determined on the basis of quantum and characteristics of waste water. If any discharge is made into public sewer or on land which does not meet the respective definitions in notes 5 and 6 above, then the inland surface water standards will apply.

Table A2.8: Bangladesh Standards for Industrial and Project Emissions Sn. No.

Parameters Values

(in mg/Nm3) 1 Particulates

(ka) Power station of capacity of 200 MW or more (kha) Power station of capacity of less than 200 MW

150 350

2 Chlorine 150 3 Hydrochloric acid vapor and mist 350 4 Total fluoride (as F) 25 5 Sulfuric acid mist 50 6 Lead particulates 50 7 Mercury particulates 10 8 Sulfur dioxide

(ka) Sulfuric acid production (DCDA* process) (kha) Sulfuric acid production (SCSA* process) (* DCDA : Double conversion, double absorption, SCSA : Single conversion single absorption) Lowest height of stack for sulfur dioxide dispersion : (ka) Coal based power plant 500 MW or more 200 MW – 500 MW Less than 200 MW (kha) Boiler Steam per hour – up to 15 tons Steam per hour – more than 15 tons (Q = SO2 emission in kg/hour)

kg/ton acid 4

100

275 m 220m

14(Q)0.3

11m 14(Q)0.3

9 Oxides of nitrogen (ka) Nitric acid production (kha) Gas based power stations 500 MW or more 200 – 500 MW Less than 200 MW (Ga) Metallurgical oven

3 kg/ton acid

50 ppm 50 ppm 40 ppm 30 ppm

200 ppm 10 Kiln soot and dust

(ka) Blast furnace (kha) Brick kiln (Ga) Coke oven (Gha) Lime kiln

Mg/Nm3 500

1000 500 250

Source: Department of Environment (DOE). Schedule-11, Rule-13, Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 (Page 3135, 3136, Bangladesh Gazette, 28 August 1997).

Appendix 3 53

APPENDIX 3: WATER QUALITY AND RIVER FLOW DATA – MADHUMOTI RIVER, MOLLARHAT

A. River Water Abstraction and Water Quality

Figure A3.2: Result of Water Quality Analysis, October 2009

Mollarhat Chapailghat Haridaspur Khulna Arua Peruli Bardia Afraghat Ulpur

Sampling Date.time Unit 10/10. 2009 10/10. 2009 10/10. 2009 10/11. 2009 10/12. 2009 10/12. 2009 10/12. 2009 10/10. 2009 10/11. 2009

pH - 6.5-8.5 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.6 8.01

Turbidity NTU 10 72 87 101 270 207 85 152 55 240

TDS mg/L 1,000 151 164 134 157 122 142 131 223 143

SS mg/L 10 36 39 41 105 85 43 77 82 89

COD(Cr) mg/L 4 5 7 14 <5 <5 <5 <5 21 8

BOD5 mg/L 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 3.6 2

Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.001 0.0028 0.002 <0.0005 *) 0.002 0.002 0.0015 0.0033 0.0038 0.002

Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.05 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.015

Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) mg/L 0.05 (0.003) (0.007) (0.008) (0.01) (0.01) (0.003) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008)

Calcium (Ca2+) mg/L 75 32 33 35 35 32 32 33 37 35

Copper (Cu) mg/L 1 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04

Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5 0.08 0.06 0.14 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06

Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.005 0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001

Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 600 10 12 10 19 9 11 7 30 9

Sulfate (SO42-) mg/L 400 <7 <7 9.4 11 15 14 14 <7 12

Phosphate (PO43-) mg/L 6 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.43 0.26 0.18 0.30 0.29 0.32

Nitrate (NO3-) mg/L 10 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.3 2.2

Nitrite (NO2-) mg/L <1 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.10 <0.03

Ammonia (NH4+) mg/L 0.5 0.17 0.36 0.38 0.05 0.27 0.36 0.03 0.18 0.20

Iron (Fe) mg/L 0.3-1.0 0.77 0.67 1.1 3.2 1.5 0.75 2.6 0.86 2.5

Manganese (Mn) mg/L 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.15

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 6 5.8 6.3 6.0 7.4 6.6 7.0 7.2 5.3 6.3

Standard

LocationsParameters

mg/L = milligram per liter, pH = negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution Note: Mercury at Haridaspur shows the data analysed at Laboratory in Tokyo. The other data is analysed by

BUET. Chromium data shows as Total Cr. Source: JICA Study.

54 Appendix 3

Figure A3.3: Water Quality Analysis, 2005 - 2008

DateTemp.

(℃)PH EC

Chloride(mg/L)

P .Alka T. AlkaTurbidity

(NTU)TS

(mg/L)TDS

(mg/L)SS

(mg/L)DO

(mg/L)BOD

(mg/L)COD

(mg/L)

10/1/05 22.5 7.51 300 12.3 0 36 32.8 175 150 25 5.4 0.6 2523/2/05 24.5 7.41 320 15.9 0 32 32.3 180 155 25 5.5 0.7 2015/3/05 29.5 7.41 740 120.78 0 36 45.8 390 360 30 5.3 0.8 2521/4/05 30.5 7.61 1030 225.9 0 36 52.8 570 520 50 5.2 0.8 4020/5/05 32.5 7.61 1370 251 0 34 56.8 700 650 50 5.2 0.9 4521/6/05 33.5 7.71 530 109.8 0 34 52.8 300 260 40 5.3 0.8 3215/7/05 30.5 7.41 280 6.9 0 30 22.8 150 135 15 5.1 0.8 2511/8/05 31.5 7.56 275 7.1 0 36 32.8 137 112 25 5.2 0.8 2525/10/05 30.9 7.65 265 6.8 0 36 62.8 176 135 41 5.2 0.8 4211/11/05 25.5 7.81 280 12.9 0 36 32.8 160 140 20 5.3 0.7 2015/12/05 22.5 7.69 320 23.78 0 36 42.8 180 160 20 5.4 0.8 3026/1/06 22.5 7.41 360 25.45 0 36 42.8 200 180 20 5.6 0.6 2524/2/06 27.5 7.51 570 59.9 0 36 52.8 310 285 25 5.4 0.6 3021/3/06 30.1 7.71 1070 218.9 0 36 57.8 600 535 65 5.3 0.6 2525/4/06 30.5 7.81 1490 312.5 0 36 52.8 780 740 40 5.3 0.9 3522/5/06 31.9 7.67 1590 380.9 0 32 57.8 830 790 40 5.3 0.8 5526/6/06 32.5 7.71 1720 412.9 0 36 62.8 900 845 55 5.2 0.9 5529/7/06 35.5 7.73 880 240.9 0 46 62.8 500 440 60 5.3 0.8 5823/8/06 32.5 7.71 680 152 0 36 62.8 400 340 60 5.3 0.8 2619/9/06 30.5 7.68 360 12.34 0 36 42.8 210 180 30 5.2 0.9 2520/10/06 29.5 7.71 300 8.9 0 36 52.8 175 145 30 5.3 0.6 2520/11/06 24.5 7.65 290 5.67 0 36 42.8 170 140 30 5.5 0.8 2524/12/06 24.5 7.56 320 13.5 0 36 32.8 190 165 25 5.5 0.7 2125/1/07 28.5 7.61 570 108.9 0 36 22.8 290 270 130 5.4 0.7 2515/2/07 29.5 7.61 740 178.9 0 36 22.8 400 370 30 5.3 0.8 2529/3/07 31.5 7.61 1380 270.9 0 36 42.8 720 690 30 5.1 0.8 4525/4/07 33.5 7.71 1750 420 0 36 52.8 920 850 70 5.2 0.9 5529/5/07 33.5 7.64 2140 470.8 0 34 42.3 1120 1070 50 5.3 0.9 5528/6/07 34.8 7.68 2350 489.9 0 36 41.8 1220 1175 35 5.3 0.9 5530/7/07 32.5 7.73 480 60.3 0 36 38.7 280 240 40 5.3 0.9 3526/8/07 32.5 7.51 370 23.5 0 36 58.9 240 190 50 5.4 0.8 2526/9/07 30.5 7.67 320 5.68 0 36 45.8 210 160 50 5.8 0.7 2521/10/07 30.5 7.49 310 7.89 0 36 43.7 200 150 50 5.4 0.8 2830/11/07 28.5 7.71 340 12.7 0 36 45.8 190 160 30 5.3 0.7 2230/12/07 25.5 7.68 540 23.6 0 36 52.8 320 270 50 5.3 0.7 2422/1/08 23.5 7.65 600 103.8 0 56 32.8 340 300 40 5.2 0.9 2527/3/08 29.5 7.64 1380 318.9 0 36 32.8 740 690 50 5.6 0.9 3529/5/08 31.9 7.63 2170 518.5 0 36 42.8 1140 1085 55 5.3 0.8 5528/7/08 32.5 7.67 2450 538.9 0 36 43.8 1270 1220 50 5.4 0.8 5505/9/08 32.5 7.68 480 13.68 0 36 43.8 280 240 40 5.4 0.9 2805/12/08 29.5 7.61 360 8.98 0 36 32.8 210 180 30 5.3 0.7 28

Ave. 29.7 7.63 831 152 0 36 44.7 451 412 41 5.3 0.8 34Max. 35.5 7.81 2450 539 0 56 62.8 1270 1220 130 5.8 0.9 58Min. 22.5 7.41 265 5.7 0 30 22.8 137 112 15 5.1 0.6 20

mg/L = milligram per liter Sampling Point: Modhumati River, Mollarhat, Bagerhat. Source: DOE.

Appendix 3 55

Figure A3.4: Chloride Monitoring Data from 2005 to 2009 River Rupsa River Madhumati River River Rupsa River Madhumati River

Site: Rupsha Ghat Mollarhat Site: Rupsha Ghat Mollarhat

Unit mg/l mg/l Unit mg/l mg/l

2005

Jan 275 12

2008

Jan 279 104

Feb 329 16 Feb 1,040

Mar 2,527 121 Mar 2,311 319

Apr 2,692 226 Apr 6,759

May 4,780 251 May 7,912 519

Jun 2,583 110 Jun 8,463

Jul 272 7 Jul 2,638 539

Aug 24 7 Aug 75

Sep 23 Sep 57 14

Oct 97 7 Oct 55

Nov 135 13 Nov 220

Dec 269 24 Dec 248 9

2006

Jan 273 25

2009

Jan 248 75 Feb 386 60 Feb 1,510 125 Mar 2,088 219 Mar 3,846 225 Apr 4,278 313 Apr 6,714 467 May 5,385 381 May 10,779 894 Jun 3,298 413 Jun 11,274 944 Jul 124 241 Jul 5,340 125 Aug 59 152 Aug 1,813 24 Sep 38 12 Sep 175 23 Oct 99 9 Oct 39 37 Nov 136 6 Nov 59 13 Dec 269 14 Dec 59 13

2007

Jan 329 109

2010

Jan

Feb 824 179 Feb 1,268 13

Mar 2,122 271 Mar 2,945 133

Apr 5,943 420

May 8,352 471 Over 1000mg/l

Jun 6,644 490

Jul 218 60

Aug 46 24

Sep 57 6

Oct 124 8

Nov 157 13

Dec 269 24

Source: Department of Environment.

B. River Water Flow at Low Water Level for Past 30 Years

1. BWDB has monitored water level of Madhumati River at Mollarhat continuously. Following table shows the result of calculated river water flow based on the yearly low water at Mollarhat measured by BWD for past 30 years, from 1979 to 2008.

Table A3.1: Water Flow at Low Water Level for past 30 Years

Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Low Water Level (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.15 0.14 -0.16 0.00 -0.14 -0.08 0.10River Section Area (m2) 789 789 789 760 816 758 789 762 774 809 River Water Flow (m3/sec) 295.2 295.2 295.2 284.3 305.4 283.5 295.2 285.0 289.3 302.5

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Low Water Level (m) 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.36 0.02 0.10 -0.05 -0.08 -0.02River Section Area (m2) 791 791 801 799 859 793 809 780 774 785

56 Appendix 3

River Water Flow (m3/sec) 295.9 295.9 299.5 298.8 321.4 296.6 302.5 291.5 289.3 293.7

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Low Water Level (m) 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.31 1.29 1.23River Section Area (m2) 818 813 820 815 805 791 795 850 1,040 1,029 River Water Flow (m3/sec) 306.1 303.9 306.8 304.6 301.0 295.7 297.4 317.7 389.1 384.7

m = meter, m3/sec = cubic meter per second

2. The result of the Approximate Formula approach is as shown in the following figure.

Figure A3.5: Provision of Future Water Flow of Madhumati River at Mollarhat

y = 0.4819x + 291.19

280.0

285.0

290.0

295.0

300.0

305.0

310.0

315.0

320.0

325.0

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Wat

er F

low

(m

3/se

c)

Year

Madhumati River Water Flow at Low Water Level

3. The planned water intake volumes in 2025 and 2030 are:

(i) 2025: 110,000 m3/day = 1.273 m3/sec; and (ii) 2030: 220,000 m3/day = 2.546 m3/sec.

4. The assumed minimum yearly water flows in 2025 and 2030 are:

(i) 2025: 0.4819 x 46 + 291.191= 313.36 m3/sec; and (ii) 2030: 0.4819 x 51 + 291.191= 315.77 m3/sec.

C. Justification of Future Water Flow of Madhumati River at Mollarhat

1. Flow rate for 2025 and 2030 are:

(i) 2020: 1.273 m3/sec / 313.36 m3/sec = 0.41%; and (ii) 2030: 2.546 m3/sec / 315.77 m3/sec = 0.81%.

2. The Madhumati River will possess sufficient water flow enable to demarcate its water to water supply system for Khulna city in future.

Appendix 4 57

APPENDIX 4: PRECAUTIONS FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 1. The Contractor shall ensure that construction activities do not result in any contamination of land or water by polluting substances. 2. Unless otherwise provided in the specifications, the Contractor shall ensure that no trees or shrubs or waterside vegetation are cut or harmed except those required to be cleared for execution of the works. The Contractor shall protect trees and vegetation from damage to the satisfaction of the Engineer. 3. The Contractor shall not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the works and to the extent practicable, shall ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking and heating in all camps and living accommodations. Any wood so used must be harvested legally, and the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the relevant permits, if required. 4. The Contractor shall consult with local residents and local government before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plant. The work camps shall not be located near settlements, near drinking water supply intakes, protected areas, or wildlife habitats. 5. In the conduct of cleaning activities and operation of equipment, the Contractor will utilize such practicable methods and devices as are reasonably available to control, prevent and otherwise minimize air/noise pollution. A. Noise and Air Pollution 1. All works will be carried out without unreasonable noise and air pollution. Subject and without prejudice to any other provision of the Contract and the law of the land and its obligation as applicable, the Contractor will take all precautions outlined in the EMP to avoid the air and noise pollution. 2. The Contractor shall monitor the environmental parameters periodically as specified in the monitoring plan and report to the Engineer. 3. The Contractor shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Employer from and against any liability for damages on account of noise or other disturbance created while carrying out the work, and from and against all claims, demands, proceedings, damages, costs, charges, and expenses, whatsoever, in regard or in relation to such liability. B. Occupational Health and Safety During Construction 1. The Contractor shall, in accordance with the safety and health provisions specified in the EMP, provide workers with a safe and healthy working environment, in the work areas, through application of preventive and protective measures consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines. The borrower/client will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring during the course of work by:

(i) providing preventive and protective measures, including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances;

(ii) providing appropriate equipment to minimize risks and requiring and enforcing its use;

58 Appendix 4

(iii) training workers and providing them with appropriate incentives to use and comply with health and safety procedures and protective equipment;

(iv) documenting and reporting occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; and (v) having emergency prevention, preparedness, and response arrangements in place.

C. Post-Construction Clearance 1. On completion of work, wherever applicable, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the sites all constructional plant, surplus materials, rubbish, scaffoldings, and temporary works of every kind and leave the whole of the sites and works in a clean condition. The handing over of the sites shall be done only after an inspection of the site and a written clearance by the Environmental specialist of the DSC. 2. Construction camp sites post construction shall be cleared as specified in the EMP and handed over to the Owner. It will be ensured by the contractor that the site handed over is in line with the conditions of temporary acquisition signed by both parties.

Initial Environmental Examination · This initial environmental examination is a document of the...

Documents

Transcript of Initial Environmental Examination · This initial environmental examination is a document of the...