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In religion , ethics , and philosophy , "good and evil" is a common dichotomy . In cultureswith Manichaean and Abrahamic religious influence, evil is usually perceived asthe dualistic antagonistic opposite of good, in which good should prevail and evil should bedefeated. [1] In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence, both good and evil are perceived as partof an antagonistic duality that itself must be overcome through achieving nyat meaningemptiness in the sense of recognition of good and evil being two opposing principles but not areality, emptying the duality of them, and achieving a oneness .[1]

Contents

[hide ]

1 rigin of the concept

o 1.1 Ancient world

o 1.! "lassical world

o

1.# Medieval periodo 1.$ Modern Ideas

! %heories of moral goodness

# &escriptive, meta'ethical, and normative fields

$ %heories of the intrinsically good

o $.1 %ranscendental realism

o $.! (erfectionism

o $.# )elfarist theories

$.#.1 *ub+ective theories of wellbeing

$.#.! b+ective theories of wellbeing

$.#.# Mid'range theories

-oodness and agency

o .1 Agent'centered theories

o .! -oodwill

o .# Agent'e ternal theories

.#.1 *ociety, life and ecology

.#.! /istory and novelty

0 -oodness and morality in biology *ee also

2 3eferences

Origin of the concept [edit ]

Further information:Origins of morality and Morality

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Origin_of_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Origin_of_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Ancient_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Classical_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Medieval_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Modern_Ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Theories_of_moral_goodnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Descriptive.2C_meta-ethical.2C_and_normative_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Theories_of_the_intrinsically_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Transcendental_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Perfectionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Welfarist_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Subjective_theories_of_wellbeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Objective_theories_of_wellbeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Mid-range_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodness_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Agent-centered_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodwillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodwillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Agent-external_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Society.2C_life_and_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#History_and_noveltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodness_and_morality_in_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_evil&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Origin_of_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Ancient_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Classical_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Medieval_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Modern_Ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Theories_of_moral_goodnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Descriptive.2C_meta-ethical.2C_and_normative_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Theories_of_the_intrinsically_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Transcendental_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Perfectionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Welfarist_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Subjective_theories_of_wellbeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Objective_theories_of_wellbeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Mid-range_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodness_and_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Agent-centered_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodwillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Agent-external_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Society.2C_life_and_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#History_and_noveltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Goodness_and_morality_in_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_evil&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality

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4very language has a word e pressing good in the sense of 5having the right or desirable 6uality57 89:; < and bad in the sense 5undesirable5. A sense of moral +udgment and a distinction 5rightand wrong, good and bad5 are cultural universals .[!]

Ancient world [edit ]

Main article:ZoroastrianismIn the eastern part of ancient (ersia almost five thousand years ago a religious philosophercalled =oroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian gods [#] into two opposing forces > AhuraMa?da 7Illuminating )isdom < and Angra Mainyu 7&estructive *pirit < which were in conflict.

Main article:Gnosticism

@or the western world, this idea developed into a religion which spawned many sects , some ofwhich embraced an e treme dualistic belief that the material world should be shunned andthe spiritual world should be embraced. -nostic ideas influenced many ancient religions [$] whichteach that gnosis 7variously interpreted as enlightenment , salvation , emancipation or onenesswith -od < may be reached by practising philanthropy to the point of personal poverty , se ual

abstinence 7as far as possible for hearers , total for initiates< and diligently searchingfor wisdom by helping others. [ ]

Classical world [edit ]

In )estern "ivilisation, the basic meanings of C DE and FCGDE are 5bad, cowardly5 and 5good,brave, capable5, and their absolute sense emerges only around $HH B", with (re'*ocraticphilosophy , in particular &emocritus .[0] Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialoguesof (lato , together with the emergence of monotheistic thought 7notably in Euthyphro, whichponders the concept of piety 7 : JKL< as a moral absolute

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natural law or behaviour which induces strong emotional reaction statute law imposing a legal duty

Modern Ideas [edit ]

%hese basic ideas of a dichotomy has developed so that today>

Good is a broad concept but it typically deals with an association with life, charity ,continuity, happiness , love and +ustice .

E!il is typically associated with conscious and deliberate wrongdoing, discriminationdesigned to harm others, humiliation of people designed to diminish their psychologicalneeds and dignity, destructiveness, and acts of unnecessary andPor indiscriminate violence. [2]

the dilemma of the human condition and humans and their capacity to perform both goodand evil activities . [Q]

%he nature of being good has been given many treatmentsR one is that the good is based on the

natural love , bonding, and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal developmentRanother is that goodness is a product of Onowing truth . &iffering views also e ist as to why evilmight arise. Many religious and philosophical traditions claim that evil behavior isan aberration that results from the imperfect human condition 7e.g. 5 %he @all of Man 5

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an aberration Sone that defies any understanding save that the path to evil is one ofconfusion and e cessive desire 7 greed