Conditional Sentences

• Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the

condition will be fulfilled.

• Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an

invitation.

Conditional Sentences

• Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

• Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her

an invitation.

Conditional Sentences

• Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

• Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

• Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Conditional Sentences

• 1ª condicional: If + present → will (situação hipotética no futuro).

• 2ª condicional: If + past → would (situação hipotética no presente).

• 3ª condicional: If + past participle → would + past participle (situação hipotética no passado).

Phrasal Verbs

• A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or

adverb which creates a meaning different from

the original verb.

• Example:

I ran into my teacher at the movies last

night. run + into = meet

He ran away when he was 15. run + away

= leave home

Simple Past

• [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

• Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action

started and finished at a specific time in the past

• Os verbos no SIMPLE PAST são empregados

para indicar uma ação completamente

terminada no passado ou uma ocorrência

habitual de ações no passado.

Present Perfect Simple

Use of Present Perfect

• puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters.

• action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet.

• action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.

• finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.

• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia.

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple • O tempo verbal present perfect simple forma-se da

seguinte maneira: HAS / HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (ed) onde HAS / HAVE = verbo auxiliar to have no Presente e PAST PARTICIPLE = verbo principal no Particípio Passado

• O PAST PARTICIPLE dos verbos regulares termina em -ed (ex. washed, played, listened).

• A terminação nos verbos irregulares faz-se de forma diferente (ex. broken, done, known).

• Na negativa, adiciona-se NOT a seguir ao verbo auxiliar HAS / HAVE.

• Na interrogativa, invertem-se o verbo auxiliar HAS / HAVE e o sujeito.

Present Perfect Continuous

• [has/have + been + present participle] • We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that

something started in the past and has continued up until now

• O tempo verbal present perfect continuous forma-se da seguinte maneira: HAS / HAVE BEEN + -ING onde HAS / HAVE BEEN = verbo auxiliar be no present perfect e -ING = verbo principal terminado em -ing (ex. doing, reading)

Present Perfect Continuous

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

• uma série de acções repetidas.

• acções que duram há algum tempo e cujos

resultados estão ainda presentes

• acções que começam no passado e decorrem

durante todo o tempo até ao momento em que

se fala. Poderão, no entanto, prolongar-se no

futuro

Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect

Continuous

Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Continuous

• Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

• Ambos os tempos são usados para expressar uma ação que começou no passado e ainda está em curso ou que tenha acabado. Em muitos casos, ambas as formas estão corretas, mas muitas vezes há uma diferença de significado: Usamos o Simple Present Perfect, sobretudo para exprimir que uma ação está concluída ou para enfatizar o resultado. Usamos o Present Perfect Progressive para enfatizar a duração ou curso contínuo de uma ação.

Reported Speech

Reported Speech

• Usamos "Reported Speech" (discurso indirecto) para relatar o que aconteceu num diálogo, sem que precisemos usar aspas ou fazer citações. Ex.: Direct Speech --> He said: "I don't want to go to school."

• Reported Speech --> He said he didn't want to go to school.

Reported Speech