ingles- 1° año
description
Transcript of ingles- 1° año
![Page 1: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE BRAIN
TEACHER: MILAGROS HERRERA
INTEGRANTS: MENDOZA RODRIGUEZ, ARTURO MENDOZA JAYO, FERNANDO MIRANDA PALOMINO, DAVID OCROSPOMA SANCHES, DANIEL RAMIREZ CONDORI, TATIANA SOCA CHUQUINO, ROXANA VILLENA MAURICIO, CESAR
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL FEDERICO VILLARREAL
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANAESCUELA DE MEDICINA
![Page 2: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THE BRAIN
YOUR BRAIN AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL
EVERYTHING YOU DO, SAY, SEE, HEAR, SMELL
AND FELL.
![Page 3: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
YOUR BRAIN IS A LARGE,HEAVY ORGAN IN YOUR HEAD, MADE OF TIGHTLY PACKED NEURONS-ABOUT 100 BILLION OF THEM
IN TOTAL.THE BRAIN INTERPRETS WHAT YOU
SEE,HEAR,SMELL,TASTE AND TOUCH,AND SENDS MESSAGES TO OTHER PARTS OF YOUR BODY, TELLING IT WHAT TO DO
![Page 4: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
YOUR SPINAL CORD IS A COLUMN OF NERVE CELLS THAT RUNS
DOWN YOUR BACK. IT CARRIES MESSAGES TO AND FROM YOUR BRAIN AND THE REST OF YOUR
BODY
![Page 5: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
![Page 6: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BRAIN HEMISFERIES
a)LOBESFrontal lobeParietal lobeTemporary lobeOccipital lobe
![Page 7: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
b.Association's area
Wernicke's area
Broca´s areaPre front area
![Page 8: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
a)Thalamusb)Hypothalamus
DIENCEPHALON
![Page 9: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FUNCTIONS OF DE THE LOBULOSThe brain is composed of 4 lobes.1.- FRONTAL LOBE.- It is located in front of the central sulcus. - Functions.-Reasoning.-Planning.-Emotions and troubles hooting.-Part of language and movement.
![Page 10: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Parietal lobe
It is located behind the central sulcus.
Functions.- Localization of visual attention.- Localization of the tactile sense.- Voluntary movements.- Receive the sensations of heat ,
cold pressure and pain.- Understanding and the
formulation of the spake.
![Page 11: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Temporal lobe It is located bellow central sulcus.Functions.
- The interpretacion of images and noise surveys.
- In the aspect of the vision.- In the elaboration of thought and
emotion.- Decrypt the electrical impulses of
the sight.
![Page 12: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
OCCIPITAL LOBEIt is located on the back of the brain , behind the parietaland Temporal lobes.Functions.- The interpretation of images
and noise surveys.- In the elaboration of
thought and emotion.- In the aspect of the vision.- Decrypt the electrical
impulses of the sight.
![Page 13: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
The main function of the hypotalamus is homeostasis.-Control the diferent behaviors, such as agressivenes, planing, sex, thirst and hunger.-Regulates the dream.-Activates the mechanism of the expression of emotions.- Regulated biological of the body.
-
![Page 14: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Brain Diseases
![Page 15: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most genera of warm – blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid (cat) family. The parasite can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and neurologic diseases , and can affect the heart, liver, inner ears , and eyes (chorionetinitis).
![Page 16: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PITUITAIRY INFARCTIONPituitary or Hipofisis infarction is the death of an area of tissue in the pituitary gland that occurs when the blood supply is reduced. This infarction can be caused by trauma, injury or bleeding due to a benign tumor of the pituitary gland.
![Page 17: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Brain MetastasesA brain metastasis is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body. The tumor spreads when cells break off from the primary tumor and travel through the blood stream to another part of the body.As for example here we see adenocarcinoma metastases of the Dura mater and also Metastasis of ovarian cancer
![Page 18: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CEREBRAL INFARCTIONA cerebral infarction is the kind of stroke due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain
![Page 19: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into the subarachnoid space -the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. This may occur spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, or may result from head injury.
![Page 20: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MENINGIOMAMeningiomas are a diverse set of tumors arising from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system.Many meningiomas are asymptomatic, producing no symptoms throughout a person's life, and require no treatment other than periodic observation.
![Page 21: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
Tuberculous meningitis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and spreads to the brain and the spine from another site in the body
![Page 22: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CORTICAL DEMENTIAS
The cortical dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by the deterioration of memory, abstract reasoning and, specifically, the praxis of the language.Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and subcortical in certain regions.
![Page 23: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MICROCEPHALY
It is a condition in which a person's head is significantly smaller than normal for their age and sex, on the basis of reference tables . Can be given by genetic causes , by congenital infections of the central nervous system, metabolic alterations , by the premature closure of the sutures of the skull (site occurs where the growth of the skull)
![Page 24: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PICK’S DISEASEIt is a rare and permanent form of dementia ,people with Pick's disease have abnormal substances (called Pick bodies and Pick cells) within the nerve cells in the damaged areas of the brain.
![Page 25: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PINEOCYTOMA
A pineocytoma is a tumor of the pineal gland, a small organ in the brain that makes melatonin, a hormone which regulates sleep.
![Page 26: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Medulloblastomas
Medulloblastomas are tumors of rapid growth that is formed in the cerebellum.
![Page 27: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CEREBRAL ANEURYSMA cerebral aneurysm is a weak area in the walls of a blood vessel that is swollen, breaks and causes a hemorrhage in his brain. It may be due to congenital weakness of the blood vessels, high blood pressure, blockage in the arteries and other factors.
![Page 28: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CHORDOMA
Chordoma is a rare tumor that usually occurs in the spine and base of the skull. It is a malignant tumor that grows fairly slowly. It can spread to other organs, usually the lungs.
![Page 29: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
EPILEPSY
![Page 30: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which may vary from a brief lapse of attention or muscle jerks, to severe and prolonged convulsions. The seizures are caused by sudden, usually brief, excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells (neurones).
DEFINITION OF EPILEPSY
![Page 31: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Causes• Conditions that affect the structure of the brain, such as cerebral
palsy• Drugs and alcohol misuse• Birth defects• Problems during birth which cause a baby to be deprived of oxygen,
such as the umbilical cord getting twisted or compressed during labour
• Infectious conditions that can damage the brain, such as meningitis • Head injuries• Strokes• Brain tumours
![Page 32: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Symptoms• Symptoms vary from person to person. Some people
may have simple staring spells, while others have violent shaking and loss of alertness. The type of seizure depends on the part of the brain affected and cause of epilepsy.
• Most of the time, the seizure is similar to the previous one. Some people with epilepsy have a strange sensation (such as tingling, smelling an odor that isn't actually there, or emotional changes) before each seizure.
![Page 33: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Case : Carlos Alberto Santiago Barboza
In this opportunity; I tell you about CARLOS ALBERTO SANTIAGO BARBOZA.When he was 7 months old, he had high fever, do it caused seizures also it have been to hospital after one day, there a doctor told him that he had had epileptic crises with a treatment irregular.When he was 42 years old, he was admitted at hospital, where he had auxiliar exam after he was referred to the psychologyThe sister and the father said that Carlos have been seizures since 7 month´s old and he received irregular treatment, also he doesn´t speak as well as one natural person and he´s depend on other people for changing clothes.
![Page 34: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Besides they called that carlos doesn´t have any stimulation or assist to any speciality center.So psychological evaluation begins with the folowing conclusions:Moderate mental retardationDelay in language due to lack
of stimulation as a child of two years: he communicates with short words and signs.
Delayed social maturity like to four year old child
They made an encephalogram and the doctors had a conclusion that he have epilepsy
![Page 35: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
It prescribes clonazepam and phenytoin he is quoted each month for him control.He answers with medicine but suffers a convulsion sometimes followed by that in months continues.His medication in recent months has not had a seizure in these months, he been language therapy, also he have psychological evaluation and now he has a better quality of life.
TREATMENT
![Page 36: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Treatments
Epilepsy
![Page 37: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Doctors generally start by treating epilepsy with medication. If that doesn't work, they may propose surgery or another type of treatment.
DRUGS
![Page 38: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Dilantin or Phenytek• Phenobarbital• Tegretol or Carbatrol• Mysoline• Zarontin• Depakene• Depakote , Depakote ER• Valium and similar
tranquilizers, such as Tranxene and Klonopin
• Felbatol• Fycompa• Gabitril• Keppra• Lamictal• Lyrica• Neurontin• Oxteller XR• Topamax• Trileptal• Zonegran
Classics medications Newer drugs
DRUGS
![Page 39: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Side Effects of Epilepsy Drugs
• Fatigue• Dizziness• Weight gain• Loss of bone density• Skin rashes• Loss of coordination• Speech problems
![Page 40: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Surgery is most commonly done when tests show that your seizures originate in a small, well-defined area of your brain that doesn't interfere with vital functions like speech, language or hearing. In these types of surgeries, your doctor removes the area of the brain that's causing the seizures.
SURGERY
![Page 41: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Vagus nerve stimulation
THERAPIES• Ketogenic diet
![Page 42: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Take your medication correctly
• Get enough sleep • Wear a medical alert
bracelet
Lifestyle and home remedies
![Page 43: ingles- 1° año](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042706/577cc3da1a28aba7119753a1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)