Infrastructure planning and management

Lecture(2)

Instructor : Dr. Abed Al-Majed Nassar

Civil Engineering Dept.Master Program

2009-2010

Planning Sequences

•Generic•Programming and Budgeting

Expected results from Planning Sequences

1• How alternative projects

are identified and selected for further

examination.2

• How projects prepared at different times by

different investigators are compared.

3• How a major project

proceeds from preliminary study through

construction and operation.

4• What should be the scope

of various types of studies and reports.

5• What are the appropriate

methodologies to employ to produce the details of the studies and reports.

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

The planning agencyThe responsibility for public infrastructure planning, development, implementation, and operations and management, generally rests with an agency that has been granted statutory authority for a particular type of facility or system of facilities.

Example• Early planning may be done in a very

broad context by state or regional planning organizations, with input from operating agencies. The need for, and the performance of an infrastructure facility may have wide-ranging impacts and involve many persons and organizations.

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Global, National, State and local Issue, Objectives and

perspectivesThe objectives of a project must be viewed from several different standpoints, depending on the nature and extent of the project. Several different contexts may be considered with geographic or political boundaries: global, national, state, and local.

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Global IssueThe global context of a major project, plan, or program of projects may be considered in terms of sustainability or globalization of the economy.

National IssueNational objectives and concerns are usually expressed in federal legislation, which affects the actions of agencies at all levels of government.

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

State IssueState objectives are generally expressed in legislation paralleling the federal structure, but their financial and regulatory policies may be tailored to the unique requirements within each state. State agencies are often designated as responsible for specific infrastructure facilities. • Department of

Transportation is responsible for a portion of the highways in the state that are designated by law as state highways.

Examples

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Regional and local Issue

Regional and local objectives, like state objectives, may target additional concerns. For the transportation sector.

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Performance-Based/Customer/User Context

Performance-based planning and the use of outcome-driven performance measures have become increasingly important for public infrastructure projects. Planners must recognize and work within the nested set of stakeholders.

Solid waste Roads

Water supply

Other

Other

Other department

Education

Other department

Public works director

Mayor/city manager

Region( organization, agencies)

State

FederalGlobal Economy

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Organization and Institutional Context

There are more than one institution interesting in one infrastructure facility.

• In Gaza strip there are many institution had an interest in water (Municipality, CMWU, PWA)

Example

Basic contexts for planning public works and infrastructure

Political Decision-Making ContextIn most cases, decisions to provide public

physical infrastructure will be made within the political decision-making process. Political decisions are made through the different funding and regulatory contexts, and through the decision processes of governing entities such as mayors, city councils, county executives, governors, state legislators, and politically appointed agency heads and boards. For any project, the planner must understand the political decision-making process that will govern the implementation of the project.

Disenchantment

UncertaintiesConfusion

Choosing Strategically

Today’s Realities

UncertaintiesVacillation

Inconsistency

Pressures

Pressures

Making

Progress

Joint planning.. Exploring.. ..Investigation

Deciding.. Negotiating.. ..Intervening

..Turbulence..Competition..Urgency

..Complexity..Conflict..Overload

Arrangement for Making Policies

Arrangement for Making Planes

Arrangement for Making Decisions

Project plans..Physical plans..Financial plans..Corporate plans..

Operational decisions..Managerial decisions..Resources decisions..Enterpreneural decisions..

SOME IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVES FOR PUBLIC

WORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

1 • Objectives and Values Change over Time.

2• Infrastructure Planning Involves the Concepts of

Systems and a Holistic Approach to Installation,

Operation, and Management.

3 • The Different Infrastructure Systems Need to Be Integrated.

4• Infrastructure Planning

Involves Not Only the Provision of the Physical Plant, but Also

Its Operation and Management.

5• The Planning of Infrastructure

Is Vital to the Economic Future of a Country.

6• The Infrastructure Is

Expensive, so the Planning Process Must Be Thorough.

7 • Many Different Levels of Government Are Involved.

8• There Is a Need for a Strong National Role in Infrastructure

Planning.

9 • Infrastructure Planning Is an Interdisciplinary Process.

10• Public Works Planning Methods

Are Based on Scientific, Legal, Ethical, Judgmental, and Other

Concepts.

11• Many Types of Organizations

Employ Infrastructure Planners.

12

• A Successful Project Frequently Requires the

Support of Elected and Agency Officials.

13 • Public Participation in Planning Is Vital.

14• Projects May Have Multiple

Purposes and Multiple Objectives.

15

• Financial Considerations Are Usually an Important

Component of Infrastructure Planning.

16 • Many Factors Are Involved in a Successful Project.

17• Planning Should Involve a

Systematic and Logical Process.

18• Infrastructure Planning

May Involve the Formulation of Alternative

Plans to Meet Different Objectives, and a

Methodology of Trade-offs to Select an Acceptable

Plan.Environmentally Feasible Plans

Economically Feasible Plans

Financially Feasible Plans

Legally Feasible Plans

Technically Feasible Plans

Institutionally Feasible Plans

Politically Feasible Plans

Socially Feasible Plans

The set of feasible alternatives

19 • Planning Objectives and Constraints Should Be

Identified and Considered Together.

Study authority

Problems &

opportunities

Criteria-Federal

interest.-Corps

mission-Budget

priority-Others

Continuum of values, idea,

concerns, facts, data, etc.“IS it

so”?“Does

anyone care?”

Public

Technical experts

Planning objectives

Planning constraint

s

Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of Planning,

Implementation, and Evaluation

Planning• What will it cost to take actions

needed to achieve desirable performance, that is, to meet specific objectives, satisfy stated goals, or conform to specific regulations?

Develop vision, set goals and objectivesDevelop, adopt

performance measures

Identify alternatives appropriate actions

and select a preferred course (e.g., use benefit-

cost analysis) Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan

Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of Planning,

Implementation, and Evaluation

Implementation• How can action best be carried

out to achieve desired performance?

Set productivity Objectives

Develop, adopt, affirm performance

measuresIdentify alternative implementation

strategies Execute strategy, assess costs and achievements

Key Question in the Decision-making Stages of Planning,

Implementation, and Evaluation

Evaluation• Given that resources were used

to take certain actions, are the consequences(outcomes) of these actions consistent with stated and subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or “otherwise”?

Identify, review outcomes of

previous actions, plans, policies,

regulations.Develop, adopt, affirm performance

measures.

Measure performance and

compare results to goal, objectives,

vision t o determine if

change in the infrastructure

system is warranted

Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan