INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLINE CONCEPT PLAN: KABUPATEN...

INFRASTRUCTURE OUTLINE CONCEPT PLAN: KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR WATER, SANITATION, SOLID WASTE, DRAINAGE

FEBRUARY 2006 This publication was produced by Development Alternatives, Inc. for review by the United States Agency for International Development under Contract No. 497-M-00-5-00005-00

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................V LIST OF ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 2. LOCATION ........................................................................................................................ 2 3. GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ACEH ADAT ORGANIZATIONS .............. 4

3.1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND ADAT ORGANIZATIONS ...........................................................................4 3.2. BADAN REHABILITASI DAN REKONSTRUKSI (BRR) ................................................................................5

4. POPULATION PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................... 6 4.1. POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN THE KABUPATEN ...............................................................................7 4.2. POPULATION OF KECAMATANS...............................................................................................................9

5. DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS............................................................................. 11 6. NGO AND DONOR RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES................... 14 7. LEVEL OF SERVICE TARGETS..................................................................................... 20

7.1. RESIDENTIAL HOUSING.......................................................................................................................... 20 7.2. LEVEL OF SERVICE COVERAGE ............................................................................................................... 22

8. WATER SOURCES.......................................................................................................... 23 8.1. CURRENT USE OF WATER SOURCES .................................................................................................... 23 8.2. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SOURCES..................................................................................... 24

9. WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................ 25 9.1. OVERVIEW AND CURRENT SITUATION................................................................................................ 25

9.1.1. Water Sources.............................................................................................................................................. 28 9.1.2. Water Intakes and Raw Water Pumping............................................................................................. 29 9.1.3. Water Treatment Plants............................................................................................................................ 30 9.1.4. Water Storage Reservoirs ......................................................................................................................... 31 9.1.5. Transmission and Distribution Network................................................................................................ 32 9.1.6. Service Connections and Sales ................................................................................................................. 32

9.2. WATER QUALITY .............................................................................................................................. 36 9.3. ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND ............................................................................................................... 37 9.4. FUTURE PLANS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT....................................................................... 41

9.4.1. Water System Strategy.............................................................................................................................. 41 9.4.2. Gleiteron Transmission System................................................................................................................ 44 9.4.3. Mata-ie Springs, Treatment Works, & Distribution System............................................................ 45 9.4.4. Seulimum Water Supply System............................................................................................................. 48 9.4.5. Jantho Water Supply System ................................................................................................................... 48 9.4.6. Siron #2 Water Supply and Distribution System ............................................................................... 50 9.4.7. Montasik Water Supply System.............................................................................................................. 51 9.4.8. Proposed Water Supply System: Kreung Guepu ................................................................................ 51 9.4.9. Distribution System—Bulk Water Meters............................................................................................ 51 9.4.10. Krueng Raya Water Supply System ....................................................................................................... 52 9.4.11. HIPAM System: Kecamatan Lhoong ...................................................................................................... 52

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10. SANITATION (HUMAN WASTE) INFRASTRUCTURE....................................... 54 10.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER ................................................................... 54 10.2. SEPTAGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT............................................................................................ 57 10.3. FUTURE FACILITIES FOR SANITATION ................................................................................................... 58

11. SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE........................................................................ 61 11.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL ......................................... 61 11.2. FUTURE FACILITIES FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL .............................................. 62

11.2.1. Kabupaten Agency for Solid Waste........................................................................................................ 63 11.2.2. Private Sector Participation in Solid Waste Sector ............................................................................. 63 11.2.3. Estimated Solid Waste Production.......................................................................................................... 63 11.2.4. Transfer Sites................................................................................................................................................ 66 11.2.5. Final Disposal Sites...................................................................................................................................... 66

12. DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................................. 71 12.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR DRAINAGE ................................................................................................. 71

12.1.1. River Flooding................................................................................................................................................ 71 12.1.2. Tidal Flooding................................................................................................................................................ 71 12.1.3. Rebuilding Houses on Flood Prone Land............................................................................................... 72

12.2. COASTAL PROTECTION......................................................................................................................... 73 12.3. FUTURE DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROGRAMS .................................................................... 74

13. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS................. 77 14. INSTITUTIONS TO IMPLEMENT AND MANAGE INFRASTRUCTURE........... 79

14.1. WATER SUPPLY....................................................................................................................................... 79 14.1.1. PDAM Organization and Staff................................................................................................................. 79 14.1.2. Community Managed Water Systems................................................................................................... 81

14.2. SANITATION............................................................................................................................................ 82 14.3. SOLID WASTE ......................................................................................................................................... 82 14.4. DRAINAGE............................................................................................................................................... 83 14.5. PILOT FOR APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ........................................... 84

15. PRIORITIES, STRATEGY, AND LEVEL OF SERVICE............................................ 85 15.1. KECAMATAN PRIORITIES ........................................................................................................................ 85 15.2. STRATEGY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................... 88 15.3. LEVEL OF SERVICE BY YEAR 2011.......................................................................................................... 90

16. PROPOSED COMMITMENTS ................................................................................... 91 17. SUMMARY OF INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS........................................................... 92 18. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 97

18.1. SOURCES OF DATA ................................................................................................................................ 97 18.2. DETAILS ABOUT PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ............................................. 97 18.3. SURVEY DATA FOR POSSIBLE SOLID WASTE LANDFILL SITES ............................................................. 97 18.4. SUMMARY REPORTS ABOUT HIPAM AND OPAM IN KAB. ACEH BESAR ......................................... 97

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: MAP OF KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR.............................................................................................................2 FIGURE 2: BRR ORGANIZATION CHART....................................................................................................................5 FIGURE 3: KECAMATANS OF KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR ............................................................................................7 FIGURE 4: POPULATION OF KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR..............................................................................................8 FIGURE 5: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS IN KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR.......................................................... 12 FIGURE 6: KECAMATANS SERVED BY PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA .......................................................................... 26 FIGURE 7: SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF EXISTING WATER SYSTEM (RIVERS)........................................................... 27 FIGURE 8: SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF EXISTING WATER SYSTEM (SPRINGS) ........................................................ 28 FIGURE 9: TARIFF FOR FIRST LEVEL OF WATER USE BY HOUSEHOLDS.................................................................. 35 FIGURE 10: ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND ............................................................................................................. 38 FIGURE 11: GRAPH OF ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND AND PLANNED PRODUCTION......................................... 40 FIGURE 12: KECAMATANS IN KAB. ACEH BESAR WITH PDAM SERVICE IN YEAR 2010..................................... 46 FIGURE 13: SCHEMATIC OF GLEITERON AND MATE-IE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ................................................ 47 FIGURE 14: SCHEMATIC OF JANTHO—SEULIMEUM—INDRAPURI CONNECTIONS .............................................. 49 FIGURE 15: EXCERPTS FROM DECREE OF THE MINISTRY OF SETTLEMENTS AND REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

NO. 534 / 2001................................................................................................................................................ 54 FIGURE 16: TYPICAL TWO TANK SEPTIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 56 FIGURE 17: FLOW SCHEME FOR IPLT STABILIZATION PONDS............................................................................... 58 FIGURE 18: TPA CLUSTERING---TWO OPTIONS.................................................................................................... 69 FIGURE 19: PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA ORGANIZATION CHART ......................................................................... 80

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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: FROM PLAN TO STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................1 TABLE 2: AREA AND POPULATION OF KECAMATAN IN KAB. ACEH BESAR ............................................................6 TABLE 3: POPULATION OF KAB. ACEH BESAR............................................................................................................7 TABLE 4: POPULATION DATA FOR NAD PROVINCE.................................................................................................8 TABLE 5: KECAMATAN POPULATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT ............................................................................... 10 TABLE 6: CONCEPT STRUCTURE FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 11 TABLE 7: SYSTEM OF CITIES HIERARCHY FOR DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES............................................................. 12 TABLE 8: NGO WATER SYSTEM FOR SIX VILLAGES ............................................................................................... 15 TABLE 9: NGO ACTIVITIES BY KECAMATAN IN SANITATION, WATER, & INFRASTRUCTURE ............................ 16 TABLE 10: KAB. ACEH BESAR WATER SOURCES..................................................................................................... 23 TABLE 11: PDAM ACEH BESAR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.............................................................................. 30 TABLE 12: PDAM ACEH BESAR RESERVOIRS ........................................................................................................... 31 TABLE 13: PDAM ACEH BESAR PIPELINE ESTIMATES .............................................................................................. 32 TABLE 14: PDAM ACEH BESAR CUSTOMERS AND SALES ...................................................................................... 33 TABLE 15: PDAM ACEH BESAR TARIFFS FOR 2005................................................................................................ 33 TABLE 16: REVENUE AND COST PER CUBIC METER WATER SOLD 2002-2004 .................................................. 33 TABLE 17: REVENUES & COSTS PER CUBIC METER WATER SOLD NOVEMBER 2005 .......................................... 34 TABLE 18: PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION NOV.-05 .................................................................................... 39 TABLE 19: PROJECTED PDAM WATER DEMAND 2008 AND 2010 ...................................................................... 39 TABLE 20: ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND AND PDAM PRODUCTION 2006 TO 2010 ....................................... 40 TABLE 21: COST COMPARISON OF HDPE AND PVC PIPE .................................................................................... 43 TABLE 22: PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA PROJECTS FOR WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION ................................... 53 TABLE 23: STATUS OF SANITATION SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO DESA .................................................................. 54 TABLE 24: ESTIMATED SEPTAGE PRODUCTION YEAR 2010................................................................................... 59 TABLE 25: STATUS OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL BY VILLAGE (DESA) .................................................................... 61 TABLE 26: SOLID WASTE PRODUCTION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES...................................................................... 64 TABLE 27: ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE PRODUCTION BY KECAMATAN ................................................................. 65 TABLE 28: ESTIMATED LAND AREA (HA) FOR SOLID WASTE TPA....................................................................... 67 TABLE 29: LAND AREA (HECTARES) FOR TPAS IN KAB. ACEH BESAR ................................................................. 67 TABLE 30: GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA THRESHOLD CRITERIA FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL

REVIEW (AMDAL OR UKL/UPL) .................................................................................................................. 77 TABLE 31: PROFILE OF PDAM STAFF---AGE, EDUCATION, TRAINING, EXPERIENCE .......................................... 81 TABLE 32: CRITERIA FOR KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................... 85 TABLE 33: DATA FOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES FOR KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 86 TABLE 34: POINTS USED TO DETERMINE PRIORITIES.............................................................................................. 87 TABLE 35: KECAMATANS PRIORITIZED FOR DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................. 88 TABLE 36: PROPOSED PROGRAM AND ESTIMATED LEVEL OF SERVICE BY YEAR 2011......................................... 90 TABLE 37: COMMITMENTS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSED OR ON-GOING ................................................... 91

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LIST OF ACRONYMS Adat customary law based on local and religious traditions and practices AMDAL Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (Environmental Impact

Review) BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Planning Board) BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development

Planning Agency) BRR Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi

(Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Board) Bupati Head of Kabupaten (District) Camat Head of Kecamatan (Sub-District) DED Detailed Engineering Design Desa Village Dinas Kebersihan Sanitation Department DPRD Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah FS Feasibility Studies GOI Government of Indonesia HIPAM Himpunan Pengelola Air Minum

(Community Managed Water System) also known as OPAM where O = Organisasi

IbuKota Principal town, often the capital IMB Izin Mendirikan Bangunan (Building Permit) IPLT Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja

(Septage Treatment Plant) Kabupaten District; administrative subdivision of a Province Kecamatan administrative subdivision of a Kabupaten km Kilometer = 1000 meters = 0.6 mile L/sec Liters per second m meter = 1000 millimeters (mm) m3 cubic meters = 1000 Liters MSL Mean Sea Level Mukim Aceh Province administrative unit between Kecamatan and Desa NGO Non-Government Organization O&M Operations and Maintenance PDAM Perusahan Daerah Air Minum (authority responsible for drinking

water supply) PED Preliminary Engineering Design PU Pekerjaan Umum (Department of Public Works) Rencana Pengembangan Wilayah

Regional Development Plan

Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW)

Regional Spatial Planning

Rp Rupiah (currency of Indonesia) TOR Terms of Reference TPA Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir

(Solid Waste Landfill) Wilayah Region

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objective of this report is to describe the current status of water supply, sanitation, solid waste, and drainage infrastructure and services in Kabupaten Aceh Besar; identify infrastructure needed to provide planned levels of service; and recommend infrastructure improvements during the period 2006 to 2010. This report focuses on permanent infrastructure supporting permanent housing. It analyzes and forecasts at Kecamatan (sub-district) level because:

• it is easier to get data and to analyze than Desa---there are 22 Kecamatan, 60 Mukim, and 601 Gampong (Desa) in the Kabupaten

• this level of government can coordinate among the Desa for use of limited resources such as waste collection vehicles

• this level of government has responsibility for markets (major source of solid waste) and for maintenance of micro-drainage.

This report can be used to:

• Plan and budget infrastructure for the period 2006 to 2010 • Learn about the Kabupaten and institutions involved in infrastructure • Serve as a model for forecasting infrastructure services at other locations.

Data in the report comes from site visits, interviews, and reports collected by the ESP-Aceh Needs Assessment Team which arrived in Banda Aceh on 17 November 2005. To estimate quantities standard values and assumptions were used which should be verified through field measurements. Activities continue at a fast pace and new programs begin, so this report is only a snapshot at a particular point in time. It must be updated. In particular, changes in population need to be monitored to determine if the proposed infrastructure should be implemented sooner or should be delayed. Following is a summary of chapters in this report: Chapter I “Introduction” states the purpose of the report and shows its relationship in the process of moving from Plan to Structure Chapter II “Location” provides details about the geography and climate. Chapter III: “Government Institutions and Aceh Adat Organizations” explains Mukim and Gampong, legal community units unique to Aceh; and the Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR), the agency responsible for rehabilitation and repair in areas damaged by the earthquake and tsunami.

Chapter IV “Population Projections” reports Year 2005 population data collected for some Kecamatans and projects population for others from year 2004, adjusted for disaster deaths and using a growth rate of 1.5% (the rate for Aceh Province for the period 1990 to 2000). The reason for estimating population at Kecamatan level is that infrastructure services are geographic, so it is important to know the location of the demand. Chapter V “District Development Plans” summarizes relevant parts of the Kabupaten Plan prepared in year 2003. The concepts developed for the region around Kota Banda Aceh and along the Banda Aceh—Sigli Highway are still valid, however development plans for regions along the East and West Coasts have to be modified. Chapter VI “NGO and Donor Relief and Reconstruction Activities” attempts to list shelter, water, and sanitation infrastructure activities by 44 different NGO’s in the 22 Kecamatans. In addition there are non-site specific donor financed projects such as USAID’s Environmental Services Program or Germany’s Gesellschaft fur Technische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) Support for Local Governance for Sustainable Reconstruction. NGO’s and Donors are supposed to provide BRR details and timelines through a “Project Concept Note” and to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the relevant Indonesian agency. Chapter VII “Level of Service Targets” lists the standards from the Province Building Code for providing residential housing with water supply, sanitation, and solid waste and BRR’s goals for infrastructure services, for example 80% of urban population receiving water 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at pressure 7.5 meters. Chapter VIII “Water Resources” describes the two springs (Gleiteron and Mata-ie) and four rivers (Kr. Aceh, Buga, Luthu, and Mountala) that PDAM Tirta Mountala uses as sources of water and identifies another source (Kr. Geupu) that can be developed. Chapter IX “Water Supply Infrastructure”, Part A presents details about the PDAM’s six water supply systems (Gleiteron, Mata-ie, Seulimeum, Jantho, Montasik, and Siron#2) for intake, treatment, reservoir, transmission, and distribution networks; and the PDAM’s service connections, sales, revenues and costs. Part B discusses water quality. Part C forecasts water demand for years 2008 and 2010. Part D contains a Capital Works Improvement Program recommended for the PDAM that is organized according to water supply system and based on the long term Water System Strategy of the PDAM. Chapter X “Sanitation (Human Waste) Infrastructure”, Part A explains there is no organized wastewater collection, treatment, or disposal in the Kabupaten.

Chapter XI “Solid Waste Infrastructure”, Part A explains that in the Kabupaten each community manages its own solid waste collection from residential housing. Disposal is by burying, burning, or dumping into a nearby river or the ocean. Part B estimates solid waste production for the period 2006 to 2010 and recommends developing multiple final disposal sites (TPA) to serve a cluster of Kecamatans. The TPA for Kotamadya Banda Aceh will be located in the Kabupaten so it is reasonable to expect that Kabupaten communities within reasonable driving distances (20 to 30 kilomters) could use this facility. Chapter XII “Drainage Infrastructure” discusses flooding from rivers and ocean tides, issues about rebuilding houses on flood-prone land, and coastal protection. There are no immediate requirements for macro-drainage in the Kabupaten. For micro-drainage priority should be at the Pasars (markets) because these represent major economic centers in the Kabupaten. Chapter XIII “Environmental Analysis of Infrastructure Projects” gives details about Government of Indonesia requirements for when an environmental impact assessment (AMDAL) or an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (UKL/UPL) are needed. Most infrastructure projects recommended in this report require only UKL/UPL. Chapter XIV “Institutions to Implement and Manage Infrastructure” discuss the PDAM Tirta Mountala and Community Managed Water Systems (HIPAM) and possible arrangements for sanitation, solid waste, and drainage by Kecamatan. Chapter XV “Priorities, Strategy, Levels of Service” describes the methodology used to prioritize kecamatans for infrastructure development; the results; and the strategy to implement each infrastructure sector. Chapter XVI “Proposed Commitments” lists donor funded projects for water supply and UNDP support for solid waste. No donors have been identified for sanitation or drainage other than NGO provided services for houses they construct. Chapter XVII “Summary of Infrastructure Needs” lists unfunded projects for each sector according to years 2006-2007 and 2008 to 2010 including cost estimates. Appendix A lists sources of data for this report that can be used to complete similar studies elsewhere in Propinsi NAD.

1. INTRODUCTION This document describes the current status of water supply, sanitation, solid waste, and drainage infrastructure and services in Kabupaten Aceh Besar and recommends structures and institutions to provide services during the next five years. Ideally these services, along with electricity, schools, hospitals, and public transport, should be planned before houses are built to ensure communities become viable again. The focus of this document is permanent infrastructure supporting permanent housing; it does not deal with temporary shelter issues. As shown in the table below, this document is only the first step toward providing the necessary infrastructure. Table 1: From Plan to Structure STEP ACTIVITY RESULT

1 Land Use Themes Outline Concept Plan 2 Public Review and Comments Preliminary Outline Development Plan 3 Engineering Review Feasibility Study and

Environmental Impact Report 4 Analysis of alternatives, impacts and

mitigation measures, costs Recommended Outline Development Plan

5 Scoping Design Preliminary Engineering Design 6 Specifications and Drawings Detailed Engineering Design 7 Tender Contract Award 8 Construction Structure/Facility 9 Commissioning Hand-over to Agency (e.g. PDAM)

The reality in the Kabupaten is that developments on the ground----construction of permanent housing; upgrading of water supply facilities; disposal of solid waste---are proceeding. There is no time for multi-year studies. Thus recommendations in this plan range from those that can immediately go to tender (e.g. Detailed Engineering Design is already completed) to those requiring public review and comments (e.g. location of solid waste landfills). Details in this Outline Plan are based on review of reports; site visits; interviews; analysis and discussion during the period from mid-November to end-December 2005. Design and Construction are proceeding so quickly that the “current status” described in this Plan is no more than a snapshot at a particular point in time. So it would be appropriate to review this document 10 or 12 months from now to confirm progress and verify projections before proceeding with recommendations beyond the current period. Data from this Infrastructure Concept Plan can serve as input to BRR’s “Kabupaten Infrastructure Development Support” Program by identifying projects and locations for studies, spatial planning, and detailed engineering design, and local government institutions for capacity building.

Finding Number 1: Action on the Ground is Faster Than Formal Planning. Construction of permanent housing and the public services to support that housing (as well as the Temporary Location Centers) are going faster than formal planning procedures. Thus Development Plans need be in Outline format and updated annually.


ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID

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2. LOCATION Kabupaten Aceh Besar is one of 21 Kabupaten/Kota in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province. The Kabupaten is located at the northern end of Sumatra Island from 5.2 to 5.8 degrees Latitude North and 95.0 to 95.8 degrees Longitude East. It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Malacca and Kota Banda Aceh; on the south by Kabupaten Aceh Jaya; on the east by Kabupaten Pidie; and on the west by the Indian Ocean. Figure 1: Map of Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Kab. Aceh Besar has an area of 2,974 square kilometers that includes three islands (Kec. Pulo Aceh) to the north. The land is classified as about 50% forest; 20% padang rumput (grass fields); 12% tanah terbuka (open space), and the remainder developed. The area near the coast is flat with low-lying flood prone areas that become inundated during the wet season. The Kabupaten’s capital city, Ibukota Jantho, is located in the southern part of the Kabupaten, about 50 kilometers south of the Province Capital Banda Aceh. Areas close to Kota Banda Aceh, e.g. Kecamatans Darul Imarah and Krueng Barona Jaya, can be classified as urban to peri-urban. The population becomes more dispersed further away from the Province Ibu Kota. The climate is tropical (23 to 33 oC) with high humidity (70% to 85%). Mean average annual rainfall was 1.6 meters for the period 1879 to 1984 and 1.5 meters for the ten-year period 1995-2004. The wet season is between October and February with November having the highest average rainfall and June the lowest. [Rainfall data are from a secondary source who got it from Iskandar Muda Climate Station], Eight kecamatans in Kabupaten Aceh Besar were impacted by the earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004. In Aceh Province on the order of 170,000 people are dead or missing

Aceh Jaya

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and low lying areas along the shore were inundated resulting in destruction of buildings and infrastructure. The salt water traveled inland for distances of 1 to 3 kilometers. Areas with shallow groundwater were polluted by seawater and by contamination from waste disposals and pit latrines. Elevations in the coastal zone have changed by as much as 0.5 meters1; in some places sand dunes swept away and in others newly created; coastal barriers broken. Thus reconstruction along the coastal areas must take into consideration new elevations for the highest high tide. Although the earthquake of 26 December 2004 caused damage to the Kabupaten, it appears that the earthquake on 28 March 2005, which was centered in Nias Island, did not.

1 It is widely stated that land has “subsided” 0.5 to 1.0 meters along the west coast. Certainly the high tide is coming further inland, but is that due to land sinking or to being washed away?

Finding Number 2: Earthquake & Tsunami Damage Limited in Aceh Besar. Earthquake and Tsunami damaged areas in Kabupaten Aceh Besar are in the eight Kecamatans along the west coast and northeast coasts. Interior kecamatans have been impacted by influx of Internally Displaced People and establishment of Temporary Location Centers. Thus infrastructure improvements will be both 100% replacement of damaged facilities and rehabilitation and expansions of existing facilities.



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3. GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ACEH ADAT ORGANIZATIONS

3.1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND ADAT ORGANIZATIONS

Government refers to Central, Province, Kabupaten/Kota, Kecamatan, Desa and Kelurahan. This organizational structure is found throughout Indonesia. Community refers to groups of people and in Aceh Province the community is organized into Mukims and Gampongs which date back to the time when Aceh was an independent Kingdom.

• Gampong is a legal community unit; is headed by the Keuchik; and constitutes the lowest administration organization under the direct supervision of the Mukim.

• • Mukim is formed from several Gampongs; has boundaries and assets; is led by

the Imeum Mukim; and is directly under the supervision of the Kecamatan. The Mukim and Gampong have legal status and are considered to be key elements implementing a community-oriented and participatory rehabilitation and reconstruction in Aceh Province. According to Aceh Besar Dalam Angka 2003 by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Kab. Aceh Besar is organized into 22 Kecamatan which are further subdivided into 68 Mukim and 601 Gampong (Desa). In this report the term Desa is used because that is the term commonly used by agencies working in Aceh and in databases. Kabupaten Aceh Besar was established in 1956. In 1979 Jantho was designated as Ibu Kota Kabupaten and movement of Kabupaten government offices from Banda Aceh to Jantho was completed in 1984. In this location the Kabupaten government was impacted by the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) who had been fighting for an independent homeland in Aceh since 1976. On 15 August 2005 the Government of Indonesia and GAM signed a peace Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). Prior to this date concerns about safety some times restricted Kabupaten and Kecamatan public services such as solid waste disposal and drainage, but not public water supply, which both sides allowed to continue.

Finding Number 3: Working with the Mukim. According to NGO’s working in the region, the Mukim has been helpful getting agreement and implementing projects. Thus the Mukim could be helpful in developing and implementing Public Awareness and Education campaigns that accompany infrastructure programs.



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3.2. BADAN REHABILITASI DAN REKONSTRUKSI (BRR)

BRR was established by Government of Indonesia on April 16 2005, by Regulation in Lieu of a Law (Regulation / Perpu) No. 2/2005 issued by the President of the Republic of Indonesia with the Mission statement: “To restore livelihoods and strengthen communities in Aceh and Nias by designing and implementing a coordinated, community-driven reconstruction and development program with the highest professional standards.” BRR

• brings together project proposals; • facilitates local government and civil society bodies in implementation of

projects, capacity-building where needed • Monitors progress of on-budget and off-budget projects • does NOT execute or implement projects directly • does NOT direct donor or NGO activities

The BRR’s infrastructure program unit is tasked with the role of coordinating donor support, reviewing proposals, and prioritizing projects. Figure 2: BRR Organization Chart

Management Services Center

DeputyInfrastructure

DeputyHousing

DeputyInstitutional & HR

Development

DeputyBusiness & Economic

Development

Regional Offices (7)

Chief Operations Oficer of BRR

Director BRRSpecial Projects

Water and Sanitation sector is included under the Deputy for Infrastructure. Details about the organization below Deputy are currently under revision.



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4. POPULATION PROJECTIONS Table 2 lists each Kecamatan, its area, its year 2003 population, and calculates the density (number of people per square kilometer). The names and coding numbers are from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics (BPS). Table 2: Area and Population of Kecamatan in Kab. Aceh Besar

BPS No.

Kecamatan IbuKota Area (km2)

Population (2003)

Density Cap/km2

1108010 Lhoong Lhoong 125 11,592 93 1108020 Lhoknga Lhoknga 99 16,556 167 1108021 Leupung Leupung 76 7,878 104 1108030 Indrapuri Indrapuri 299 16,657 56 1108031 Kuta Cot Glie Lampakuk 232 10,756 46 1108040 Seulimeum Seulimeum 487 18,944 39 1108041 Jantho Jantho 274 5,735 21 1108042 Lembah Seulawah Lamtamot 308 7,185 23 1108050 Mesjid Raya Krueng Raya 110 12,277 111 1108060 Darussalam Lambaro

Angan 78 16,354 211

1108061 Baitussalam Lambada Lhok 37 18,177 498 1108070 Kuta Baro Peukan Ateuk 92 20,107 218 1108080 Montasik Montasik 130 19,997 154 1108090 Ingin Jaya Ingin Jaya 100 21,466 215 1108091 Kreung Barona

Jaya Cot Iri 9 10,337 1,141

1108100 Sukamakmur Sibreth 99 12,137 123 1108101 Kuta Malaka Samahani 44 4,768 110 1108102 Simpang Tiga Kreung Mak 55 5,009 91 1108110 Darul Imarah Lampeneurut 33 34,421 1,045 1108111 Darul Kamal Peukan Bilui 16 5,933 366 1108120 Peukan Bada Peukan Bada 32 19,458 610 1108130 Pulo Aceh Lampuyang 241 6,002 25

22 2,974 301,746



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Figure 3: Kecamatans of Kabupaten Aceh Besar

4.1. POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN THE KABUPATEN

The population growth rate should be estimated from historic data but the historic population for the Kabupaten has been too variable. Table 3: Population of Kab. Aceh Besar

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Population 282,000 287,876 285,925 285,498 290,582 301,746 309,000 296,541

Ref: Data for 1998-2003 from Badan Pusat Statistik. Population for 2005 from “Dissemination Population Census Data of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Nias 2005”, presented at BPS, Jakarta November 29th 2005. Population for 2004 is estimated



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Figure 4: Population of Kabupaten Aceh Besar

275,000280,000285,000290,000295,000300,000305,000310,000315,000

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

Years

Popu

latio

n

Looking at data for the whole Province, Growth Rate is calculated by the formula

PopulationYear PopulationYearPopulationYear

xYear Year

2 11

12 1

−−( )

Table 4: Population Data for NAD Province

YEAR POPULATION GROWTH RATE 1971 2,008,341 1980 2,610,128 3.33% 1990 3,415,674 3.09% 2000 3,930,905 1.51% 2005 4,031,589 0.51%

Projecting data for years 2001 through 2003 forward, year 2004 population would have been about 309,000. Deaths caused by the 26 December 2004 tsunami are estimated2 to be about 18,000 in Kabupaten Aceh Besar. The population growth rate for the period 1990 to 2000 for the Province is calculated to be 1.5% and using this growth rate the approximate year 2005 population for the Kabupaten would be 295,000. Since the actual population is reported to be 296,541 this assumed growth rate seems reasonable.

2 Peta sebaran korban bencana alam; other documents aggregate the number of people killed for Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar.



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Projected forward five years at growth rate of 1.5%, the year 2010 population is estimated to be 320,000.

PopulationYear2010 = (PopYear2005)x(1+1.5%)^5

However this does not take into consideration the IDP’s currently living in the Kabupaten so a different approach is used to determine the populations of individual kecamatans. (See Part B of this Chapter)

4.2. POPULATION OF KECAMATANS Population data for each Kecamatan is needed to estimate water demand and quantities of solid waste generated in order to properly size facilities according to geographic service area. One year after the tsunami there is no exact census and there are still a considerable number of Internally Displaced Persons in Temporary Location Centers (TLC) which influences Kecamatan populations and must be considered because of the demand they create on infrastructure located in the Kecamatan. Table 5 shows the population figures used in this report. Year 2005 actual data were obtained from the Kecamatan; no certainty about accuracy. The procedure used to estimate population by year from 2006 to 2010 is as follows:

1) Year 2005 population of the Kecamatan and the IDPs living there 2) increase by natural growth rate (assume 1.5%) 3) add number of IDP’s moving into the Kecamatan (based on number of new

homes constructed in that Kecamatan)3 4) subtract number of IDP’s now in TLC moving out of the Kecamatan 5) assume four year period for steps 4 and 5 above.

Per Year for 2006--2009

Migration IN Migration OUT Lhoong 722 Seulimeum 53

Lhoknga 661 Kota Jantho 1224

Leupung 348 Lembah Seulawah 225

Mesjid Raya 726 Ingin Jaya 1600

3 When all materials are on-site, full work crew available, and all permissions obtained, then it takes about one month to build a house including water supply and sanitation.

Finding Number 4: Kabupaten Aceh Besar Population. At this time it is difficult to accurately forecast population growth due to incomplete data about current populations and uncertainties where people currently in Temporary Location Centers will relocate. Therefore during the life of this plan revision may be needed to schedule and size of proposed infrastructure based on updated population data. Tracking population and comparing it to the plan, the date for expanding facilities can be adjusted forward or backward.



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Darussalam 159 Kreung Barona Jaya 100

Baitussalam 1578 Darul Imarah 4674

Peukan Bada 848 Darul Kamal 72

Pulo Aceh 458 Peukan Bada 3169

Table 5: Kecamatan Populations Used in this Report

No. Kecamatan 2003(BPS)

2005Actual

2005Projected 2005 IDP 2005

base yr Yr. 2006 Yr. 2007 Yr. 2008 Yr. 2009 Yr. 2010

1108010 Lhoong 11,592 8,027 8,027 8,869 9,724 10,591 11,471 11,6431108020 Lhoknga 16,556 13,238 13,238 14,098 14,971 15,857 16,756 17,0071108021 Leupung 7,878 2,439 2,439 2,824 3,215 3,611 4,013 4,0741108030 Indrapuri 16,657 17,160 17,160 17,418 17,679 17,944 18,213 18,4871108031 Kuta Cot Glie 10,756 11,081 11,081 11,247 11,416 11,587 11,761 11,9371108040 Seulimeum 18,944 19,067 212 19,279 19,515 19,755 19,998 20,245 20,5491108041 Kota Jantho 5,735 5,505 4,896 10,401 9,333 8,249 7,149 6,032 6,1221108042 Lembah Seulawah 7,185 8,326 901 9,227 9,140 9,052 8,963 8,872 9,005

1108050 Mesjid Raya 12,277 11,884 11,884 12,788 13,705 14,637 15,582 15,8161108060 Darussalam 16,354 16,848 16,848 17,260 17,677 18,101 18,532 18,8101108061 Baitussalam 18,177 10,736 10,736 12,475 14,240 16,031 17,849 18,1171108070 Kuta Baro 20,107 20,715 20,715 21,025 21,341 21,661 21,986 22,3161108080 Montasik 19,997 20,601 20,601 20,910 21,224 21,542 21,866 22,1941108090 Ingin Jaya 21,466 22,963 6,399 29,362 28,203 27,026 25,832 24,619 24,9891108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 10,337 12,084 399 12,483 12,570 12,659 12,749 12,841 13,0341108100 Sukamakmur 12,137 12,504 12,504 12,691 12,882 13,075 13,271 13,4701108101 Kuta Malaka 4,768 4,912 4,912 4,986 5,061 5,136 5,214 5,2921108102 Simpang Tiga 5,009 5,160 5,160 5,238 5,316 5,396 5,477 5,5591108110 Darul Imarah 34,421 40,603 18,697 59,300 55,515 51,674 47,775 43,817 44,4741108111 Darul Kamal 5,933 6,575 286 6,861 6,892 6,924 6,957 6,990 7,0941108120 Peukan Bada 19,458 11,694 12,674 24,368 25,582 26,814 28,064 29,333 29,7731108130 Pulo Aceh 6,002 2,401 2,401 2,895 3,397 3,906 4,423 4,490

22 301,746 173,141 111,383 44,464 328,988 331,475 334,000 336,563 339,164 344,251

PROJECTED POPULATIONPopulation

TABLE NOTES Year 2003 Aceh Besar Dalam Angka 2003 by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Year 2005 Actual from data provided by Camat Year 2005 projected = (Year 2003 Pop)*(1+1.5%)^2 Year 2005 IDP from Camat data Year 2006 Population = [(Year 2005 Pop + IDP) x Growth] + [Migration of IDP into Houses] - [Migration of IDP out of Tents & Barracks] Total for Year 2010 and Year 2015 are rounded to nearest one thousand (1,000)



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5. DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Indonesia requires District government to prepare Regional Development Plan (Rencana Pengembangan Wilyah) which is typically a five-year development plan for economy, housing, and infrastructure. In December 2003 BAPPEDA Kab. Aceh Besar issued “Revisi Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW)” [Revised Master Plan/Spatial Plan] for the period 2005 to 2015. This plan identified areas and prioritized towns for future development. Table 6: Concept Structure for Regional Development REGION DESCRIPTION KECAMATANS

I

Around Kota Banda Aceh [Growth Pole]

Peukan Bada; Darul Imarah; Krueng Barona Jaya; Darussalam, Baitussalam

II

Resources Frontier Regions along east coast

Baitussalam; Mesjid Raya; Seulimeum;

III

Along Banda Aceh—Sigli--Medan Road [Development Axis]

Ingin Jaya; Sukamakmur, Montasik; Indrapuri, Seulimeum

IV

Special Functional areas along west coast

Peukan Bada, Lhoknga, Leupung, Lhoong



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Figure 5: Regional Development Areas in Kabupaten Aceh Besar

The tsunami severely damaged Kecamatans located along the west coast (Region IV) and to a lesser extent those on the east coast (Region II). Thus the concept structure for Regions I and III is still valid but may have to be adjusted due to relocation of population from elsewhere in Aceh and damages caused by the earthquake. Table 7: System of Cities Hierarchy for Development Priorities

ORDER CITY NAME Capital Jantho

I Indrapuri; Lamboro; and Lampeuneuret (Darul Imarah) II Seulimeum, Sibreh (Sukamakmur), and Lhoknga III Peukan Ateuk, Peuken Bada, Lambaro Angan, and Montasik IV Krueng Raya, Lampuyang, Lhoong, and Peukan Bilui

Lhoknga, Peukan Bada, Lampuyang (IKK of Pulo Aceh) were damaged by the tsunami thus changing the priority for their development. For water supply the December 2003 RTRW set as target for year 2015 serving 80% of the inhabitants through seven zones, each having about 50,000 inhabitants. The tsunami destroyed the zone along the west coast but did not affect the other six. For solid waste disposal the plan proposed establishing transfer stations (TPS) in each Kecamatan at the rate of one TPS per thousand inhabitants and three TPA sites located in Peukan Bada, Darussalam, and Leupung. All three sites were affected by the tsunami.



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Presidential Instruction Number 1 Year 2005 concerning emergency relief efforts and planning rehabilitation and reconstruction established the legal basis for BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Board) to prepare a Master Plan titled “Rencana Induk Rehabilitasi Dan Rekonstruksi Wilayah Aceh Dan Nias, Sumatera Utara”. This Master Plan, referred to as “the Blue Print”, is dated April 2005; covers the five-year period 2004 to 2009; and consists of 12 books: one Main Book and 11 Detailed Books. However the idea of a top-down blueprint for where communities would be relocated and where houses and facilities would be built has been replaced with a Community-Driven Development (CDD) approach. Thus modifications to this Central Government Master Plan are being discussed. From the Kabupaten BAPPEDA we received Usulan Program Pembangunan Infrastruktur Tahun 2006 – 2010/2011 prepared November 2005 that lists items, quantities, and budget for water, sanitation, solid waste, and drainage in each Kecamatan. This budget allocates almost equal quantities of work and money to each Kecamatan for sanitation, drainage, and solid waste and does not provide details about locations. At village level, the Aceh Technical Assistance Recovery Project of USAID-Indonesia is doing spatial planning in 17 desa in the Kabupaten and all 13 desa in Kecamatan Baitussalam. The result of this planning is an agreed map showing locations of roads, public buildings (mosque, school, health center, etc.), commercial and residential areas. Key points about this program are:

• before spatial planning begins there is community agreement on land boundaries and ownership of land parcels that is summarized in a Land Map

• interactive planning between the technical team and the community with results quickly displayed to facilitate discussions.

Generally in Indonesia there is development alongside major roads where people can be close for their personal transportation and can operate service facilities such as café, food store, and auto repair. For example the Kabupaten identifies as a Development Axis the areas along the Banda Aceh—Sigli—Medan road. So it is reasonable to assume there will be development along the Banda Aceh-Meulaboh Road which passes through Kab. Aceh Besar along the axis Lhoknga—Leupung---Lhoong. Thus the Kabupaten should plan on providing infrastructure facilities to this area. NAD Province PU, Dinas Perumahan dan Permukiman are planning to build a new city near the Bandar Udara Sultan Mahmoud Baharudin (Aceh Airport). This will create demand for infrastructure services. Dinas Perhubungan (Ports) is developing Malahayati Harbor in Kec. Mesjid Raya. Water for this harbor could be provided from Krueng Raya.

Finding Number 1: Some Development Plans Still Valid. The existing RTRW (Regional Spatial Plan) for two major areas in the Kabupaten---periphery of Kota Banda Aceh and the road corridor Banda Aceh to Sigli---are unaffected by the tsunami. Therefore infrastructure to support those two areas can proceed but a new plan is needed for the significantly damaged west coast kecamatans.



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6. NGO AND DONOR RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Immediately after the earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 foreign governments and relief agencies came to the region to provide emergency assistance that included water, food, temporary shelter, medical care, and supplies of clothing and other items. Tent camps and wooden barracks were established to provide temporary shelter for the Internally Displaced People (IDP). Water was delivered to these camps by tanker truck; septic tanks pumped, trash collected. During 2005 the Relief Stage transitioned to the Rehabilitation Stage. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)4 and donors such as USAID and World Bank are now organizing and financing construction of housing and rehabilitation of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water supply, solid waste disposal, schools, hospitals, etc. Despite best efforts, the task of constructing sufficient housing---estimated to be on the order of 100,000 units in Aceh Province---is going to take some time to complete. So it is likely that people will continue to be housed in Temporary Location Centers for the next few years. Trucked water supply is not sustainable so where practical piped water supply is being installed. (see Chapter 0.9.4.) The housing construction is at Desa level and often in locations that are not currently served by a PDAM. Water supply is typically a bored well or a mountain spring piped to the settlement. Sanitation is the typical Indonesian septic tank (see Chapter 10 for details). For example, in Kecamatan Peukan Bada, the NGO CRS is developing a water system for 6 villages. CRS met with PDAM for Aceh Besar to coordinate the water source and agree locations for interconnections and standards for construction.

4 NGO is also referred to as Private Voluntary Organization (PVO) and Government organized NGO’s as GO-NoGO.



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Table 8: NGO Water System for Six Villages

Desa Population Liters/Second Lamisek 214 0.9 Gurah 224 0.9 Lamrukan 190 0.8 Lamkemoh 170 0.7 Lam Geue 250 1.0 Jene Village 190 0.8

totals = 1238 5.1 Government of Indonesia has developed procedures for NGO’s to follow informing local government agencies about their shelter project; guidelines for Village restructuring and reconstruction and Housing repair and construction; and Building Code Standards for design and construction of housing and provision of services (water, sanitation, electricity, etc.). Humanitarian Information Center for Sumatra: HIC Shelter Data Pack – 30 July 2005 available from web site http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/ NGO’s are supposed to agree with the relevant government agency a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) specifying what the NGO will do. This benefits Government by clearly defining the scope of work and the agency doing it, but some MOUs do not have timelines or deadlines to perform. Data about exact location and scope of NGO infrastructure activities is often incomplete and out-of-date. Reasons for this include:

• difficulties in submitting the data via the internet • confusion about exact location---the NGO knows where it is working but

the location may have more than one name or be on the border between two sub-districts.

• multiple NGO’s in the same location because one or more NGO’s are providing shelters while another NGO is providing WATSAN or two or more NGO’s are in partnership for the same project

• NGO’s that have not followed through on earlier promises • competition amongst NGO’s.

BRR is responsible for coordinating efforts of NGO’s and it is assisted by UNICEF, the donor community coordinator for water and sanitation. Coordination enables recognition of unmet needs or duplication of efforts. Previous efforts at coordination were not successful. Now BRR’s main coordination tool is a fast-track project approval process in which every agency submits a Project Concept Note detailing the project’s plans, location of activities, budgets, and targets, which is then fed into a projects database, the “Recovery Aceh Nias Database”, called RAN, established end of October 2005 to track project approval and progress monitoring. Already there are complaints about difficulty of data input, so this database cannot be considered complete at this time. Donors and NGO’s recognize coordination to be a collaborative task, not solely BRR’s responsibility, and that participation in meetings and forums is needed to inform others of their programs and activities. Thus for example UNICEF conducts bi-weekly WATSAN meetings for organizations working in Kota Banda Aceh and Kab. Aceh Besar.



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Based on existing databases, NGO reports, and interviews, the following table summarizes data about NGO’s doing physical construction and rehabilitation in Kabupaten Aceh Besar according to sectors of water, shelter, and sanitation. Shelter is included because that is one of the major reasons for doing water and sanitation. Table 9: NGO Activities by Kecamatan in Sanitation, Water, & Infrastructure

NGO'S in KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

Kecamatan Sanitation Water Infrastructure

Baitussalam CARDI-IRC CARDI-IRC IACO

IRD IRD Mercy Corps

Islamic Relief Islamic Relief Islamic Relief

KREASI KREASI KFW

Mercy Corps Mercy Corps

Darul Imarah CARE CARE ADRA

IRD IRD Food for the Hungry Int.

MERLIN Islamic Relief IOM

MUSA MUSA

OIKOS OIKOS

OXFAM OXFAM

Darul Kamal IRD

Planete Urgence

Darussalam CARDI-IRC CARDI-IRC ADRA

CARE CARE Food for the Hungry Int.

CONCERN HRT IACO

HRT Islamic Relief Malaysian Medical Relief

OIKOS OIKOS RADEIR

OXFAM OXFAM OXFAM

Planete Urgence GTZ

Indapuri CARE CARE ADRA

World Vision Int. World Vision Int.

Ingin Jaya CARE CARE ADRA

Int. Committee of Red Cross


Islamic Relief Islamic Relief

MUSA MUSA

World Vision Int. Planete Urgence

World Vision Int.

Kota Jantho CARE CARE Planning Alliance

Planning Alliance Planning Alliance

Kreung Barona Jaya World Vision Int. Planete Urgence

World Vision Int.

Kuta Baro CARE CARE ADRA

Child Fund MUSA

MUSA OIKOS

OIKOS Planete Urgence



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Yakkum Emergency Unit

Kuta Cot Glie World Vision Int. World Vision Int.

Kuta Malaka OIKOS OIKOS

Planete Urgence

Lembah Seulawah Planning Alliance Planning Alliance Planning Alliance

Leupung IRD IRD Atlas Logistique

OXFAM Islamic Relief Plan International

Plan International Mercy Corps Mercy Corps

THW OXFAM World Vision

Plan International OXFAM

Lhoknga CARDI-IRC THW ADRA


CARDI-IRC German Agro Action

Islamic Relief Global Peace Mission HIDAYA TULLA

Mercy Corps Int. Committee of Red Cross

L'Arche de Zoe

MUSA Islamic Relief Malaysian Medical Relief

Plan International MUSA Mercy Corps

Planning Alliance Plan International Plan International

THW Planete Urgence Planning Alliance

Turkish Red Crescent Planning Alliance RADEIR

WALSAMA THW Turkish Red Crescent

Yayasan Leuser Int. Turkish Red Crescent YKPI

WALSAMA Zoe's Ark Foundation

Yayasan Leuser Int. HFHI

Zoe's Ark Foundation OXFAM

Lhoong OIKOS Dian Desa ADRA

Project Concern Int. Islamic Relief Church World Service

OIKOS HIDAYA TULLA

Project Concern Int. Swiss Humanitarian Aid

Swiss Humanitarian Aid Oxfam

Mesjid Raya CARDI-IRC CARDI-IRC Aceh Relief Community

CARE CARE ADRA

Islamic Relief Islamic Relief German Agro Action

Plan International Plan International PLAN

World Vision Int. Planete Urgence Professional Int.

Yakkum Emergency Unit

World Vision Int.

Yayasan Berkati Indonesia

Yayasan Berkati Indonesia

Montasik CARDI-IRC CARE ADRA

CARE Church World Service

Islamic Relief Int. Committee of Red Cross

MUSA Islamic Relief

MUSA

Peukan Bada CARE CARE Aceh Relief Community



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IRD IRD ADRA

Islamic Relief Islamic Relief IACO

Mercy Corps Mercy Corps L'Arche de Zoe

MUSA MUSA Mercy Corps

Plan International Plan International Planning Alliance

Planning Alliance Planning Alliance Hong Kong Red Cross

THW THW IOM

American Red Cross American Red Cross

Planete Urgence

Pulo Aceh CONCERN CONCERN ADRA

American Red Cross American Red Cross British Red Cross

PeNA PeNA CONCERN

Seulimeum CARE CARE ADRA

MUSA German Fed Agency for Disaster

Planning Alliance

OXFAM MUSA

Planning Alliance OXFAM

Planning Alliance

Simpang Tiga

Sukamakmur CARE CARE ADRA

Islamic Relief Islamic Relief Sekeretariat Bina Desa

OIKOS OIKOS

Planete Urgence



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In addition to shelter some NGO’s are planning, designing and constructing new infrastructure for water supply on a larger scale. For example UNICEF and International Relief and Development (IRD) as part to their Small Town Water Supply Project, are designing, tendering, and construction managing the rehabilitation of two water treatment plants and two distribution networks in Aceh Besar (see Chapter 09.1 for details). As a second example, SAB-SAS (Sektor Air Belanda--Sektor Air Sumatera), a consortium of Netherlands water companies, has provided assistance to the PDAM through construction of intake and pump station at Mata-ie Springs and supply and installation of distribution network for 700 House Connections and 20 Public Taps in Lhoknga. UNDP’s Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Program is providing financial and technical assistance for planning, designing, and constructing solid waste facilities and equipment for solid waste collection. There are non-site specific donor financed projects such as USAID’s Environmental Services Program; and Germany’s Gesellschaft fur Technische Zussamenarbeit (GTZ) Support for Local Governance for Sustainable Reconstruction that support infrastructure through institutional development.

Finding Number 1: Future Demands from Current NGO Activities. NGO provided housing and water supply serves a useful humanitarian purpose but it creates a demand for public works services. Therefore Kabupaten and Kecamatan agencies need to plan now to assure sufficient qualified staff, equipment, and infrastructure to support this housing.



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7. LEVEL OF SERVICE TARGETS

7.1. RESIDENTIAL HOUSING Reference: Humanitarian Information Center for Sumatra: HIC Shelter Data Pack – 30 July 2005 available from web site http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/ This document contains Procedures for NGO’s to follow informing local government agencies about their shelter project and Building Code Standards for design and construction of housing and provision of services (water, sanitation, electricity, etc.) that are based on Indonesian National Standards (SNI). It includes details about interior water supply piping and storage, wastewater disposal, and garbage disposal. These standards define the Level of Service government agencies should provide to residential housing for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste. HIC Shelter Pack 2.2.3 System of Clean Water Supply

• Obtained individually or collectively from Drinking Water Company (PAM), or well, or other sources

• Quantity: 60-250 liter/person/day

NOTE: This is too wide a range and will lead to oversizing infrastructure. For an individual house, GOI standards are on the order of 120 L/capita/day. For water production facilities it is appropriate to use a higher number to take into consideration the demand of commercial, social, and institutional users. That could be on the order of 50 L/cap/day.

• Duration: available continually. • Quality: meet the quality requirements for clean water and a drinking water

source shall comply with Regulation of Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 416/ MENKES/PER/IX/ 1990 and Decision of Minister of Health of the RI Number 907/ MENKES/ VII/ 2002.

• Pipe: PVC, PE, GI, or copper; does not contain toxic substances • Service Connection (connection between customer and PDAM pipes):

1. diameter of pipe connection from city's distribution pipe network is established according to the type building and activity therein.;

2. should be equipped with water meter. 3. made of PVC, PE, GI, or other material which can resist

water pressure. 4. Provide sufficient quantity and pressure 5. requires service connections to have back flow prevention

valve or vacuum breaker (many Indonesians are likely to consider this expensive and omit but it is particularly important where houses have alternate water sources such as a well due to risk of contaminating the public water supply)



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HIC Shelter Pack 2.2.4. Wastewater Disposal System

• Any building which produces wastewater must be provided with wastewater plumbing

• Wastewater containing toxic and hazardous materials may not be combined with (domestic) waste.

• Disposal and Processing of Wastewater in accordance with SNI 03-6379-2000

• All wastewater must be processed before it is disposed of in a city's communal wastewater conduits or carried to communal wastewater processing places if there are any.

• Processing is conducted in a waterproof septic tank and equipped with an absorbing well unless there is a communal wastewater conduit.

• Distance of septic tank and absorption from the source of clean water is 10 meter minimal.

• Site of septic tank might be in the front or back of the house, depending upon the ease of flow from bathroom and taking into account the minimum (separation) distance from clean water sources in the settlement environment.

• For areas with shallow water table (less than 1 m), the septic tank is made higher and absorption is made to flow horizontally.

• Checking for the maintenance of waste water disposal system includes cleaning of sump pit once every six months

HIC Shelter Pack 2.2.6. Garbage Processing System

• Criteria for the amount of garbage from a dwelling house (i.e. residential) is 2.1 L/capita/day, while for non-dwelling house is 24 L/unit/day.

• Containers for organic and inorganic garbage are separated • If a new building has sufficient area, then the garbage can be buried on the

property at a distance of > 10 m from the clean water or drinking water source.

• Scheduling of the collection by institutions managing garbage in settlement areas refer to the SNI 03-3242-1994.

• Frequency of collection: organic garbage is collected once in every two days and inorganic garbage is collected once in every three days

HIC Shelter Pack 2.2.7. Community Sanitation Systems

• Public taps-- serve between 30 L/capita/day and 50 L/capita/day. • Public MCK (bathing, washing, toilet)---built in the settlements which are not

provided with the private bathing/toilet facilities and planning is according to SNI 03-2399-2002

• Waste processing from public MCK is done by using septic tank, with a capacity determined according to the number of MCK users unless communal drainage (i.e. collection system) is available for connection.

• Garbage--Communal containers must be provided in settlements that are difficult to access by transportation and in irregular settlements where walking distances between collection bin and dwellings exceed 100 meters.



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7.2. LEVEL OF SERVICE COVERAGE BRR is setting Level of Service coverage for infrastructure services for reconstruction of settlements:

• Water supply system, transmission and distribution of clean water with the target to cover 80% of urban population 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, at pressure 7.5 meters5.

• Water supply system to serve 50% rural population by piped water systems with remaining 50% rural population easy access to water (e.g. Public Hydrant)

• Construction of drainage system to cover 100% urban population and 10% rural population

• Development of Solid Waste services excluding sanitary land fill to cover 100% urban and 10% rural population

• Construction of Sanitary landfill to cover 100% of urban population. There is no international definition for “urban” or “rural” population; each country has their own criterion that generally is based on density (number of people per square kilometer). This is not appropriate when the center of population is concentrated into a small land area. For example, in year 2003 Kec. Jantho had a population of 5735 in a land area of 274 square kilometers for a density of 21 capita / km2. That would be considered “rural”, but the population is concentrated in the IbuKota, a small area making it “urban”.

5 BRR presentation at Banda Aceh-Aceh Besar WATSAN Meeting, 16 Jan 06.

Finding Number 2: NAD Province Building Code and Levels of Service. Province-wide Level of Service requirements may not be achievable throughout the Kabupaten due to lack of resources and money. Therefore each Kecamatan and Desa should establish initial Level of Service targets and monitor progress toward reaching the Province goals.



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8. WATER SOURCES Kabupaten Aceh Besar has several rivers and springs of good water quality. The Bukit Barisan mountain ridge runs the length of Sumatra Island on a northwest to southeast axis. At the northern end of Sumatra the mountains create east and west coastal plains and the Krueng Aceh basin (about 10 km wide by 30 km long) that includes Kota Jantho and Kota Banda Aceh as it flows to the sea.

8.1. CURRENT USE OF WATER SOURCES Government organized water supply is provided by PDAM Tirta Mountala. Table 10: Kab. Aceh Besar Water Sources

Water Supply Category

Name of Source

Elevation(meters)

Source (L/sec)

Installed (L/sec) G or P

Gleitaron Springs Gleitaron +38 60 20 gravity

Mata-ie 2 Springs Mata-ie 2 +10 250 60 pumped

Jantho River Krueng Montala +210 500 15 gravity

Siron #2 River Krueng Aceh +1 2000 60 pumped

Montasik River Krueng Luthu +38 50 15 gravity

Seulimeum River Krueng Bunga +57 200 10 pumped

data from PDAM and SAB-SAS (Gleiteron) 3,060 180

CAPACITY

At Mata-ie and Seulimeum (currently out of service) water is pumped from the source then distributed by gravity PDAM reports Kr. Mountala intake to be at elevation 210 meters but field measurements made in 2005 found it to be at 260 meters elevation. The Krueng Aceh is about 145 kilometers long and serves as the source of water for Kotamadya Banda Aceh and portions of Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Krueng Aceh water shed basin has an area of 1,800 km2 and drains the area lying between the Bukit Barisan mountain range and the volcanic slopes of Gunung Seulawah. Flow in the rivers increases after rainfall but so also does the turbidity due to soil erosion. Thus river water needs some treatment before distribution to municipal customers. Groundwater is available and used in areas not served by the PDAM. In the coastal areas groundwater can be brackish to saline and was adversely impacted by the tsunami (contaminated with salt water and human wastes). Wells are being developed by NGO relief organizations to supply people in Temporary Living Camps (TLC) and the permanent housing they construct. However sanitation is not always being developed and in some



24

areas is likely to contaminate nearby wells. For the PDAM groundwater is not considered as a water source because of the availability of river and spring sources which are less likely to become polluted and are more easily accessible.

8.2. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SOURCES

Current river and spring water sources are adequate for the areas served. To maintain source water quality, continuous attention and effort is needed to protect the watershed from sources of contamination and illegal activities such as logging and mining. Krueng Geupu, also known as Kreung Sarah, could be a water source for Kec. Lepung and southern portions of Kec. Lhoknga. A water treatment plant (named IPA Sarah) using this river was constructed, but before being put into operation it was damaged by the tsunami and by subsequent vandalism that stole metal components to sell as scrap6. The site is still without development of housing or commercial activities so the water quality should meet GOI standards as a water source. The NGO International Relief and Development (IRD) has expressed interest in adding the Krueng Geupu water supply scheme to the Year 2006 UNICEF-IRD Small Town and Rural Community Water Programme. Water sources for Kec. Lhoong include a water fall (air terjun) and a spring. NGO’s are active in this area building houses and developing water supply. In Kecamatan Mesjid Raya, Ladung Springs is being redeveloped to serve villages along the coast. The Krueng. Raya has sufficient flow that it could be developed to serve the Malahayati Port. Near the coast the river has low elevation so it is affected by ocean tides. Constructing a rubber dam a few kilometers upstream allows water to flow toward the ocean but keeps the salt water out. Here an intake could be constructed and water delivered by gravity. During several months of the year individuals could harvest rainfall using their house roof and gutters to collect and convey rain to a storage container. The water could be used for cleaning and bathing. This is appropriate technology anywhere, anytime, but cannot be considered by PDAM for planning its future water sources due to uncertainties about implementation and consistency.

6 When this water source is developed, facilities such as treatment plant and reservoir should be located close to the community they serve so people who use can watch out for security.

Finding Number 3: Kabupaten Water Resources Are Adequate. For the next 20 years the Kabupaten has sufficient water resources of good quality to serve its population. The location of these sources is such that the first engineering challenge is transportation, i.e. moving water from rivers and springs to villages and towns. The second challenge is to do it by gravity rather than pumping. The Kabupaten needs to develop a watershed management program to protect these water sources from over-development and from contamination.



25

9. WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

9.1. OVERVIEW AND CURRENT SITUATION PDAM Tirta Mountala (referred to in this report as PDAM Aceh Besar) was established in 1993 from a BPAM that was created in 1982. It currently has six different water systems as shown in Figure 8. The earthquake and tsunami destroyed PDAM service facilities on the west coast (Kec. Leupung, Lhoknga, and Peukan Bada and on the east coast in Kec. Baitussalam). In October 2005 the PDAM lists 6,273 domestic customers which at 4. 5 to 5 people per connection means about 30,000 people or 9% of the population are served. This does not take into account the significant number of IDP’s receiving trucked water provided by the PDAM.

Finding Number 4: PDAM Has Separate Water Supply Systems. PDAM Tirta Mountala has six separate water supply systems each with their own water source; treatment; and distribution network. Distances and terrain can be overcome so interconnection of these systems is a reasonable long term strategy. In the short term, the systems should continue to be operated and maintained independently. Water sources (rivers and springs) appear to have sufficient capacity but the intake facilities and the distribution network limit the quantity of water that can be withdrawn and delivered. Therefore to increase service infrastructure program should focus on intake systems and the distribution network.



26

Figure 6: Kecamatans Served by PDAM Tirta Mountala

EXISTING PDAM SERVICE AREA--KAB. ACEH BESAR

ACEH JAYA

PIDIE

LEUPUNG

LHOONG

PULO ACEH

PEUKAN BADA

SEULIMEUM

LEMBAHSEULAW AH

LHOKNGA

DARULIMMARAH

KR BARONA

JAYA MONTASIK

KUTABARO

KOTAJANTHO

INDRAPURI

KUTACOTGLIE

BAITUSSALAM

DARUSSALAMPEUKAN BADA

INGINJAYA

DARULIMARAH



27

Figure 7: Schematic Drawing of Existing Water System (Rivers)

L/S : LITERS PER SECOND

MSL : MEAN SEA LEVEL

MM : MILLIMETERS

INTAKE PUMP+ 1.0

MOUNTALA RIVERQ = 500 L/S

KECAMATAN JANTHOTOTAL CONNECTION 896 UNIT

+ 100 TO + 125 MSL

Q = 15 L/S

Ф 150 MM

Ф 200 MM

Ф 200 MM

GRAVITY

+ 210 MSL

+ 200 MSL

LUTHU RIVERQ = 50 L/S+ 38 MSL

KECAMATAN MONTASIKTOTAL CONNECTION 359 UNIT

+ 15 MSL

Q = 15 L/S

Ф 200 MM

Ф 200 MMGRAVITY

GRAVITY

RESERVOIR500 M3

+ 35 MSL

BUNGA RIVERQ = 100 L/S+ 57 MSL

KECAMATAN SEULIMEUN+ 18 MSL

Q = 10 L/S

Ф 250 MML = 250 M

Ф 150 MM

GRAVITY

RESERVOIR100 M3

+ 83 MSL

WTP10 L/S

+ 85 MSL

ACEH RIVERQ = 2000 L/S

KECAMATAN INGIN JAYATOTAL CONNECTION 593 UNIT

+ 14 MSL

INTAKE PUMP+ 1.0

WTP IIQ = 20 L/S+ 20 MSL

Q = 20 L/SQ = 40 L/S

WTP IQ = 40 L/S+ 20 MSL

RESERVOIR1000 M3+ 18 MSL

Ф 300 MM

Source: Draft “Aceh Besar Water Supply Master Plan” prepared by Wahana Cipta Inti, October 2005



28

Figure 8: Schematic Drawing of Existing Water System (Springs)

DISTRIBUTION PUMP

Q = 40 L/S

KECAMATAN PEUKANBADAKECAMATAN LHOKNGA

TOTAL CONNECTION 283 UNIT+ 2 TO + 14 MSL

NEW PIPE (HDPE)Ф 315 MM, L = 600 MФ 250 MM, L = 3400 M

GRAVITY

GLEITERON SPRINGQ = 35 L/S+ 38 MSL

Q = 35 L/S

OLD PIPE (STEEL)Ф 300 MML = 250 M

MATA IE 2 SPRING

Q = 250 L/S+ 10 MSL

KECAMATAN DARUL IMARAHTOTAL CONNECTION 3387 UNIT

DARUL IMARAH TIMUR DARUL IMARAH BARAT (AJUN)

+ 14 MSL + 8 MSL

Q = 60 L/S

WTPQ = 20 L/S+ 12 MSL

RESERVOIR500 M3

+ 18 MSL

RESERVOIR500 M3

+ 18 MSL

DISTRIBUTION PUMP

Q = 20 L/SGRAVITY

Source: Draft “Aceh Besar Water Supply Master Plan” prepared by Wahana Cipta Inti, October 2005

9.1.1. WATER SOURCES See Chapter 8 of this report for a list of water sources. Additional water can become available by reducing physical losses from leaking or broken pipes. There is no definitive data as to how much that could be. The water entering the distribution system is not measured and also the quantity of water sold is not accurately measured as some service meters have stopped or are not working properly. Data for the three years 2002 through 2004 show differences between produced and sold of 22% to 24%, however data for year 2005 shows about 35%. Non-revenue water is defined as the difference between water produced and water sold. It results from physical losses (e.g. leaking pipes, overflowing reservoirs) and commercial losses (meters that do not work; unauthorized connections). Recovering non-revenue water improves the financial position of the PDAM but will not increase the quantity of water available unless



29

physical losses are located and repaired. Because of uncertainties in amounts that can be recovered, reduction of non-revenue water is not considered as a future water source.

9.1.2. WATER INTAKES AND RAW WATER PUMPING During the rainy season turbidity in rivers increases and during the dry season water levels drop. Adverse impacts from these events can be somewhat controlled through design and placement of the water intake structure. For example, take-out pipes controlled by valves or gates to draw water at different elevations in the river. Krueng Aceh Intake for Siron #2 The intakes were constructed during the Emergency Period and while adequate are not optimum. During the rainy season excessive turbidity enters the treatment plant requiring higher chemical doses and shorter filter runs. New intakes are needed. Krueng Mountala Intake A new intake was constructed in October 2005 on Krueng Mountala for Kota Jantho water supply. The structure is located in the river and consists of a concrete box with wire mesh screen on top filled with ijuk (black fibrous material from palm tree) to filter out leaves and other debris. The water passes through the filter and enters a slotted plastic pipe that feeds into a 200 mm Galvanized Iron Pipe. Elevation is reported to be 260 meters7 above Mean Sea Level (MSL) and water flows by gravity to the treatment plant (about 140 meters MSL). Simple and effective. Gleiteron Springs Intake A consortium of NGO’s recently completed work at Gleiteron Springs: Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk provided pipe; Switzerland Development Cooperation provided funding for design and construction; and Switzerland Red Cross did the design and construction supervision. A new HDPE pipe (315 mm diameter, 600 meters then 250 mm, 3400 meters) was installed as take off from the springs rep[lacing an old steel pipeline. Krueng Bunga Intake A 10 L/sec pump with head = 45 meters is needed to take water from Krueng Bunga to make the Seulimeum system operable.

7 PDAM maps show intake elevation of old intake to be 200 meters and new intake is 10 meters higher but measurements made in 2005 found it to be at 260 meters elevation.

Finding Number 5: Reduction of Non-Revenue Water. Efforts to reduce non-revenue water have immediate benefits of increasing revenues for the PDAM and making more water available to customers. The first step is a Water Audit which involves accurately measuring water entering the distribution system. PDAM facilities do not have these meters. Therefore PDAM should procure and install devices to make these measurements.



30

9.1.3. WATER TREATMENT PLANTS There are four water treatment plants at three of the six water supply systems. Table 11: PDAM Aceh Besar Water Treatment Plants

SYSTEM TYPE OF SOURCE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Jantho Krueng Mountala None

Montasik Krueng Luthu None

Seulimeum Krueng Bunga 10 liters per second (L/sec)

Siron Krueng Aceh 1 @ 40 L/sec and 1 @ 20 L/sec

Gleiteron Springs None

Mata-ie Mata-ie Springs 3 @ 20 L/sec

6 4 river + 2 springs 4 units at 3 sources

Note #1: PDAM Kota Banda Aceh has a WTP called Siron #1 which is located in Desa Siron, Mukim Lambaro of Kab. Aceh Besar and uses Kr. Aceh as its water source. Thus the WTP of PDAM Aceh Besar is referred to as Siron #2. Note #2: At Siron #2 there are two package water treatment plants. The 20 L/sec is new and is competently constructed. It runs 12 hours per day and operating expenses are paid by UNICEF. The 40 L/sec unit operates about 2 hours per day during peak demand. Water Treatment Plants are package plants consisting of entry chamber where chemicals can be added; coagulation-flocculation basins, sedimentation basins, and rapid sand filters. This type of plant can produce water of satisfactory quality. Problems can occur when turbidity of the water is high and chemicals are not added or the chemical dosing equipment is not operating properly. PDAM uses chemicals only at Siron #2 WTP, specifically aluminum sulfate and chlorine (solid). Filter backwash is discharged to waste. Water from the WTP is chlorinated as it flows into an on-site storage reservoir. International Relief and Development, Inc. (IRD) with funds from the UNICEF is tendering rehabilitation work at Mata-ie WTP which was originally built in 1995 as 20 L/sec and expanded in 1997 to 60 L/sec. The work includes:

• Intake system: refurbish piping and supports; electrical panel with indicators; build concrete fencing around submersible intake pumps)

• WTP #1: repair concrete gravity filters; replace media, valves, backwash pumps; install chemical injection system (tank and mixer)

• Reservoir #1: repair concrete and valves; replace level switch, refurbish piping, clean and sanitize

• Distribution Pumps: Replace 1 of the 4 pumps, refurbish piping, panels, and valves, add 1 electro-magnetic distribution flow meter



31

• WTP #2: repair concrete tanks, lamella sedimentation system, piping, and valves; replace media filter; install chemical injection system; build access ladders and platforms

• Reservoir #2: repair concrete and valves; add level switch, refurbish piping, add interconnection piping and isolating valves with Reservoir #1; clean and sanitize

• Buildings: rehabilitate and build laboratory, office, and chemical building; equip laboratory and office; supply public facilities; supply mimic diagram (panel) with indicators of level, pump, and flow

• Cover: Install roof with screen siding over water treatment plants. [See Siron #2 as an example]

9.1.4. WATER STORAGE RESERVOIRS The reservoirs discussed in this Chapter are structures into which water enters directly from the water source or from the WTP. Table 12: PDAM Aceh Besar Reservoirs

SYSTEM RESERVOIR SYSTEM CAPACITY (m3) Jantho None None ---

Montasik Reservoir Luthu Gravity 200

Seulimeum Reservoir Bunga Gravity 100

Siron Reservoir Aceh Pump 750

Gleiteron None None ---

Reservoir #1 Pump 500 Mata-ie Reservoir #2 Gravity 500

Reservoir Luthu is not operating due to problems of inflow and outflow. PDAM has installed pump and piping that bypass the reservoir because they think elevations prevent gravity flow. That may be true but other possible causes are:

• damage to the influent pipeline during the insurgency • build up of air in the pipe because 6 of the 7 air valves along the transmission

line do not work • possible blockages by sand.

Further study is needed to determine the real problem but since the cost of procuring and installing air valves and blow-offs is estimated to be 80 Million Rupiah ($8,000), it would be easier and faster to do this.



32

9.1.5. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK The pipe network is organized according to water service areas. Transmission pipelines convey water from the source or the treatment plant to the Distribution Network. Transmission pipes are usually diameters 150 mm to 300 mm and they are made from GIP or HDPE. Distribution Networks, typically 50 mm to 150 mm, PVC or HDPE; feed the service connections to customers. Data about type, diameter, and length of existing pipeline networks typically comes from the water company’s network maps or the asset register. This is not available so estimates have been made from data input into computerized hydraulic software models (EPANET) used by the PDAM. Table 13: PDAM Aceh Besar Pipeline Estimates

Length (meters) Diameter

(mm) Gleiteron Mata

ie Seulimeun Jantho Siron Montasik TOTAL % of

Total 50 300 0 700 4200 560 0 5,760 6% 75 1500 950 2150 0 150 1620 6,370 7% 100 1500 7310 0 1000 2140 2200 14,150 15% 150 3000 16250 1010 3750 1530 6100 31,640 34% 200 5200 500 510 4030 1000 4950 16,190 17% 250 900 3540 0 0 2230 0 6,670 7% 300 3450 9420 0 0 350 0 13,220 14%

15,850 37,970 4,370 12,980 7,960 14,870 94,000 % of Total 17% 40% 5% 14% 8% 16% 100%

9.1.6. SERVICE CONNECTIONS AND SALES PDAM installs a service connection from its distribution pipe to the property line of the building for a distance of six meters. For longer distances the owner must pay an additional fee. The service connection consists of PVC pipe with a water meter whose inlet and outlet are ¾“ galvanized iron pipe. PDAM has a team of five personnel for installation of service connections and depending on locations can complete about 5 per day. The procedure for getting a House Connection is as follows:

1. Applicant comes to a PDAM office to complete an application and provide required documents: Application Letter; Residential Registration; Land Certificate; House Building Permit----however the last two are not mandatory

2. PDAM conducts field survey to locate distribution pipe and measure distances 3. PDAM installs 4. Customer pays fee, currently Rp 625,000 (can pay by installments).

All service connections are metered but the meter does not always work. Meters are read monthly. Table 14 lists the current number of customers, their consumption, and revenue for October 2005. Prior to the tsunami the PDAM had on the order of 6,600 service connections.



33

Table 14: PDAM Aceh Besar Customers and Sales

October 2005 RUPIAH (million)

Customer Type

No of Customers

Active Customer

Consumption (m3)

Total Sales

Water Sales

House Hold 6,273 4,674 122,702 61 55 Government 68 57 4,567 7 6

Social 67 67 325 1 0

Business 420 405 8,140 5 4

Industry 9 8 601 1 1 Port 0 --- --- --- ---

6,837 5,211 136,335 74 67

Households comprise 90% of the Service Connections and 90% of the Consumption, but only 81% of Water Sales. The tariff structure is organized so that the price per cubic meter increases as consumption increases, i.e. increasing block rate. Table 15: PDAM Aceh Besar Tariffs for 2005

1996 - 2005 Rupiah per Cubic Meter (Rp/m3) Classification of Water Consumption Customer Category 0 - 10 m3 11 - 20 m3 21 - 30 m3 > 30 m3 General Social 240 300 - - Special Social 240 300 - - House Hold 300 375 450 600 Government Institution 300 375 450 600 Small Business - 450 600 975 Large Business - 450 600 975 Small Industry - 600 900 1,200 Large Industry - 600 900 1,200

Table 16 presents a summary of revenues and operating expenses for the past three years and Table 17 shows the same for November 2005. Data in these tables show that PDAM revenues did not cover costs in two of the three years and did so in November only because of UNICEF’s payment for trucked water. Table 16: Revenue and Cost per Cubic Meter Water Sold 2002-2004

Units 2002 2003 2004

Water Sold (000 m3) 1022 1171 1438 Revenue from Water Sold (Million Rp) 583 824 721 Revenue per Unit Sold Rp/m3 570 704 501



34

Operating Costs

Salary (Million Rp) 321 417 537 Electricity (Million Rp) 144 142 131

Maintenance (Million Rp) 67 75 417 General & Administrative (Million Rp) 73 157 226

Total Operating Cost (Million Rp) 605 791 1311

Cost per Unit Sold Rp/m3 592 675 912

Revenue - Cost Rp/m3 -22 29 -411

Table 17: Revenues & Costs per Cubic Meter Water Sold November 2005 PDAM Customer Branch Jantho TOTAL

Customers 310 2,908 961 628 360 5,167

Water Sold (000 Rp) 2,481 47,367 15,711 7,649 3,237 76,445Cash from UNICEF (000 Rp) 110,000 110,000

Revenues from Water Sold (000Rp) 2,481 47,367 15,711 117,649 3,237 186,445

Water Sold by Truck (m3) 30,000 30,000Water Sold to Connections (m3) 4,741 85,144 31,116 13,038 5,913 139,952

Total Water Sold (m3) 4,741 85,144 31,116 43,038 5,913 169,952

PDAM Water Supply System Gleiteron Mata ie Krueng Mountala Krueng Aceh Krueng LuthuSalary 2,250 10,251 22,080 12,790 2,500 49,871

Fuel 4,200 2,000 690 6,890Electricity 24,750 135 25,000 49,884Chemical 39,600 39,600

Maintenance 1,658 73 2,875 110 4,716Administration 3,497 13,994 1,390 18,881

Operation Cost (000 Rp) 2,250 44,356 38,281 82,345 2,610 169,842

Revenue (Rp per m3) 523 556 505 2,556 547 1,097Operation Cost (Rp per m3) 475 521 1,230 1,913 441 999Revenue - Cost (Rp per m3) 49 35 -725 643 106 98

Siron BranchDarul Imarah

NOTE: Salaries in Jantho are high because it includes PDAM Headquarters staff. PDAM Aceh Besar tariff is much lower than other PDAMs in Aceh Province.



35

Figure 9: Tariff for First Level of Water Use by Households

[Rp/m3 for Aceh PDAMs compiled by ESP-Aceh, 2005} The procedure to obtain a tariff increase is as follows:

1. PDAM analyzes costs and amounts of water sold according to customer categories to calculate price per volume of water

2. PDAM prepares a tariff table and sends it to the Bupati 3. Bupati submits to the Diwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD, District

legislature) 4. DPRD discusses the proposed changes. If they agree they send it to the Bupati 5. Bupati issues a PERDA (local law).

PDAM’s request is at the DPRD and a result expected during January 2006.

1500

1000 1050

1650

750

300

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2005

Aceh Utara

Aceh Sigli

Bireuen

SabangBanda Aceh

Aceh Besar

Finding Number 1: PDAM Does Not Charge Enough for Water. Tariffs for water do NOT cover operating and maintenance expenses. Without assistance the PDAM cannot sustain water supply. Therefore the PDAM, with assistance, needs to prepare documentation requesting increase in rates and then to present to the relevant agencies for approval.



36

9.2. WATER QUALITY Water quality of the rivers and springs PDAM uses as water sources is good. There is in the watershed no industry and no coal or gold mining that can cause chemical contamination. Nor is there ship traffic (for example barges) on any of the rivers. On the Krueng Aceh, in Kecamatan Indrapuri, the sand and gravel extraction stirs up solids but these can be removed by filtration. Water intake structures for Gleiteron Springs; Krueng Mountala (for Jantho System) and Krueng Luthu (Montasik system) are some distance away from human habitation, so biological contamination is minimal. There is the possibility of chemical contamination from agricultural pesticides and fertilizers. ESP-Aceh is developing a watershed monitoring program for Krueng Aceh that includes sampling and analysis for water quality. Results from this program could confirm presence or absence of pollutants. The Intake for Mata-ie Spring is in a recreation area where people swim. It is one of the few locations close to Banda Aceh for fresh water swimming and there is a military training center adjacent, so that is not going to stop. Multiple-use water sources (here water supply and recreation) are common and there are engineering solutions to protecting water quality. For example, locate the water supply intake upstream of the recreation site; construct a floating barrier around the intake to keep out debris and people; disinfect before distributing the water. The Intake for Siron #2 is at a location in the Kr. Aceh that is downstream of considerable human habitation so considering current sanitation disposal it is likely there is biological contamination. Thus the water treatment process at Siron #2 includes coagulation, sedimentation, and disinfection. Water quality in Kr. Geupu (potential water source for Kec. Leupung and southern parts of Kec. Lhoknga) appears to be good due to absence of housing or commercial activities, other than logging, in the water shed. Kr. Raya (potential water source for Malahayati Port), appears to have no polluting activities upstream. A major problem affecting water supply from all rivers is increased turbidity during the wet season. Rainfall runoff brings silt and soil into the rivers and water systems at Jantho and Montasik do not have water treatment plants to remove it. People receiving the water are suspicious of its quality because of the visual turbidity. The engineering solutions to this type of problem are to:

1. relocate the intake and redesign to minimize solids entering, and 2. provide water treatment that removes turbidity, e.g. chemically assisted

sedimentation and filtration. This type of turbidity, which is seasonal and removable, does not make the water quality unsatisfactory. The USAID Environmental Services Project (ESP) is providing laboratory equipment and training to the PDAM for use at Siron #2 facility and at PDAM headquarters in Jantho. So for future studies current water quality data could be available.



37

9.3. ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND To estimate water demand, the following assumptions were used:

• 180 Liters per capita per day (L/c/d) water demand • 40% Service Area coverage 2006-2008 • 50% Service Area coverage 2008-2010 • 5 people per service connection 2008-2010

180 L/c/s is based on assuming 130 liters per person per day (PU standard for systems with populations 10,000 to 100,000 people) plus 20% to cover commercial, social, and institutional services plus 20% for water losses. Data for November 2005 show billed consumption ranged from 102 L/c/d in Gleiteron system to 216 L/c/d for Jantho System and overall domestic consumption to be 180 L/c/d. It is important to note that these are only estimates because there are no meters to measure water entering the distribution system and not all customer meters are operating. Furthermore, it is reasonable to assume that as the water tariff increases, consumption will decrease (price elasticity of water).



38

Figure 10: Estimating Water Demand 1) Identify in which Kecamatans PDAM provides water service

a) Data from PDAM about service area and number of customers b) Data about Kecamatan location and population

2) For each Kecamatan estimate population by year from 2006 to 2010, a) start with Year 2005 population b) increase by natural growth rate (assume 1.5%) c) add number of IDP’s moving into the Kecamatan (based on number of new homes constructed) d) subtract number of IDP’s now in TLC moving out

3) Organize Kecamatans according to PDAM Water Supply System

Water System Kecamatans Served Gleitaron Lhoknga, Peukan Bada

Mata-ie 2 Peukan Bada, Darul Imarah

Jantho Jantho, Seulimeum, Kuta Cot Glie, Indrapuri

Siron #2 Ingin Jaya, Kr. Barona Jaya, Kuta Baro, Baitussalam, Darussalam

Montasik Montasik, Ingin Jaya

Seulimeum Seulimeum

For a Kecamatan served by two Water Supply Systems, assign to each 50% of the population; except Seulimeum---assign 60% to Jantho System and 40% to Seulimeum.

4) Assume water demand per domestic customer

a) Start with 130 Liters per person per day (L/c/d) [GOI PU Design Standard for population between 10,000 and 100,000)]

b) Add 20% for use by commercial, social, and institutional customers c) Add 20% for water losses d) Use 180 L/c/d

5) Assume Service Area Coverage a) For Year 2005 population in the PDAM Service Area = 20% b) Based on proposed number of new houses and commitment of house builder to provide each

house with water supply, assume service area coverage in year 2008 = 40% and in year 2010 = 50%.

6) Assume Number of People per Household Service Connection a) Census data obtained from BRR for year 2005 shows average of 4.4 persons per household b) Assume in year 2008 and 2010 this will increase to 5

7) Calculate Water Demand =Population x Consumption x % Service Area Coverage No. of Connections = (Population / No. Per Connection) x % Coverage

8) Compare Water Demand to Water System Capacity to determine what expansions are needed.



39

Table 18: Per Capita Water Consumption Nov.-05 90% of customers are house connections and they consume 90% of the waterPDAM Water Supply System Gleiteron Mata-ie Kr. Mountala Kr. Aceh Kr. Luthu TOTALm3 for Nov-05 domestic consumption 4,267 76,630 28,004 11,734 5,322 126,000domestic customers 279 2,617 865 565 324 4,650m3 / domestic customer for Nov-05 15 29 32 21 16 27L/day 510 976 1,079 692 548 900assume 5 people / connection, L/c/d = 102 195 216 138 110 180 Table 19: Projected PDAM Water Demand 2008 and 2010

System KecamatanYear 2005 Pop.

demand (m3/day) Pop.




demand (m3/day)

Lhoknga 13,238 14,098 510 14,971 810 15,857 1,140 16,756 1,360 17,007 1,530Leupung 2,439 2,824 100 3,215 170 3,611 260 4,013 330 4,074 370

Peukan Bada 13,407 720 14,032 1,010 14,667 1,190 14,887 1,340TOTAL 15,677 16,922 610 31,592 1,700 33,500 2,410 35,436 2,880 35,968 3,240

L/s 7 20 28 33 38Darul Imarah 59,300 55,515 2,000 51,674 2,790 47,775 3,440 43,817 3,550 44,474 4,000Peukan Bada 24,368 25,582 920 13,407 720 14,032 1,010 14,667 1,190 14,887 1,340

TOTAL 83,668 81,097 2,920 65,081 3,510 61,807 4,450 58,484 4,740 59,361 5,340L/s 34 41 52 55 62

Indrapuri 18,213 1,480 18,487 1,660Kuta Cot Glie 11,761 950 11,937 1,070Seulimeum 11,999 860 12,147 980 12,329 1,110

Jantho 10,401 9,333 840 8,249 890 7,149 770 6,032 760 6,122 880TOTAL 10,401 9,333 840 8,249 890 19,148 1,630 48,154 4,170 48,876 4,720

L/s 10 10 19 48 55Darussalam 16,848 17,260 620 17,677 950 18,101 1,300 18,532 1,500 18,810 1,690Baitussalam 10,736 12,475 450 14,240 770 16,031 1,150 17,849 1,450 18,117 1,630Kuta Baro 20,715 21,025 760 21,341 1,150 21,661 1,560 21,986 1,780 22,316 2,010Ingin Jaya 29,362 28,203 1,020 27,026 1,460 25,832 1,860 12,310 1,000 12,494 1,120

Kr. Barona Jaya 12,483 12,570 450 12,659 680 12,749 920 12,841 1,040 13,034 1,170TOTAL 90,144 91,533 3,300 92,943 5,010 94,374 6,790 83,517 6,770 84,770 7,620

L/s 38 58 79 78 88Montasik 20,601 20,910 750 21,224 1,150 21,542 1,550 21,866 1,770 22,194 2,000Ingin Jaya 12,310 1,000 12,494 1,120

Sukamakmur 12,504 12,691 460 12,882 700 13,075 940 13,271 1,070 13,470 1,210TOTAL 33,105 33,602 1,210 34,106 1,850 34,617 2,490 47,446 3,840 48,158 4,330

L/s 14 21 29 44 50Seulimeum 19,515 700 19,755 1,070 7,999 580 8,098 660 8,220 740

L/s 8 12 7 8 9

% Service Area Coverage 20% 30% 40% 45% 50%Water Consumption (L/c/d) 180 180 180 180 180

Year 2008

Montasik

Year 2009 Year 2010

Seulimeum

Siron #2

Year 2006 Year 2007

Gleiteron

Mata-ie 2

Jantho

PDAM prefers to provide the increased demand from the Jantho and Montasik water supply systems because these use mountain river water which enables gravity feed (reducing electricity costs) and only filtration (less chemical costs).



40

Table 20: Estimated Water Demand and PDAM Production 2006 to 2010

Water SystemDemand

(L/s)Installed

(L/s)Demand

(L/s)Installed

(L/s)Demand

(L/s)Installed

(L/s)Demand

(L/s)Installed

(L/s)Demand

(L/s)Installed

(L/s)

Gleiteron 7 20 20 20 28 35 33 35 38 35Mata-ie 2 34 60 41 60 52 60 55 60 62 60Jantho 10 15 10 15 19 30 48 45 55 60Siron #2 38 60 58 60 79 80 78 80 88 80Montasik 14 15 21 20 29 30 44 45 50 60Seulimeum 8 10 12 10 7 10 8 10 9 10Estimated Demand 111 162 212 267 301Installed Capacity 180 185 245 275 305

Year 2008 Year 2009 Year 2010Year 2006 Year 2007

Figure 11: Graph of Estimated Water Demand and Planned Production

Water Demand vs Installed Capacity

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Years

Lite

rs P

er S

econ

d

Estimated DemandInstalled Capacity

The graph shows that total installed capacity is always greater than estimated water demand; however analysis of data in this table shows that as early as Year 2008 there may be insufficient water from Siron #2. But NO action is recommended at this time because of the uncertainties in making these projections. These uncertainties include:

• Current population; • Population Growth rate; • Migration of IDP into and out of Kecamatan; • Water Demand per person; • Service Area Coverage; • Volume of Water Losses.



41

The best course of action is to accurately measure water production and consumption; make census measurements of population; track construction of new housing during 2006 and 2007; and then if necessary, readjust the water supply construction program.

9.4. FUTURE PLANS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

The Capital Works Improvement Program (CWIP) recommended for PDAM Tirta Mountala is for water supply, distribution system, and service connections. These projects are compiled from UNICEF Report April 2005; PDAM Master Plan October 2005; meetings with PDAM staff; site visits; and discussions with people knowledgeable about the system including the PDAM DirUt and PDAM KaBag Darul Imarah. In addition to water supply capital works listed here, PDAM has a need for bulk water meters; buildings (office, laboratory, warehouse); equipment (for office and laboratory); and transportation. Before listing specific projects for each water supply system, this Chapter starts with an explanation of the overall water system strategy and then discusses infrastructure items common to all the PDAM systems.

9.4.1. WATER SYSTEM STRATEGY Operating costs for water supply from Gleiteron, Krueng Mountala, and Krueng Luthu are low because water from these sources flows by gravity (reducing electricity costs) and water quality is high (reducing chemical costs). Therefore the long term strategy of PDAM is to maximize water supply from these systems. Gleiteron is a mountain spring that may already be at maximum capacity. To increase production for the Jantho system (Kr. Mountala) and for the Montasik system (Kr. Luthu) requires expansions of intake, transmission, and water storage facilities. To convey this water to other areas of the PDAM water system requires interconnections and transmission pipelines. There is still a need for water supply from Mata-ie and Siron #2, but their expansions can be delayed.

Finding Number 2: Uncertainties Forecasting Water Demand. Forecasting Water Demand depends on estimates of population growth, water consumption, and service area coverage. Overestimating results in excess construction and underutilized facilities; underestimating in unsatisfactory service due to water shortages. At the moment there are so many uncertainties in the factors used to estimate demand that a reasonable course of action is to improve data collection and reevaluate water demand two years from now to determine what further increases in water production might be needed.

Finding Number 3: Sustainable Water Supply. Water supply systems requiring pumping and chemical treatment are unlikely to be financially sustainable in Aceh due to insufficient money collected from user payments. Thus, where possible, develop gravity systems and high quality water requiring minimal treatment.



42

Water Treatment Plants PDAM water sources generally do not require chemical treatment but do benefit from filtration particularly during the wet season when rainfall runoff carries silt and soil into the rivers. Water at Siron #2 is pre-treated with aluminum sulfate and disinfected with chlorine. PDAM prefers not to use Slow Sand Filters because of past experience requiring labor intensive cleaning. PDAM has good experience with the standard Indonesian package water treatment plant which is adequate for sedimentation and filtration without chemicals for most the available sources. Pipe for Water Supply Transmission and Distribution The material used to make pipes---steel, plastic, cement---is based on application, water pressure, soil condition, cost, and availability. In Aceh Province two pipes commonly used for water supply transmission and distribution are High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE)8 and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). Advantages of HDPE compared to PVC are

• More flexible; bends easier; trees and other obstacles are more easily by-passed using PE-pipes.

• Longer operating life [rubber rings of PVC deteriorate causing joints to leak] • Less joints required for same length of pipe installed • Sections do not separate during earthquake • Stronger resistance to ultra-violet light so HDPE does not require protection

from the sun thus avoiding expense of constructing overhead cover during storage

• Smaller diameters of HDPE pipes are delivered on rolls making handling easier • Not necessary to make prefabricated bends.

8 HDPE is the common but out-dated name. Technical name is PE-100.



43

HDPE is more expensive than PVC because 1. HDPE requires special equipment to make the fusion connection (“plastic

weld”) 2. HDPE has thicker walls to achieve specifications for nominal pressure class.

Although these two factors increase cost, it is actually advantageous. For potable water pipelines fusion connection is superior to chemical welding that is typically used for PVC because chemicals in the solvent used to make the weld can leach into the water imparting tastes and odors. HDPE as a thicker walled piped is easier than PVC to handle, place, and maintain. When PDAM is paying the cost for supply and installation of pipe they prefer PVC because it is less expensive and because accessories for connections are more readily available and lower cost than for HDPE. Nevertheless, it is recommended to use HDPE pipe because of the advantages listed above. Table 21: Cost Comparison of HDPE and PVC Pipe

Rupiah per Meter to Supply and Install HDPE and PVC Pipe

Nominal (Interior) Diameter (DN)

250 300 350

Supply HDPE Class PE100- PN8 456,924 687,420 897,370

PVC Class S-12.5 323,652 504,681 675,542

% higher 29% 27% 25%

Install HDPE Class PE100- PN8 75,595 105,285 132,756

PVC Class S-12.5 46,226 55,471 64,715

% higher 39% 47% 51%

Meters of pipe supplied and installed for 1 Million Rp

HDPE Class PE100- PN8 1.9 1.3 1.0

PVC Class S-12.5 2.7 1.8 1.4

Data from Ir. Sudigyo for Year 2005 for Jakarta



44

House Connections NGO’s that build houses include water supply and sanitation. This creates a problem convincing people they must pay PDAM for water service. People who receive a house from NGOs consider any utilities provided to be included and there is no further need to pay. This puts PDAM in the position of having to cut off service for non-payment. With 20,000 new houses constructed in the Kabupaten, this will be a major problem for the PDAM. So where the distribution system is expanded for new housing in tsunami affected areas, PDAM prefers to serve water through public taps and NOT house connections. Waiting until the house owner applies to PDAM for a service connection reinforces the idea of a contractual agreement between PDAM and the house owner, i.e. PDAM supplies water; the receiver pays. If there are concerns about people having sufficient funds to pay for a PDAM connection, which cost Rp 625,000 in year 2005, then the NGO could pay 80% to 90% and the owner can pay remainder. The point is to make the owner realize they must pay money to PDAM for water used.

9.4.2. GLEITERON TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 1. Transmission System to Kecamatan Lhoknga

Bundesanstalt Techniches Hilfswerk (THW) supplied pipe [HDPE, 300 mm, 4.50 km] and Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) designed and constructed. The transmission line goes from Gleiteron to the main highway on the west coast that runs south from Kec. Peuken Bada to Kec. Lhoknga and Kec. Leupung. The proposed project repairs an existing PVC, 250 mm diameter pipeline from Keude Bieng (on the main highway) west 3 km to Desa Lampaya. IRD, an NGO, may be preparing a Scope of Work and Cost Estimate.

2. Transmision Pipeline to Desa Ajun

This pipeline is not now in use. Based on hydraulic analysis (EPANET software used by ESP-Aceh) this pipeline pressurizes the system. The pipe is cast iron (CI), requires replacement and relocation of 300 meters (diameter 200 mm) and repair of leaks in sections that are 250 mm and 300 mm diameter.



45

9.4.3. MATA-IE SPRINGS, TREATMENT WORKS, & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Rehabilitate Intakes Broncaptering; pumps, and pipes (steel, 150 mm, 90 meters); capacity 100 L/sec; work in progress by Indowater (SAB-SAS)

2. Rehabilitate Treatment Works

UNICEF & IRD have tendered a contract for improvements to water treatment works, reservoir, and distribution pumping system at the Mata-ie site. Award is scheduled for January 2006. There is a question about the true production capacity. It is expected that rehabilitation will enable the design rate of 60L/sec and this should be confirmed during commissioning and hand over to PDAM. If it is NOT 60 L/sec, then to reach this production rate it is recommended to construct a new water treatment plant and reservoir at elevation +40 m at a location above existing facilities. This elevation enables the system to provide water to the service area by gravity. To implement this would require

• Intake pumping system, centrifugal pump, 60 L/sec, Head = 20m, 2 units

• Transmission Pipeline HDPE, 250 mm, 1 km long • Treatment Works (direct filtration with backwash;

chemicals are not used) • Reservoir (exact size and location determined during

DED).

3. Transmission Pipeline from Mata-ie to Desa Ajun There is a PVC pipe, diameter 200 mm, 2 km long that needs repair of leaking joints. PDAM proposes to repair by pulling the pipe apart, inserting a new rubber ring, and pushing the pipes back in place. It would be better to replace the pipe with HDPE or to repair the pipe in place by relining (i.e. insert a new pipe into and through the existing pipe).

4. Inter-Connection in Desa Ajun

There are two main distribution pipelines in the tsunami affected area of Kec. Peukan Bada and Kec. Lhoknga. The pipelines carry water from Mata-ie and from Gleiteron. One pipeline is diameter 250 mm, the other diameter 200 mm (6 km length, 4 km by SDC and 2 km by Oxfam). The two pipelines have one connection under the bridge in Desa Lampisang. PDAM wants to make another connection in Desa Ajun to improve reliability of service.



46

Figure 12: Kecamatans in Kab. Aceh Besar With PDAM Service in Year 2010

ACEH JAYA

PIDIE

LHOONG

PULO ACEH

PEUKAN BADA

KUTAMALAKA

LHOKNGAKR

BARONA JAYA MONTASIK

KUTABARO

KOTAJANTHO

INDRAPURI

KUTACOTGLIE

BAITUSSALAM

DARUSSALAMPEUKAN BADA

INGINJAYA

MESJID RAYA

DARULIMMARAH

DARULKAAL

LEMBAHSEULAWAH

SEULIMEUM

LEUPUNG



47

Figure 13: Schematic of Gleiteron and Mate-ie Water Supply Systems

KEUDU BIENGLAMPAYA

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING

INTER-CONNECTION(DESA LAMPISANG)

DESA NUSA

250 mm - 7 kmBY SDC

200 mm - 2 km (repair + make bridge pipe)

by OXFAM

MATA IESPRING

TO ULE

PVC 150 mm -2 km

PVC 200 mm - (3-4) km

200 mm - 4 km by SDC

200 mm

PVC150 mm

CI 300 mm - 250 mm - 200 mm(propose : to repair + replace

+relocate)

250 mm - 200 mm - 150 mm3 - 4 km

HOUSING

LHOKNGA2400 HOUSE

PEUKAN BADA3100 HOUSE

DESAAJUN1000 HC

PVC 250 mm (2-3) km (repair)

175 mm - 4 km by THW

GLEITARONSPRING



48

9.4.4. SEULIMUM WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Currently the Seulimum system is not working. In the short term, it can be made operational by installation of a pump 10 L/sec, H = 45 meters. Long term, PDAM wants to take the Seulimum water supply system (intake, treatment plant, reservoir, transmission pipeline) out of service and supply water to the service area by the Jantho System. Reason is cost---Seulimum is pumped and Jantho is gravity.

9.4.5. JANTHO WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1. Transmission System

Broncaptering (Intake) has been relocated further upstream and 200 m of transmission pipeline replaced [by NGO Taiwan Budha Sutyi]. Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfwerk (Germany) will install HDPE transmission pipe (200 mm, 3 km) to existing but not used slow sand filter and reservoir. Later this donor will complete remainder of transmission line (HDPE, 200 mm, 4000m) to Kota Janth. DED has been completed by PT. Yodya Karya.

2. Construction of Treatment Plant

The standard Indonesian package plant installed at a site of elevation about 140 m; located close to Kota Jantho. Built in stages based on schedule to connect Seulimum and Indrapuri. Total 60 L/sec, built in 3 stages, with first stage at 15 L/s. Decision to proceed with subsequent stages should be based on progress developing the distribution network and house connections in new areas (Seulimeum; Indrapuri, Kuta Cut Glie) to be served and on people’s willingness-to-pay.

3. Construction of Water Storage Reservoir

Concrete; ground level, 500 to 1000 cubic meters (size to be determined during DED)

4. Transmission Pipeline from Jantho Reservoir north to intersection of Jantho &

Banda Aceh—Sigli Highway HDPE, 250 mm, 10 km to the intersection, then connect to an existing pipeline [PVC, 200 mm diameter, 2 km to Seulimeum] built around year 2000 by Cipta Karya.

When completed Seulimeum Water Supply System can be used to provide water during peak demand periods.



49

Figure 14: Schematic of Jantho—Seulimeum—Indrapuri Connections

= 6810 Pop

L/s = Liters per secondPL = planned (dashed lines)PL : 12 L/S

(BY GRAVITY)

PL : 6 L/S(BY GRAVITY)

PL - 75 L/S(BY GRAVITY)

EX - 10 L/S(BY PUMP)

CENTRAL OF SEULIMEUM KEC.

R

CENTRAL OF JANTHO KEC.

MOUNTALA SPRING# 500 L/S

CENTRAL OF INDRAPURI KEC.

RRESERVOIR

300 M3

WTP10 L/S

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 10 L/S

CENTRAL OF KUTA COT GLIE

BUGARIVER

# 100 L/S

EX - 15 L/S(BY GRAVITY)



PL - 0 L/S



50

5. Transmission Pipeline west to Kecamatan Indrapuri from Intersection of Jantho

& Banda Aceh—Sigli Highway The existing PVC, 200 mm pipeline from Seulimeum extends 4 km to Desa Lampisang so it could be extended 12 km to serve Indrapuri. Before proceeding with this project there should be hydraulic analysis to confirm flow and pressure and a willingness-to-pay survey to verify sufficient customers.

6. Procure Laboratory Equipment and Provide Training

USAID ESP-Aceh has procured Laboratory Equipment and is turning over to the PDAM and conducting training.

7. Distribution Systems for

a. Jantho---80% adequate but need additional to support new homes (500 homes built for government staff and 400 built by UNICEF and CARE for IDPs)

b. Seulimum---50% in place c. Indrapuri---design needed but not until water source confirmed.

9.4.6. SIRON #2 WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. Rehabilitate Intakes

Two Intakes, one for each Treatment Plant, were constructed during the Emergency Period. During low water levels pump becomes clogged with mud. New intake should either provide quiescent settling conditions or elevate submersible pump to keep it out of silt and soil that enter the intake

2. Design and Construct Laboratory Facilities; Procure Laboratory Equipment and

Provide Training USAID ESP-Aceh has procured Laboratory Equipment and is in the process of turning over to the PDAM and conducting training

3. Operate Siron #2

Since the last trimester of 2005, UNICEF is paying operating costs (salary, chemicals, electricity, and repairs).

4. Water Delivery to IDP TLC in Kec. Ingin Jaya

IRD to design and tender with funding from UNICEF. HDPE 200 mm diameter, 6.4 km, rehabilitate and repair. Extend transmission pipeline 10 km, diameter 100 mm with feeder lines of PVC 100 mm (5 km) and 150 mm (1.5 km) . Purpose is to serve barracks in Kec. Darul Imarah,

5. Water Delivery to Kec. Baitussalam and Kec. Darussalam

IRD to design and tender with funding from UNICEF. 6.4 km of diameter 200 mm; 21 km of diameter 150 mm; and 10 km of diameter 100 mm.



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9.4.7. MONTASIK WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1. Rehabilitate Intake on Krueng Luthu Construct a porous barrier to raise water level. Can be done by PDAM staff

(Force Account) 2. Revise Transmission Pipeline Add 2.5 to 5 km of 200 mm diameter pipe to facilitate gravity flow. 3. Replace Air Valves Replace 6 or 7 air valves on Transmission Pipeline. 4. Transmission Pipeline Kr. Luthu—Crossroad Sibreh--Montasik HDPE, 200 mm diameter, 14 km Purpose is to increase water volume for use in Siron #2 service area 5. Connect Montasik and Siron Service Area Distribution Piping HDPE, 150 mm diameter, 5 km [2 km for Montasik distribution and 3 km to

connect to Siron 6. Construction of Treatment Plant 15 L/sec; however if Montasik is connected to Siron Service Area then as much

as 45 L/sec is needed. It would be constructed in two stages. Water quality is adequate to allow direct filtration without addition of chemicals.

7. Construction of Water Storage Reservoir Concrete; ground level, 500 to 750 cubic meters (exact size, elevation, and

location to be determined during DED)

9.4.8. PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: KREUNG GUEPU Prior to the earthquake and tsunami, on the north bank of Krueng Geupu (also known as Kr. Sara), about 4 km upstream of the mouth of the river, there existed a water intake, two water treatment plants, and two separate supply mains to Kec. Lhok Nha. Facilities and below ground pipelines have been damaged and vandalized. IRD, and NGO, proposes to do a study and Preliminary Engineering Design (PED) to determine feasibility of redeveloping this water source to serve communities along the coastal road in Kec. Leupung and Kec. Lhoknga. If results are positive and there is willingness-to-pay, then work would commence to design and construct necessary facilities.

9.4.9. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM—BULK WATER METERS PDAM needs meters to measure the volume of water entering the distribution system. This data is compared to water sold to identify water losses and water consumption patterns. Provision for bulk meter should be a requirement during design and construction of new transmission pipelines. Installation of bulk meters at all PDAM water supply systems should be a high priority because the readings from these meters can help the PDAM analyze its non-revenue water (i.e. water distributed but not invoiced). This enables PDAM to focus its investigations for lost water.



52

9.4.10. KRUENG RAYA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PDAM currently has no involvement in this area; there is a HIPAM serving some houses. “PLAN”, an NGO based in London, is constructing a water system to serve 8 Desa (7,000 to 12,000 people from 12 public taps) in the Krueng Raya area of Kecamatan Mesijd Raya. The water source is Ladung Springs (elevation about 35 meters). Water is captured in a spring box (concrete, 10m x 5 m x 2m high) and flows downhill about 50 meters to a ground-level, concrete reservoir (150 m3) and then by gravity to the road (about 700 meters) to a transmission pipeline [HDPE diameter 200 mm (5 km); 150 mm (3.5 km); and 100 mm (1 km)] that moves water east in direction of Malahayati Port. Water is clear and colorless and of good quality. Additional water can come from numerous streams flowing from mountains toward the ocean, entering the pipeline at various locations. Other water sources include deep wells in Desa Brandeh and Desa Ruyung and the Krueng Raya. Also working in this area is the Indonesian NGO Dian Desa with funding from UNICEF. Dian Desa is developing a water source, also called Ladung Springs, to serve settlements along a different part of the coast road. It is a system separate from PLAN. Visual estimate of flow in Kr. Raya during the wet season is on the order of 200 L/s. This is probably sufficient for Malahayati Harbor. River elevation near the port is low so it is affected by ocean tides. Installing a rubber dam a few kilometers upstream provides protection from tides and creates a pool for an intake. Water could be treated by a package water treatment plant installed at the port. This system could be operated by either the Port or the PDAM.

9.4.11. HIPAM SYSTEM: KECAMATAN LHOONG The National NGO Dian Desa has developed a plan, funded by UNICEF, to provide water to all villages in this Kecamatan. During year 2006 NGO’s working this Kecamatan will continue constructing village water systems and developing Community Water Associations.



53

Table 22: PDAM Tirta Mountala Projects for Water Supply & Distribution

Water Supply System 2006 - 2007 2008 - 2010

Repair 3 km of diameter 250 mm pipeline from Keude Bieng to Desa Lampaya and extend 50 m from Lampaya to new housing area [extension in progress by SAB-SAS]Repair CI pipe to Desa Ajun; replace 300 m

Complete Rehabilitation of Intake and Treatment Works [in progress; funded by UNICEF] AND Confirm Treatment Capacity.If < 60 L/s, design expansion of water treatment works

If design is completed, construct Works to achieve minimum 60 L/s

Repair transmission pipeline to Desa Ajun Make inter-connection between pipelines in tsunami affected areas

Install 10 L/s, H = 45m pump Put Seulimeum treatment system in stand-by status when supply from Jantho System is complete

DED for Seulimum Distribution System Distribution System in Kec. Seulimum

Transmission pipeline from Intake to Kota Jantho [DED complete]

DED of Transmission Pipeline to Intersection of Jantho & BA-Sigli Highway [verify condition of pipeline to Seulimum]Construct Transmission Pipeline and Connect to Seulimum Pipeline

Complete Transmission Pipeline Construction and Inter-connection

Study and PED for service to Indrapuri---alternative water sources (Montasik or Jantho or other), hydraulics, willingness-to-pay). If results favorable, proceed with DED.

Construct Transmission Pipeline and Distribution System for Indrapuri

DED and Construction for Intake Rehabilitation

DED and Construction for Laboratory Facilities

Design and Construct transmission lines to barracks in Kec. Ingin Jaya, Kec. Baitussalam, and Kec. Darussalam [by IRD]

Rehabilitate Intake on Kr. Luthu[work by PDAM] Expand Intake

Hydraulic Study, DED, and Construction for Transmission Pipeline Upgrades Complete Transmission Pipeline Construction

DED to connect Montasik and Siron Systems Construct Inter-connection

KRUENG GUEPE[aka Kr. Sarah}

Study and PED (volume, hydraulics, willingness-to-pay). If successful, proceed with DED and construction. [IRD has expressed an interest in doing this.]

Expand, repair, replace distribution system

BULK METERSDesign, Procure, and Install Bulk Water Meters for Water Supply Systems Mata-ie; Jantho; Siron; and Montasik.

Include Bulk Meters for any new transmission pipelines.

WATER RESOURCES MONITORING

Plan a monitoring program for water source and watershed to monitor quanities and assure sanitary condtions

Procure equipment and commence monitoring program

Expand, repair, and replace Distribution SystemInvestigate capacity of Spring to deterine feasibilty of expanding the water supply

Construct Water Treatment Plant (stages 2 and 3 depending on progress expanding transmission and distribution networks)

SEULIMEUM

GLEITERON

Distribution System in Kec. Peukan Bada and Kec. Lhoknga

DED and Construction of Treatment Plant (20 L/s) and Reservoir

JANTHO

Construct Treatment Plant [stage 2]

MATA-IE

Distribution System in Siron Service Area---expand, repair, replace

Distribution System in Kec. Jantho---expand, repair, replace

DED and Construction of Treatment Plant (Stage 1) and Reservoir

MONTASIK

Distribution System for Montasik Service Area---expand, repair, replace

SIRON



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10. SANITATION (HUMAN WASTE) INFRASTRUCTURE

This section is about the collection, treatment, and disposal of human wastes. Hazardous and Industrial wastewaters are not discussed.

10.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER

All sanitation in Aceh is on-site, mainly using septic tanks or pit latrines, both in urban and rural areas. There are no organized wastewater collection or disposal systems in Kab. Aceh Besar. NGO’s and Donor organizations responsible for TLC’s organize emptying of communal septic tanks at the camps. Table 23: Status of Sanitation Systems According to Desa

Type of Sanitation System Villages Individual Latrine or Septic Tank 96 Latrine Serving Groups of People 102 Public Latrine 109 Without (or no data) 294

Total = 601 [Source: Tabel 2.14, Buku III, Blue Print]

For housing and commercial buildings human wastes (“black water”) go to a septic tank and water from sinks and baths (“grey water”) goes to the drainage system outside as specified by GOI Ministerial Decree. Figure 15: Excerpts from Decree of the Ministry of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure No. 534 / 2001

Guidance for minimum service standards on spatial planning, housing, settlement and public works (including waste water and sanitation):

• Grey water should be separated from black water • Black water should be discharged into a septic tank with no leaks or odors • There should be no contamination of ground water • Removal efficiencies for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Suspended Solids (SS) >

85% • No complaint on septage treated in sludge treatment plant (IPLT)

On site sanitation should be provided where

• population density < 200 persons/hectare • with groundwater level > 2 meter • and potential cost recovery is not sufficient to support full sewerage system (e.g. collection

and centralized off-site treatment).



55

The typical septic tank consists of three concrete rings about 0.8 meter in diameter, 5 cm thick, and 0.3 meter high placed in the ground to form a circular chamber with unsealed bottom (i.e. open to the ground) and a concrete top that can be lifted. Cost of three rings and a top is about Rp 100,000. Installation can be done by unskilled labor. The open bottom allows liquid to pollute the shallow ground water with human wastes. This is a major problem in areas with high ground water. To keep wastes in the tank liner sacks are available from Australia to make the tank bottom and walls water-tight. When the tank is empty the bag floats on the high ground water. As the tank fills, the bag sinks, keeping wastes inside. A better on-site septic system is the one used by the NGO Samaritan’s Purse in Kec. Panga, Kab. Aceh Jaya which consists of two tanks:

1. toilet waste enters the first tank which is about 1.5 meter deep (3 rings) with cement bottom, and exit line about 0.5 meter from top.

2. Second tank is about 0.5 meter deep (1 ring) with bottom of coconut or rock, ijuk (palm tree fiber), and charcoal.

Toilet waste flows into a tank with sealed bottom; solids stay in the first tank and liquid flows to a second tank. There it can be mixed with grey water before discharge to a sewer-drain. Samaritan’s Purse uses concrete rings 0.8 meter in diameter, 5 cm thick, and 0.5 meter in height. This is about 0.2 to 0.3 meters higher than Aceh Besar and illustrates the misunderstanding that can occur when systems are specified or described according to “number of concrete rings”. Others are doing similar including OXFAM and the USAID-ESP project for a wastewater pilot study it is conducting. A piped wastewater collection system leading to a centralized wastewater treatment plant is the preferred method in large urban areas because it is more economical than individual systems and provides better public health protection. This is appropriate for Kotamadya Banda Aceh and the peri-urban areas in Kabupaten Aceh Besar (e.g. Kec. Darul Imarah, Kec. Kreung Barona Jaya). Finding Number 1: Sanitation Needs Improvement.

Design and construction of sanitary wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal systems and the development and strengthening of utility institutions is a major unsatisfied need in the water supply environmental infrastructure sector.



56

Figure 16: Typical Two Tank Septic System

Inflow Black Water only

Overflow to the tank no 2

Tank no 2

Inflow grey water only

overflow to the sewer -drain

Tank no 1

Inflow from tank no 1

Gravel (kerikil)

Charcoal (arang)

Palm fiber (ijuk)

Ground surface

Tank no 2

Vent pipe



57

10.2. SEPTAGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT Periodically septic tanks need emptying. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. Pumping is not always complete because the suction pump for sludge is not strong enough to empty the thick solids that accumulate at the bottom of a septic tank. The problem is worsened with the need to use long hoses to access septic tanks in housing areas with high density of buildings. Thick, stiff sludge at tank bottom needs to be mechanically stirred to before it can be sucked up into the truck. This is difficult, dirty work so truck operators are not motivated to do it. Possible approaches to upgrading performance are:

• train operators and provide protective equipment (gloves, boots, goggles) • inform the public the necessary steps for complete, effective tank cleaning9.

The purpose of treatment is to “stabilize” the septage to reduce pathogens and odors, thus making it easier to handle and dispose. Methods for treatment and disposal of septage are:

1. land treatment and disposal 2. co-treatment at existing wastewater treatment facilities 3. independent facilities for treatment and disposal.

Land application is relatively simple, generally the most economic disposal technique, and utilizes the nutrient value of septage. It is useful for land that is damaged by mining or fire or otherwise impoverished of nutrients and vegetation. Three techniques of land disposal are (1) surface spreading, (2) burial, and (3) subsurface injection. Most of the organic and inorganic chemicals and pathogens remain in the upper 10 to 25 centimeters of soil. Land application can adversely impact ground and surface water. Typical guidelines are minimum distance to groundwater of 1 to 2 meters and minimum distance to surface water (lake, river, stream) of 100 meters. For surface spreading the truck goes to a designated location and dumps its load while driving to spread the septage into a thin layer on the ground. Sun, wind, and gravity will eventually remove the water, but it is best practice to mix the septage into the soil using for example the agricultural disc-harrow machine that farmers use to plough their fields. Assuming a truck with volume of 4 cubic meters spreading septage to thickness 5 cm, the area required would be 80 m2. Co-treatment of septage and wastewater can not now be done in Aceh because there are no wastewater treatment plants. When WWTP are built, provisions to receive septage should be included, i.e. a holding tank that allows a slow, continuous addition at a location upstream of the treatment plant headworks at a rate proportional to the plant inflow. Adding at this point enables the septage to pass through the grit removal system and to become diluted with wastewater influent as it enters. Common in Indonesia are IPLT (Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Tinja). Septage is collected by a pumper truck, transported to the IPLT, and processed through a series of lagoons. Liquid effluent is discharged to a nearby water drainage channel and the thicker solids portion put onto sludge drying beds. After drying to a consistency where it can be moved by a shovel, the solids are removed and disposed. Drying time is a function of drainage and evaporation, and can range from 2 to 4 weeks. These solids can be applied to land.

9 Dominique Maison & Herlina Sjaifuddin, “WHO Report of Mission to Aceh Singkil”, Sep 05.



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Typical components of IPLT are10:

1. Entrance gate and driveway 2. Ramp and Platform (for the truck to empty the sludge) 3. Stabilization Ponds to reduce suspended solids and BOD 4. Sludge Drying Beds (to remove water from the sludge)

At the IPLT the liquid waste flows in sequence through three different types of ponds: anaerobic facultative maturation. Operating in series provides a larger removal of BOD and coliform reduction. Typical design: 1 anaerobic pond, 2 aerobic ponds (in parallel so one can be taken out of service for solids removal) and 2 maturation ponds (connected in series to get a better quality effluent). Figure 17: Flow Scheme for IPLT Stabilization Ponds

FACULTATIVE POND

ANAEROBIC POND

MATURATION POND #1

MATURATION POND #2

FACULTATIVE POND

SAND DRYING BEDS

Maturation ponds in series are not necessary where the IPLT discharges directly to the ocean. Note that ocean discharge should be at a location that does not affect beaches or aquaculture but does get vigorous mixing from ocean currents.

10.3. FUTURE FACILITIES FOR SANITATION To calculate the size of a septic tank it is appropriate to use a value of 40 Liters/person/year faecal sludge11 production, but to determine the capacity of an IPLT a better approach is to estimate the volume of septic tanks emptied. Estimated quantities of septage for Year 2010 are shown in Table 24.

10 IPLT in West Java start with Imhoff Cone but it is not necessary. 11 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline is 100 L/capita/day for an adult weighing 70 kg and eating an average diet. Thus it is reasonable to assume 40 L/capita/day for Indonesia.



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Table 24: Estimated Septage Production Year 2010

No. Kecamatan Population Houses m3 per Year Collected per week (m3)

Land Disposal IPLT

1108010 Lhoong 11,600 2,320 520 10 X

1108020 Lhoknga 17,000 3,400 770 15 A

1108021 Leupung 4,100 820 190 4 X

1108030 Indrapuri 18,500 3,700 840 17 B

1108031 Kuta Cot Glie 11,900 2,380 540 11 B

1108040 Seulimeum 20,500 4,100 930 19 B

1108041 Kota Jantho 6,100 1,220 280 6 B

1108042 Lembah Seulawah 9,000 1,800 410 8 X

1108050 Mesjid Raya 15,800 3,160 710 14 C

1108060 Darussalam 18,800 3,760 850 17 C

1108061 Baitussalam 18,100 3,620 820 16 C

1108070 Kuta Baro 22,300 4,460 1,010 20 D

1108080 Montasik 22,200 4,440 1,000 20 D

1108090 Ingin Jaya 25,000 5,000 1,130 23 D

1108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 13,000 2,600 590 12 C

1108100 Sukamakmur 13,500 2,700 610 12

1108101 Kuta Malaka 5,300 1,060 240 5 X

1108102 Simpang Tiga 5,600 1,120 250 5 X

1108110 Darul Imarah 44,500 8,900 2,010 40 A

1108111 Darul Kamal 7,100 1,420 320 6 X

1108120 Peukan Bada 29,800 5,960 1,350 27 A

1108130 Pulo Aceh 4,500 900 200 4 X

22 344,000 69,000 16,000 310 7 15

Year 2010

Population, Houses, Septage Production are rounded to nearest 100 or 1,000

IPLT Area Served m3/week A Lhoknga, Darul Imarah, Peukan Bada 83 B Jantho, Seulimeum, Kuta Cot Glie, Indrapuri 52 C Mesjid Raya, Darussalam,Baitussalam, Kr. Barona Jaya 59 D Kuta Baro, Montasik, Ingin Jaya 63

People per House 5 Septic Tank Volume (m3) 0.8 [0.8 m diameter, 1.5 m deep] % houses with septic tanks 60% % septic tanks emptied per year 50% working weeks per year 50

number of houses = (population / people per house) m3 / year = (houses x septic tank volume) collected per week = (m3 / year) x (% houses with septic tanks) x (% emptied per year) / 50 weeks per year



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Total septage for the Kabupaten indicate one IPLT could be sufficient however this report recommends four separate IPLT facilities (to be co-located with solid waste disposal sites) based on distances and decentralized operations. NGO’s providing replacement housing are cognizant of WATSAN requirements and usually organize an adequate water supply but they are leaving sanitation to the usual practice. With construction of new and replacement housing, pollution and risk to public health will only get worse without action now to develop wastewater collection and disposal systems. Reconstruction of settlements is an opportunity to develop working sanitation systems that collect both grey and black water and provide adequate treatment and disposal in properly design and functioning septic systems. There are already some pilot projects investigating alternative collection and treatment methods, for example ESP-Aceh is developing a pilot project at Lham Kruet (Kec. Lhoknga) for several homes to use communal septic tanks with the liquid wastes disposal through a garden plantation. OXFAM is demonstrating an Australian system called Bioremediation Infield Personal Unit (BIPU). Long term these projects could lead to simpler and more effective residential wastewater collection and disposal. However in the short term, IPLT facilities should be planned and constructed.

Outline Plan for Sanitation Current Year (2006/2007)

• Organize public education campaign about importance of sanitation collection and disposal and guidelines for constructing septic tanks

• In conjunction with solid waste, locate suitable sites for four septage treatment facilities with goal of co-locating septage and solid waste disposal sites

• Construct MCKs at Pasars in each Kecamatan • Conduct pilot projects for alternative treatment and disposal methods and publicize

results • Procure septic tank pumper trucks and equipment

Year 2007/2008 • Design, construct, and put into operation IPLT to serve Kecamatans Lhoknga, Darul

Imarah, and Peukan Bada • Evaluate feasibility of using this as the only site for the Kabupaten • Develop sites that can use treated septage sludge from the IPLT

Year 2008—2010

• Design, construct, and put into operation IPLTs to serve remainder of the Kabupaten



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11. SOLID WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE

11.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

In Kab. Aceh Besar each community manages its own solid waste collection and disposal from residential housing. The Kecamatan government provided same for markets and commercial areas. There has not been a Kabupaten-level Dinas Kebersihan (Sanitation Department). Solid waste issues are handled by Kantor Kebersihan and Pertamanan (Cleaning and Parks) Table 25: Status of Solid Waste Disposal by Village (Desa)

Type of Disposal System Number of Desas Transported Outside the Village 4 Dumped 466 Dumped to River 11 Miscellaneous (or no data) 120

Total = 601 [Source: Tabel 2.15 Status Solid Waste Disposal of Buku III, Aceh Blue Print, 2005]

The GTZ funded project “Support for Local Governance for Sustainable Reconstruction” [SLGSR] is facilitating the establishment of a new TPA to serve Kota Banda Aceh. They have identified three possible sites and are presently conducting a geo-technical study to select the best one. All three sites are located in Kabupaten Aceh Besar so it is reasonable to expect that Kabupaten communities within a radius of 20 to 30 kilometers of the Kota’s TPA will be able to economically transport their solid waste there. Further, there will be sufficient data about the other two sites to determine if they can be developed on a smaller scale to serve other parts of the Kabupaten.



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UNDP Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Program (TRWMP) provides local governments with financial and technical support including:

• rehabilitation of landfill sites and provision of equipment; • organized recycling and reuse of tsunami debris; • demolition of damaged structures.

One of UNDP’s strategies is to provide interim disposal sites while a permanent, engineered disposal site is planned and constructed. Later the interim site would be cleared and rehabilitated. This strategy is applicable to Kab. Aceh Besar.

11.2. FUTURE FACILITIES FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

The strategy for developing an organized solid waste management system is to: 1. Establish a work unit responsible for solid waste 2. Locate and design an appropriate TPA (Final Disposal Site) 3. Define transporting systems and locate TPS (Transfer Station) 4. Tender and construct TPS and TPA 5. Train operators (Collection, Transfer, Transport, Disposal) 6. Promote and develop solid waste management systems for

recycling and composting Collection is usually assigned to the community and neighborhoods, so that will not be considered further except for socialization and training.

COLLECTION TRANSFER (TPS) DISPOSAL (TPA)

Local Neighborhood Government Government



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11.2.1. KABUPATEN AGENCY FOR SOLID WASTE The formation of a “Dinas Kebersihan” was submitted in October 2005 to the Kabupaten Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD, District Assembly) and is still under consideration. While waiting, the Bupati of Kabupaten Aceh Besar issued a decree establishing “Kantor Kebersihan, Pertamanan dan Pemadam Kebakaran” with responsibility for Cleaning, Parks and Gardens, and Fire Fighting. Previously Public Works (Kimpraswil) was responsible. Since collection is done at neighborhood level, the Desa and Kecamatan government staff will need equipment and training for transfer and disposal activities. Institutional arrangements are discussed further in Chapter 14

11.2.2. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE SECTOR Unlike sectors of water supply or sanitation, there is more opportunity for Private Sector Participation (PSP) in the solid Waste sector because it does not require specialized equipment or technical skills. Collection and transport of solid waste requires (1) a truck with a cover to prevent debris from falling or blowing out; (2) a destination (i.e. TPA). So contracting out these services can stimulate the economy, not burden government with vehicles and staff; and allow government to focus its efforts on operating and maintaining the TPA. There are two basic methods for Private Sector Participation in Solid Waste:

• Under contract to a government agency to collect and transport residential and commercial solid waste to a transfer station or disposal site.

• Under contract to a private sector or institutional waste generator to collect and haul waste to a waste disposal site. For example a hospital could contract with a private company to manage its health care wastes.

For transparency, contracting arrangements should be conducted through competitive bidding by contractors who are pre-qualified. To assure acceptable performance the contracting agency must follow up and evaluate.

11.2.3. ESTIMATED SOLID WASTE PRODUCTION Solid waste production for year 2005 was estimated using

(a) population data from BPS and projections as shown in Table 5 (b) solid waste characteristics for Kota Banda Aceh

• 65% organic material, remainder inorganic • no construction debris (it is recycled) • initial density 200 to 300 kilograms per cubic meter

(c) Government of Indonesia Standards [Metode, Spesifikasi Dan Tata Cara, Bagian: 11 Lalu Lintas, Lingkungan Jalan, Sanitasi dan Persampahan, Departemen Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Jakarta, December 2002.]



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Table 26: Solid Waste Production from Various Sources

SOURCE QUANTITY UNITS Residential House 2.2 Liter (L) per person per day

Market 0.2 L/square meter (m2) Commercial 2.5 Liters per Employee/Day

School 0.1 L/student/day Roads 0.1 L/lineal meter/day

Solid Waste (SW) from residential housing = Population x 2.25 L/person/day Assume area of market = 1m2 for 25 people and operates daily Then SW from Market = (Population/25) x 0.2 L/m2 /day Assume 5% of population works in office or commercial business Then SW from Office/Commercial = (5% of Pop) x 2.5 L/day SW from roads = (length of road in meters) x 0.1 L/lineal meter/day Roads in Kabupaten for Year 2003 (per BPS): 154 km (Jl. Negara) + 105 (Jl. Propinsi) + 713 (Jl. Kabupaten) = 972 km, round up to 1000 km for calculation (1000 km road) x (0.1 L/Lineal Meter/Day) x (conversion factors) = 100 m3/day for the entire Kabupaten, which is negligible compared to SW from other sources Field verification is required to confirm data estimates.



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Table 27: Estimated Solid Waste Production by Kecamatan

No. Kecamatan 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 -10 2005 - 25

1108010 Lhoong 7,714 8,458 9,212 9,978 10,127 45,000 216,000

1108020 Lhoknga 12,262 13,022 13,792 14,574 14,793 68,000 318,000

1108021 Leupung 2,456 2,796 3,141 3,491 3,543 15,000 75,000

1108030 Indrapuri 15,150 15,377 15,608 15,842 16,080 78,000 350,000

1108031 Kuta Cot Glie 9,783 9,930 10,079 10,230 10,383 50,000 226,000

1108040 Seulimeum 16,974 17,183 17,394 17,609 17,873 87,000 390,000

1108041 Kota Jantho 8,118 7,175 6,218 5,247 5,325 32,000 122,000

1108042 Lembah Seulawah 7,950 7,873 7,796 7,717 7,832 39,000 172,000

1108050 Mesjid Raya 11,123 11,921 12,731 13,553 13,756 63,000 296,000

1108060 Darussalam 15,012 15,376 15,744 16,119 16,361 79,000 356,000

1108061 Baitussalam 10,850 12,386 13,944 15,525 15,758 68,000 335,000

1108070 Kuta Baro 18,288 18,562 18,841 19,123 19,410 94,000 423,000

1108080 Montasik 18,188 18,461 18,738 19,019 19,304 94,000 421,000

1108090 Ingin Jaya 24,531 23,507 22,468 21,414 21,735 114,000 482,000

1108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 10,934 11,011 11,089 11,169 11,337 56,000 248,000

1108100 Sukamakmur 11,039 11,204 11,373 11,543 11,716 57,000 255,000

1108101 Kuta Malaka 4,337 4,402 4,468 4,535 4,603 22,000 100,000

1108102 Simpang Tiga 4,556 4,624 4,694 4,764 4,835 23,000 105,000

1108110 Darul Imarah 48,287 44,946 41,554 38,112 38,683 212,000 867,000

1108111 Darul Kamal 5,995 6,023 6,051 6,079 6,171 30,000 134,000

1108120 Peukan Bada 22,251 23,322 24,410 25,514 25,897 121,000 559,000

1108130 Pulo Aceh 2,518 2,955 3,398 3,848 3,905 17,000 83,000

Solid Waste Produced (m3)

ANUAL PRODUCTION TOTAL



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11.2.4. TRANSFER SITES There are currently no sanitary landfills in Kab. Aceh Besar. Solid waste is dumped and left to decompose or to be burned. Transfer Stations (TPS) have to be placed close to the area where solid wastes are generated. In Kecamatan the primary generation sources are markets (Pasars). A TPS is typically a container made from cement bricks with capacity 6 m3 – 12 m3. The operating lifetime of a TPS is15 – 20 years. Delivery to the TPS is by individual container or cart and collection frequency is every 1 to 3 days, but preferably daily.

Initially Transfer Stations should be located at Pasars (Markets) because this is an open area, centrally located, close to road network, and typically the largest single source of solid waste in the Kecamatan.

11.2.5. FINAL DISPOSAL SITES The Final Disposal Site (TPA) should be located12:

• Not in a flood prone area • Within distance of 20 to 30 kilometers (km) to Source or Transfer Station • At least 2 kilometers from Housing Areas • Down stream from water supply sources • At least one kilometer from rivers • At least three kilometers from airports • Slope < 20% • Capacity for 15 years of waste disposal • Entry/exit road not to pass close to high population center and able to

accommodate two way traffic of container trucks (10-12m) The exact location has to be supported by technical, social, and financial considerations and must be agreed by all stake holders Table 28 lists estimated land area required for disposal of solid waste from each Kecamatan except Kec. Pulo Aceh. The reason this Kecamatan is excluded is that it consists of three islands separated by ocean each requiring their own TPA. Two assumptions are made to estimate land area required:

1. Solid waste placed in the landfill will be reduced 40% in volume from evaporation, decomposition, and compression from the weight above it. If mechanical compression is provided, for example from bulldozer or compactor, then volume reduction would be greater and less land area required

2. Depth of solid waste landfill will be 2.5 meters. Greater depth means less land

required but larger size equipment is needed to excavate, place, and compact.

12 SNI 03-3242-1994---SK SNI T-12-1991-03, Methode, Spesifikasi dan Tata Cara, Bagain 11, Lalu Lintas, Lingkungan Jalan, Sanitasi dan Persampahan, NSPM KIMPRASWIL, Jakarta.



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Table 28: Estimated Land Area (Ha) for Solid Waste TPA

No. Kecamatan 2006 - 10 2005 - 25 No. Kecamatan 2006 - 10 2005 - 25

1108010 Lhoong 1.1 5.2 1108070 Kuta Baro 2.3 10.2

1108020 Lhoknga 1.6 7.6 1108080 Montasik 2.3 10.1

1108021 Leupung 0.4 1.8 1108090 Ingin Jaya 2.7 11.6

1108030 Indrapuri 1.9 8.4 1108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 1.3 6.0

1108031 Kuta Cot Glie 1.2 5.4 1108100 Sukamakmur 1.4 6.1

1108040 Seulimeum 2.1 9.4 1108101 Kuta Malaka 0.5 2.4

1108041 Kota Jantho 0.8 2.9 1108102 Simpang Tiga 0.6 2.5

1108042 Lembah Seulawah 0.9 4.1 1108110 Darul Imarah 5.1 20.8

1108050 Mesjid Raya 1.5 7.1 1108111 Darul Kamal 0.7 3.2

1108060 Darussalam 1.9 8.5 1108120 Peukan Bada 2.9 13.4

1108061 Baitussalam 1.6 8.0 1108130 Pulo Aceh The following illustrate the impacts of assumptions of compaction and depth:

Compaction Depth Total Area 2006-10 40% 2.5 m 35 hectares 40% 3.0 m 29 ha 60% 2.5 m 23 ha 60% 3.0 m 19 ha

For Kabupaten Aceh Besar, no single site can accommodate all the communities generating solid waste. Multiple sites are needed. Table 28 shows estimated land area required if each Kecamatan has its own TPA. It is not practical for the Kabupaten to develop 22 TPA, so a cluster approach is recommended with administrative areas grouped according to location to possible sites and the road network. Based on discussions with Kabupaten staff, 7 TPAs are needed: four to serve clusters of Kecamatans and three to serve single Kecamatan which due to distances cannot be shared by others. Table 29: Land Area (Hectares) for TPAs in Kab. Aceh Besar CLUSTERS 1 2 3 4

Kecamatan Darul Imarah Montasik Baitussalam Indrapuri

Ingin Jaya Suka Makmur Darussalam Kuta Cot Glie

Darul Kamal Kuta Malaka Mesjid Raya Kuta Baro

Peukan Bada Simpang Tiga Kr Barona Jaya Seulimeum

Lhok Nga Lembah Seulawah

LAND AREA (Hectares) 2006-2010 13 5 6 8



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CLUSTERS 1 2 3 4 2006-2025 57 21 30 37

Separate Kec. Leupung Lhoong Jantho Pulo Aceh

2006-2010 1 0.4 0.8

2006-2025 5 2 3

three islands; three sites

NOTE: Sizes for Year 2006-2025 are provided to indicate a possible maximum size for TPA. There is too much uncertainty about population, rates of solid waste generation, and methods of disposal to estimate accurately. As previously discussed, the SLGSR-GTZ project is currently investigating three possible sites for Kota Banda Aceh TPA. Thus detailed evaluations, including geo-technical data, could be available for selecting TPA sites in the Kabupaten. For other sites, the Needs Assessment Team interviewed Kecamatan officials, visited several sites, and identified possible sites for further investigation. See Appendix for map of locations and preliminary data collected during site visits. Finding Number 1: Kab. Aceh Besar Needs Multiple Landfill Sites.

No one single location for TPA can adequately serve the entire Kabupaten due to travel distances. Therefore multiple sites need to be identified and developed. Where possible sites should be shared with others, for example Kota Banda Aceh TPA, located in Kabupaten Aceh Besar, should serve surrounding communities.



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Figure 18: TPA Clustering---Two Options

CLUSTER 1 & 3Darrul ImmarahIngin JayaDarul KamalPeukan BadaLhok NgaBaitusalamDarusalamMesjid RayaKr Barona Jaya

Pulau Aceh

CLUSTER 2MontasikSuka MakmurKuta MalakaSimpang Tiga

CLUSTER 4IndrapuriKuta Cot GlieKota JanthoKuta BaroSeulimeumLembah SeulawahLeupung

Lhoong

Kota Janto

TPA LocationGTZ 30 or GTZ 32

Legend:: Proposed TPA

: Cluster Boundary: Trucks Lanes

TPA LocationGTZ 2.1 or GTZ 2.2

3

PROPOSED TPA & CLUSTERING PLAN FOR SERVICE AREA OPTION 3 : TPA AREA > 2 HA

ACEH JAYA

PIDIE

Legend:

: Proposed TPA

: Transporting Lanes

LEUPUNG

LHOONG

PULO ACEH

PEUKAN BADA

DARULIMMARAH

SIMPANG TIGA

KUTAMALAKA

SUKAMAKMUR

INDRAPURIKUTACOTGLIE

KUTABARO

MONTASIK

DARUSSALAM

MESJID RAYA

SEULIMEUM

KOTAJANTHO

LEMBAHSEULAWAH

BAITUSSALAM

DARULKAMAL

LHOKNGA KREUNG BARONA JAYA

INGIN JAYA

TPA 1 : Lhoong

TPA 2 : Leupung

TPA 3 :

Lhoknga

• Peukan Bada

• Darul Kamal

TPA 4 :

Kuta Cot Glie

TPA 5 :

• Indrapuri

• Simpang Tiga

• Kuta MalakaTPA 6 :

• Seulimeum

• Kota Jantho

TPA 7 :

Lembah

Seulawah

TPA 8 : Mesjid Raya

Baitussalam

Darussalam

TPA 9 :

Kreung Barona Jaya

Kuta Baro

Ingin Jaya

TPA 10 :

Montasik

Sukamakur

TPA 11 :

Darul Imarah

Total TPA =

11 Locations



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In year 2006, UNICEF has agreed to pay salaries and equipment for 50 days for solid waste collection and disposal activities. Locations are being identified and will include Jantho, Darul Imarah, and Selimum. Public awareness of waste management issues tends to focus on removal of waste from neighborhoods. Issues of where waste is disposed, how it should be managed, how best to allocate waste management resources, the human health and environmental implications of poor waste disposal and related issues are generally not discussed in a public context except in connection with the development of new waste disposal facilities. There should be an on-going program of public education and awareness, combined with other environmental sanitation sectors (e.g. sanitation, drainage) to maximize benefit.

Outline Plan for Solid Waste Management

Emergency Plan (early 2006) • TPS’s for Markets: Kecamatan Ingin Jaya, Kecamatan Krueng Barona Jaya, Kecamatan

Darul Imarah • Trucks for Kecamatan Ingin Jaya, Kecamatan Krueng Barona Jaya, Kecamatan Darul

Imarah • Field verification to confirm data estimates.

Mid Term Plan (2006 – 2010)

• Year 2006/2007 • TPA, TPSs and Trucks for Clusters 1 & 3 (Integrated Systems with Kota

Banda Aceh) • Capacity Building for Operators (TPA’s, TPS’s, Truck’s) in Cluster 1 &

Cluster 3 • Identify TPA sites for Cluster 2 and Cluster 4, Kota Jantho, Leupung and

Lhoong

• Year 2007/2008 • TPA, TPS, and Trucks for Cluster 2 , Cluster 4, Kota Jantho, Leupung and

Lhoong • Capacity Building for Operators (TPA’s, TPS’s, Truck’s) in Cluster 2 ,

Cluster 4, Kota Janto, Leupung and Lhoong • Community Development in all TPA area

• Year 2008/2009

• Promote “Sources Based Solid Waste Management” (separation method)



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12. DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE

12.1. CURRENT SITUATION FOR DRAINAGE Kabupaten Aceh Besar needs drainage facilities to protect buildings and infrastructure from water in rivers and from ocean tides and from stormwater. Irrigation drainage for agriculture is not discussed in this report. Flood Control infrastructure is constructed under supervision of Public Works (PU). The classification of the river or road (National, Province, Local) determines which level of PU (Central, Province or District) is responsible. Macro drainage refers to rivers and channels; micro-drainage to roads and buildings.

12.1.1. RIVER FLOODING The Krueng Aceh is about 145 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 1,800 km2. It flows through Kabupaten Aceh Besar and into Kotamadya Banda Aceh before entering the Straits of Malacca. In response to flooding in the Aceh Plain, and particularly in the city of Banda Aceh in 1978, the government of Japan provided in the early 1980’s engineering services and construction for river embankment construction (widening, stone siding, riprap on channel bottoms) between Bakoi (near Siron #2) and Sibreh (Kec. Sukamakmur); and in the 1990’s for construction of flood control channels from Bakoi to the sea. Thus excess water can be directed to the sea through the Banjir Kanal Kreung Aceh. The drainage channels have been managed by the Aceh River Flood Control Office under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Development. So it is Central Government that provides the maintenance budget which has been able to cover only daily maintenance operations such as gate maintenance and cleaning of the embankments; there was no dredging of the drainage channels and the accumulated soil lowered the flowing capacity. Visual inspection of the Kr. Aceh on 27 December 2005 immediately following a heavy rain found no indication of river flooding. In several locations the embankment was stepped to create large, flat areas of empty land above the river water level but below the surrounding roads. This empty land provides storage for high volume river flows, thus preventing flooding of the surrounding, developed land.

12.1.2. TIDAL FLOODING The area near the coast is flat with many low-lying flood prone areas that become inundated during the wet season. The earthquake and tsunami damaged the sea defense and flood protection along the west and north coasts. Primary and secondary drainage channels were filled with debris. Extensive areas of land were washed away and land subsidence at various locations along the Aceh coast is estimated to be 0.4 to 0.6 meters.



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It has been observed that ocean tides are penetrating further inland, the result of a combination of land subsidence, erosion of sand, and destruction of coastal protections. The Province Building Code (discussed in Chapter 7. 7.1.), Section 1.1.3f specifies for dwellings (i.e. houses)

• Minimum distance from the edge of a beach is 1,000 meters • Border of the most outer part of the foundation is 100 meters minimum from

the highest tide line (which is considered to be 1.4 meters above mean sea level).

In northern Aceh Province, the NGO Catholic Relief Society (CRS) tries where possible to build the minimum floor elevation 1.25 meters above highest high tide, i.e. 2.65 meters above mean sea level. Elsewhere in Aceh Province, e.g. Meulaboh in Kabupaten Aceh Barat, CRS builds 0.3 meter above highest tide. Relevant to water supply, the intake at Siron #2 is located about 6 kilometers from the sea and water quality is affected by salt water intrusion, particularly during the dry season when there is less water flowing in the river. A rubber dam is located in the river about 200 meters downstream of the intake. With timely notification, the operator can raise the dam to limit this salt water intrusion.

12.1.3. REBUILDING HOUSES ON FLOOD PRONE LAND There is no obligation or requirement to relocate people. The decision to return to the previous location of their house or to move to a new location is decided by the people concerned. So if the people insist to rebuild on their previous house which is within one thousand (1000) meters of the beach or within one hundred (100) meters of the full moon high tide, then the government will not prevent it. When an individual insists on rebuilding “on my land” where it was previously and the location does not meet Province Building Standards, then the NGO committed to providing housing can take one of four actions:

1) Refuse to participate 2) Build it and get a letter of release from the homeowner and from the village

leader 3) Organize relocation within the village or outside the village (e.g. owner gives

original land to the government to make into open space and in exchange receives land in a more secure location)

4) Engineer flood control measures (a) construct a protective embankment (dike)[expensive, needs geo-

technical study; failure catastrophic] (b) elevate the house

(i) stilts for wooden houses [least expensive] (ii) concrete blocks (piers) for concrete & masonry houses

[expensive because for earthquake protection a massive concrete footer is needed to provide stability during earth movement]

(iii) raise level of the land then proceed with construction (e.g. import soil and rock, then construct slab-on-grade)

Government should not be obligated to provide complicated or expensive protections for people deliberately building in flood-prone areas. Actions Government can take include:



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• prepare and publish maps showing land elevations, distances from the ocean, and recommended “no build” areas

• facilitate land exchanges • demonstrate mitigation measures such as elevating the house • improve coastal protections (discussed below).

12.2. COASTAL PROTECTION Coastal protection barriers can be both natural (e.g. mangrove trees) and man-made (seawalls). Natural barriers are less expensive but take longer to develop. Where rivers flow into the ocean there is a mix of salt and fresh waters and of sand, silt, and soil. This environment can support vegetation that can stabilize the soil, provide some protection from tidal erosion, and reduce damage from violent storms. This tropical inter-tidal forest and vegetation is called “mangrove” and can refer to a species, plant, forest, or community of flora and fauna. In Aceh these communities were a mixture of mangroves and Nipa palms. About 70 species of trees and shrubs are considered principal or true mangrove forms. Some species have economic value and can be harvested for sawn timber, poles, fuel wood and charcoal (arang), tannins and dyes, or as raw materials for manufacture of newspaper and cardboard. Not all locations are suitable for mangrove. Although mangrove trees are adapted to grow in salt water, they require regular flushing with freshwater and will die if immersed in saltwater all the time. So before proceeding with raising seedlings and trans-planting, there should first be a study to identify types of natural barriers and suitable locations. Aqua-culture farming in NAD is done in brackish water (locally known as a Tambak) producing mainly milkfish (Ikan Bandeng) and shrimp (Udang). The earthquake and tsunami damaged aqua-culture along the coast including Kecamatan Baitussalam. Thus efforts to control tidal flooding must allow entry of some salt water to maintain these farms. At the same time, these farms cannot create barriers restricting flow of freshwater into the sea. The mangrove vegetation can serve as a buffer for the tambak.

Finding Number 2: Developing Mangrove Barriers Requires Study. A mangrove community of trees, vegetation, and animals provides some protection from erosion and storms. There are a variety of mangrove species and not all locations are suitable so study is needed to select appropriate species and to identify suitable locations.



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12.3. FUTURE DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROGRAMS

Propinsi PU is planning for year 2006 the Detailed Engineering Design for a project called “South Channel for Krueng Aceh” from Lamboro west to Krueng Raba in Darul Imarah, a distance of six kilometers. The purpose is to carry excess water in the Kr. Aceh The Kabupaten is responsible for drainage for roads and houses, referred to as micro-drainage. For this type of drainage the Camat [administrator of sub-district] is responsible, however this level of government does not have paid staff or funds to do this. It might be better if the Mukim takes responsibility to clean drains and do routine maintenance and repairs because the Mukim has closer contact with the people most likely to be affected. Regarding roads, it is the practice elsewhere in Indonesia to budget 10% of the cost of the road for drainage. However in Aceh Province it appears that 100% of the budget is used for road construction and no money is available for drainage. In Aceh Besar in year 2003 there were 713 kilometers of road classified as “Kabupaten” so considering roads damaged by earthquake and tsunami and roads rebuilt we can assume there are on the order of 700 to 750 kilometers of road to inspect for drainage. Where new land is cleared for housing, it will need drainage. This should be the responsibility of the organization or individual building the house but that is not always happening and new houses are constructed without drainage. In some places there are properly sized and adequately constructed drainage channels but still the surrounding area has ponded water because, due to erosion, the land is at a lower elevation than the channel. Another reason for ponded water is that in commercial areas the open drains in the street are often paved over to provide parking and sidewalks. This keeps trash out but may not be sufficient to allow water to enter. Typically PU uses the “observational principle” for drainage, i.e., when funding is available PU decides on the basis of observation which areas have the greatest need and which particular drainage intervention is best. Thus during the current wet season government staff at all levels and from all work units should observe areas that flood and report this to PU Kabupaten These reports can be evaluated and prioritized to develop an infrastructure investment plan for drainage. This is particularly relevant at this time because land subsidence and new construction may have changed drainage patterns. It is useful to apply the observational principal to areas along the coast that are most vulnerable to flooding, i.e. Kec. Baitussalam and settlements on the Kabupaten’s west coast. For example Blok B of Desa Cot Paya , Kec. Baitussalam, a housing complex, dedicated 16 September 2005 during the dry season. It is located on a broad, flat plain located on the ocean side of the road leading toward Kec. Majid Raya. The houses are at an elevation below the road surface and appear to be over 1000 meters from the beach. Nevertheless these houses may be risk from storm caused tidal flooding made worse by the road serving as a barrier to cause the water to pond. Depending on location and extent of the problem, solutions to drainage problems may have to be regional because actions to control drainage can affect upstream and downstream locations.



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In this situation, PU Propinsi should be the lead agency to coordinate infrastructure among Districts. This is relevant to efforts to resolve flooding in Kota Banda Aceh that may involve works in the Kabupaten. The tasks, equipment, and procedures for cleaning drains are well known but not always practiced. Public Education and Public Awareness are always needed. As open, below ground structures, drainage channels collect debris. Human activities unintentionally create drainage problems. For example:

• merchants cover drainage channels with asphalt to provide parking, thus restricting rainfall from entering the drain

• home owners do same so they can more easily drive in and out of their garage • in areas close to the sea, aquaculture farms erect barriers to keep out fresh

water which can cause water to back up and flood upstream areas • inattention to cleaning results in vegetation and accumulated debris that

restricts flows. Priority for improving drainage should be at the Pasars (markets) because these represent major economic centers in the Kabupaten. Improving drainage can positively impact public health by reducing mosquito breeding places. No one single structure will correct water ponding at these markets. It will require a combination of earthwork to create sloped land, installation of drainage channels to convey water away, and catch basins or gravel drains at water points to keep water off the ground. Drainage channels around buildings and houses are the discharge point for non-toilet wastewater (referred to as grey water or sullage) from kitchen, bath, and cleaning activities. It is common for these channels to have stagnant water that can be a breeding place for mosquitoes, thus creating a public health hazard. When this water eventually reaches a river or the sea, it becomes an environmental pollution point source. Please refer to the Chapter on Sanitation for a discussion of this issue.

Finding Number 3: Study Drainage during the Current Wet Season. Prior to the tsunami there were no river flooding problems in the Kabupaten. This may still be the true but land subsidence and drainage systems damaged by the tsunami have changed conditions. During the current wet season government should make an effort to observe areas that flood, particularly along the areas close to the ocean.



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Outline Plan for Drainage

Current Year (2006/2007) • Improve drainage at Pasars in each Kecamatan • Observe conditions during and following rainfall to identify areas that flood. Focus

efforts on newly constructed housing in low lying areas • Continue regular cleaning and maintenance • Study coastal protection requirements and methods • Proceed with spatial planning to identify future built-up areas

Year 2007/2008

• Complete unfinished year 2006/2007 projects • Continue observation, cleaning, and maintenance activities • Implement corrective drainage for newly constructed housing vulnerable to flooding • Implement coastal protection • Plan and construct drainage in accordance with spatial plan • Budget money for constructing drainage for roads

Year 2008—2010

• Same as year 2007/2008



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13. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

The Government of Indonesia requires all development projects be studied to determine potential environmental impacts and to establish suitable mitigating measures. The scope of analysis depends on size and location of the project as shown in the table below. In Indonesia the required documents before a project begins are:

• AMDAL = Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan---Environmental Impact Assessment

• UKL = Upaya Pengelolaan [Kelola] Lingkungan Hidup—Environmental Management Plan

• UPL = Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup---Environmental Monitoring Plan Donors such as World Bank and USAID have their own requirements and regulations for environmental analysis, public hearings, and documentation. Best practice is to do the environmental assessment on parallel track to complete both Indonesian and Donor requirements at the same time. Table 30: Government of Indonesia Threshold Criteria for Projects Requiring Environmental Review (AMDAL or UKL/UPL)

Sector and Activity SCALE AMDAL UKL / UPL WATER SUPPLY

Water Intake from Surface Sources (River, Lake) or Springs Debit > 250 L/sec 50 – 250 L/sec

Ground Water Intake Debit > 50 L/sec 5 -50 L/sec Piped Transmission Line Length > 10 km 2 – 10 km Water Treatment Plant Production ‘--- > 50 L/sec Distribution Network Area served > 500 Ha 100 – 500 Ha

WASTEWATER Septage Disposal Plant (IPLT) Plant area > 2 Ha < 2 Ha

SOLID WASTE

Development of transfer station Throughput (tons / day) > 1000 tpd < 1000 tpd

Final disposal with open dumping system all ‘---

Final disposal in tides area Area or capacity

> 5 Ha or > 5000 tons

< 5 Ha or < 5000 T

Controlled landfill system/sanitary landfill (non-hazardous waste)

Area or capacity

> 10 Ha or > 10,000 tons

< 10 Ha or < 10,000 tons

DRAINAGE Drainage in small-sized city Length > 5 km



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References: Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001, dated 22 May 2001 and No. 86/2002, dated 28 October 2002; and Decree of the Minister of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure No. 17/KPTS/2003, dated 3 February 2003. Ha = Hectares; km = kilometers; L/sec = Liters per second; tpd = tons per day

Finding Number 4: Environmental Impact Analysis. Scope of Environmental Impact Analysis depends on size of project and source of funding as individual donors have requirements different from Government of Indonesia. For almost all proposed infrastructure projects GOI UKL / UPL is sufficient. Some water transmission lines are likely to require AMDAL.



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14. INSTITUTIONS TO IMPLEMENT AND MANAGE INFRASTRUCTURE

This section describes current status of Kabupaten institutions and recommends an approach for each infrastructure sector.

14.1. WATER SUPPLY PDAM Tirta Mountala manages water supply in different parts of the Kabupaten (refer to Chapter 0) serving the peri-urban areas of Kota Banda Aceh, the Kabupaten IbuKota (Jantho), and the western coast along the Banda Aceh-Muelaboh Road. In other parts of the Kabupaten water supply is managed by the community. The health departments at Kabupaten and Kecamatan are supposed to monitor water quality but lack staff and equipment. The Province Health Department has trained staff and adequate laboratory equipment and reagents to monitor chemical and biological water quality.

14.1.1. PDAM ORGANIZATION AND STAFF The PDAM has 45 staff organized into four work units. Figure 19 shows the organization and name of individual currently filling the position. GOI Regulation No. 16 Year 2005 for Development of Supply of Drinking Water specifies that number of staff for a PDAM is determined by the number of service connections and the Regulation provides a table with data. This approach to setting staff levels may be appropriate for an urban water system but it does not take into consideration time and distance between facilities in a rural District. The PDAM will need more branch offices to handle the increased work load resulting from new and replacement housing under construction. The USAID Environmental Services Project (ESP) is providing institutional strengthening support. Recent efforts include providing laboratory equipment and training; analyzing revenues and costs and preparing a tariff adjustment proposal; on-the-job mentoring for technical and financial staff. Future activities may include conducting surveys to determine level of satisfaction for Customer Services; public relations campaign. Especially useful will be ESP’s assistance to PDAM preparing a Medium-Term (5-year) Strategic and Corporate Plan [Rencana Strategis dan Pengembangan].



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Figure 19: PDAM Tirta Mountala Organization Chart

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 0F PDAM MOUNTALA ACEH BESAR

BUPATI / HEAD OF LOC.GOV(Drs H.Zaini Aziz, MM)

Div. Of General Affair & Finance(Dra Rosmala)

Kabag Teknik(Mukhlindayan,ST)

Supervisory Board(Drs M Sufi Ismail)

Head of Lambaro (Siron)(Salman ST)

Head of Branch Darul Imarah(Ir. T Sachrul)

BUPATI / HEAD OF LOC.GOV(Drs H.Zaini Aziz, MM)


Kabag Teknik(Mukhlindayan,ST)

Supervisory Board(Drs M Sufi Ismail)

Head of Lambaro (Siron)(Salman ST)

Head of Branch Darul Imarah(Ir. T Sachrul)

Sub Div. Of General Affair/Customer(Mursyida SH)

Head of Sub Div General Affair And Finance

(NA)

Head of Sub Div General Affair And Finance

Branch Darul Imarah(Dahlia S Kom)

Head of Sub Div Prod & Distrib(NA)


Head of Sub Div Technic(Sunawar)

Head of Sub Div Technic(NA)

Head of Sub Div Facilities(NA)

DIRECTOR(T.Novizal Aiyub,SE,Ak)

Analysis of the PDAM Staff shows it to be relatively young but experienced.



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Table 31: Profile of PDAM Staff---Age, Education, Training, Experience

Age Group Male Female Total< 18 -- -- --

18 - 45 32 8 4046 - 60 5 -- 5

> 60 -- -- --Education

High School (max) 32 3 35

Technical -- -- --Non-Technical 1 -- 1

Technical 3 -- 3Non-Technical 1 5 6

Technical 18 -- 18Management 4 8 12

<1 1 to 5 5 to 10 > 103 4 30 8

Years of Experience in Water Supply

Diploma III

University Graduate (S1)

Water Supply Training

14.1.2. COMMUNITY MANAGED WATER SYSTEMS PDAM is not responsible for water supply in rural area; it is the Camat and the local government. In Kabupaten Aceh Besar there are three HIPAM (Himpunan Pengelola Air Minum) systems

1. Ledung Springs in Kec. Mesjid Raya 2. Saree Springs and Desa Teledan Spring in Kec. Lembah Seulawah 3. Ujong Batee [in Desa Neheun, Kec. Baitussalam]

These Community Water Systems were built by Central Government Department of Public Works and transferred to PDAM. The conflict with GAM restricted access and PDAM could not get to the system to maintain or collect fees for water provided. So these facilities were self-transferred to the local community. Even though the conflict has been resolved, PDAM might not resume involvement with these systems because of people’s unwillingness to pay

Finding Number 5: PDAM Needs to Increase Staff. The PDAM needs to increase staff in areas of engineering and laboratory. This requires an increase in PDAM budget and a recruitment effort to locate qualified personnel.



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In Kecamatan Lhoong, the National NGO Dian Desa is establishing water systems and Organisi Pengguna Air Minum (Drinking Water User Organization). Dian Desa is training cadre in each village to do minor operations and maintenance and is developing a system for payment. It is too early to say how successful this will be. See appendix of this report for descriptions of each system.

14.2. SANITATION There is no institution in the Kabupaten responsible for treatment or disposal of human wastes. One method of control would be for the Kabupaten agency that issues building permits (Izin Mendirikan Bangunan, IMB) to include a requirement for waste disposal and specify each homeowner is responsible. Additionally the IMB should specify access to the septic tank so it can be pumped. As a general policy, when waste disposal is centralized wastewater collection and treatment (i.e. “pipe”) responsibility should be assigned to PDAM because:

• PDAM has experience installing and maintaining pipes and operating treatment facilities

• PDAM has customer data and already invoices for water so adding an additional fee for wastewater disposal is simple and straight forward.

An example is PDAM Kota Bandung which has a Divisi Air Kotor (Wastewater Division) to operate IPAL Bonjongsoang. However when human wastes are transported by truck (i.e. “wheels”) to a disposal site, then the Kabupaten Dinas Kebersihan should be responsible for the pumper trucks and disposal site (IPLT) because they have similar experience with solid waste.

14.3. SOLID WASTE Unlike Kabupatens elsewhere in Indonesia, Aceh Besar has no Dinas Kebersihan to organize and manage these facilities. There is a proposal for formation currently under review by the Kabupaten DPRD since October last year. While waiting for the Local Assembly to respond, the Bupati issued a decree establishing “Kantor Kebersihan, Pertamanan dan Pemadam

Finding Number 6: Community Managed Water Systems. Community managed infrastructure seems the best approach for public works services in rural villages or remote areas. (1) Before organizing HIPAMs and providing training, the first step may have to be to create a community of water users. (2) It is not reasonable to expect people to donate their labor when it takes them away from earning money. Some NGO’s have replaced Cash-For-Work programs with cooked meals for all workers and families.



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Kebakaran” for area cleaning, parks and gardens, and fire fighting. Pak Novizal Aiyub, the PDAM Direktur Utama, is appointed as temporary head of the Kantor Kebersihan. For institutional arrangements it is recommended to establish a Solid Waste Management Unit at Kecamatan level. The Camat is likely to have more control than the Kabupaten over facilities in their sub-district because: Kabupaten agency for SW is not yet established; and Travel distances from Kabupaten IbuKota in Jantho to proposed TPS and TPA locations are very long probably resulting in infrequent site visits by Kabupaten staff. The Mukim, an adat organization unique to Propinsi NAD can be an active participant promoting proper placement of solid waste, but is more oriented toward community matters than infrastructure management. The Solid Waste Management Unit would be placed under supervision of the Camat Services and Social Affairs unit (Seksi Pelayanan dan Masalah Sosial, “YANSOS”). This can be done by the Kabupaten (Bupati, DPRD). Placing the SW Unit as a sub-section rather than a section avoids having to convince Central Government to change national laws and regulations relating to Kecamatan government structure. The Sub-unit for Solid Waste Infrastructure Management [Sub-SWIM] would consist of one individual whose duties include:

• Inspect TPS and TPA facilities, operations, and maintenance according to standard checklists

• Monitor condition and usage of equipment used for collection and disposal according to standard checklists

• Coordinate with other Camat agencies to assess level of service and public’s willingness-to-pay

• Contact Kabupaten and Province Technical Advisors to explain problems and get their advice and assistance to resolve

14.4. DRAINAGE Public Works (PU) is the organization responsible for macro-drainage, flood protection, and shoreline protection. PU also designs and constructs micro-drainage however it would be better to make the builder of the road, or house or market or building responsible for design and construction, and for making the interconnection with existing drainage structures. Similar to Sanitation, this could be enforced through the IMB (building permit). This is important because some NGO’s now building houses are not doing anything about drainage, leaving it to

Finding Number 7: Manage Solid Waste at Kecamatan. Kab. Aceh Besar does not now have a Dinas Kebersihan and the infrastructure recommended for solid waste----TPS in each Kecamatan and multiple TPAs---can be managed by the Kecamatan. Thus it is recommended to develop a Sub-unit for Solid Waste Management under supervision of the Camat.



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the new homeowner to complete. Dinas (Local Government Office) is responsible for maintenance of drains however there are too many drains and not enough staff or money. A better approach for micro-drainage is to involve the community in the planning and development in order to create a sense of ownership and responsibility. . In some places people maintain their neighborhood by kerja bakti (dedicated work by unpaid volunteers). In Aceh this could be organized by the Keuchik, who is already involved in community matters.

14.5. PILOT FOR APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

There are at least three ocean-beach recreation areas in Kabupaten Aceh Besar: Kec. Majid Raya (Ujong Batee); Kec. Lhoknga; and a location near the cement factory in Kec. Leupung. To support the large number of people coming to these recreation areas each of these sites needs water supply, toilets, and solid waste collection. This could be organized by the Kecamatan or perhaps Mukim where the site is located. This is a good opportunity to begin capacity building of the Kecamatan to handle responsibilities for infrastructure services.



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15. PRIORITIES, STRATEGY, AND LEVEL OF SERVICE

Details about current conditions and future plans for water supply, sanitation, solid waste, and drainage have been discussed in previous sections of the report. This section describes the methodology used to prioritize kecamatans for infrastructure development; the results; and the strategy to implement each infrastructure sector.

15.1. KECAMATAN PRIORITIES With 22 kecamatans and with limited resources it is necessary to assign priorities for infrastructure development. The method used to establish priorities for Kecamatan development consisted of these steps:

1) Develop criteria and assign a point value 2) Collect data about Kecamatans 3) Assign points according to the criteria 4) Sum points to establish a ranking.

BRR states its top three priorities as “Number 1 Housing; Number 2 Housing; and Number 3 Housing”. Based on further discussions with BRR and others, the following criteria and priorities are proposed for kecamatan development in Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Table 32: Criteria for Kecamatan Development

Services to New Housing Services to Temporary Living Centers (TLC) Economic Development Expand PDAM Water Supply Sanitation and Solid Waste Infrastructure

Criteria

• NGO’s are constructing new housing in the eight Kecamatan damaged by the earthquake and tsunami. To make a house livable there must be water supply and a system to remove wastewater.

• TLCs consist of wood barracks. Water is provided by tanker truck or dug wells. TLCs are likely to be in use for the next several years so water supply should become piped.

• The Kabupaten has established four regions for economic development (see Table 6: Concept Structure for Regional Development)

• It will be more financially sustainable for PDAM to provide water by gravity rather than by pumped systems.

• Sanitation and solid waste services involve collecting and transporting waste materials by truck which is more economical where populations are large.



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Table 33: Data for Establishing Priorities for Kecamatan Development

BPS No. KecamatanEQ &

Tsunami Damage

New Housing

2005 IDP

No. of TLC

Development Region

Pop.Yr. 2005

Pop.Yr. 2010

PDAM2005

1108010 Lhoong X 2,627 1 IV 8,027 11,600

1108020 Lhoknga X 2,408 7 IV 13,238 17,000 X

1108021 Leupung X 1,268 IV 2,439 4,100 X

1108030 Indrapuri III 17,160 18,500

1108031 Kuta Cot Glie 11,081 11,900

1108040 Seulimeum 212 II and III 19,279 20,500 X

1108041 Kota Jantho 500 4,896 >1 I 10,401 6,100 X

1108042 Lembah Seulawah 901 >1 9,227 9,000

1108050 Mesjid Raya X 2,642 7 II 11,884 15,800

1108060 Darussalam X 578 1 I 16,848 18,800 X

1108061 Baitussalam X 5,744 9 I and II 10,736 18,100

1108070 Kuta Baro 5 20,715 22,300 X

1108080 Montasik III 20,601 22,200 X

1108090 Ingin Jaya 6,399 4 III 29,362 25,000 X

1108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 399 1 I 12,483 13,000 X

1108100 Sukamakmur 3 III 12,504 13,500 X

1108101 Kuta Malaka 2 4,912 5,300

1108102 Simpang Tiga 5,160 5,600

1108110 Darul Imarah 18,697 8 I 59,300 44,500 X

1108111 Darul Kamal 286 6,861 7,100

1108120 Peukan Bada X 3,088 12,674 >1 I and IV 24,368 29,800 X

1108130 Pulo Aceh X 1,669 2,401 4,500

22 8 20,524 44,464 >50 328,988 344,200 12 Data Sources:

• New Housing from BRR (December 2005) • Number of IDP and Year 2005 Population from Camats • Number of TLC from UNICEF Survey (January 2006) • Economic Development Regions from Kabupaten (2003) • PDAM service area from PDAM Tirta Mountala (2005)

Abbreviations: BPS = Badan Pusat Statistik IDP = Internally Displaced Person; TLC = Temporary Living Center Any numbers can be used to assign points to the criteria and the table below shows the numbers used in this ranking scheme.



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Table 34: Points Used to Determine Priorities

>5,000 10 TLC >7 10 I 10 Gravity 10 Pop.> 24,000 10

3,000 to 5,000 8 7 > TLC > 6 8 II 6 Pumped 6 17,0001 to 24k 8

2,000 to 2,999 6 5 > TLC > 3 6 III 8 New 4 10k to 17k 6

<2,000 4 TLC < 2 4 IV 2 Pop. < 10,000 2

Criteria, Sub-Divisions, and Assigned Points [maximum of 10 points for each criterion]Services to New Housing Services to TLC Economic Development Expand PDAM Supply San. & SW Infrastructure

Points were assigned and summed and results shown in Table 35 which lists Kecamatans in priority of development. Where more than one Kecamatan has the same score they are listed in Development Region order.



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Table 35: Kecamatans Prioritized for Development

BPS No. Kecamatan New Housing

No. of TLC

Development Region

PDAM2005

Pop.Yr. 2010 Points

1108061 Baitussalam 10 10 10 6 8 44

1108120 Peukan Bada 8 8 10 6 10 42

1108110 Darul Imarah 10 10 6 10 36

1108060 Darussalam 4 4 10 6 8 32

1108041 Kota Jantho 4 6 10 10 2 32

1108020 Lhoknga 6 8 2 10 6 32

1108090 Ingin Jaya 6 8 6 10 30

1108100 Sukamakmur 6 8 10 6 30

1108050 Mesjid Raya 6 8 6 10 30

1108091 Kr. Barona Jaya 4 10 6 6 26

1108030 Indrapuri 8 10 8 26

1108080 Montasik 8 10 8 26

1108040 Seulimeum 4 8 6 8 26

1108070 Kuta Baro 6 6 8 20

1108010 Lhoong 6 4 2 6 18

1108031 Kuta Cot Glie 10 6 16

1108021 Leupung 4 2 6 2 14

1108111 Darul Kamal 4 2 6

1108101 Kuta Malaka 4 2 6

1108042 Lembah Seulawah 4 2 6

1108130 Pulo Aceh 4 2 6

1108102 Simpang Tiga 2 2

15.2. STRATEGY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IMPLEMENTATION

Considering the size and needs of the Kabupaten, an effective strategy to provide infrastructure services is to use the resources of government (i.e. Kabupaten, Province) and NGO’s and Donors in a manner that does not conflict or duplicate. For water supply, the PDAM Tirta Mountala, with the assistance of donors and NGO’s, can expand to serve 15 of the 22 Kecamatans. NGO’s have programs throughout the Kabupaten but in particular are very active in three Kecamatans difficult for the PDAM to serve from its existing six water supply systems---Kec. Lhoong, Kec. Mesjid Raya, and Kec. Pulo Aceh. So a



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reasonable strategy for water supply is for the PDAM to develop systems to serve 15 Kecamatans and NGOs 3 Kecamatans. The remaining four Kecamatan would have Individual or Village systems. By 2010, possibly sooner, PDAM could assume responsibility for water supply in kecamatans developed by NGO’s or the systems could remain as HIPAMs. For solid waste the proposed strategy is for the Kabupaten to develop regional disposal sites that serve more than one kecamatan and to develop treatment facilities for septage on the same site. The Kabupaten must determine which of the two options discussed in Chapter 11.11.2. to develop. For drainage there are no major problems with flooding but there are problems with operations and maintenance---drainage channels are used as open sewers; are usually littered with trash, and have stagnant water where mosquitoes grow. The proposed strategy is to continue Public Works responsible for macro drainage; appoint the Kecamatan to enforce requirements of micro-drainage for housing and to develop and maintain Pasar drainage; and to engage the community in the planning, design, and management of local drains.

Finding Number 8: Make Community Responsible for Drainage O&M. “Strategically the highest likelihood for success rests on the devolution of design, implementation, ownership, and management responsibilities to local communities.”



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15.3. LEVEL OF SERVICE BY YEAR 2011 Estimated Level of Service by Year 2011 is shown in the table below. To provide a comparison the table also shows the infrastructure service conditions before the earthquake and tsunami and approximately one year after. Table 36: Proposed Program and Estimated Level of Service by Year 2011

SECTOR Before 26 Dec. 2004 Year 2005Proposed2006-2010

Estimated Level of Service by 2011

Water Supply

PDAM delivered from six different water supply systems to about 5000 service connections of which 4500 were house

PDAM uses five different water supply systems to serve piped water to about 5,200 active customers (90% household) in 10 Kecamatans and to fill tanker trucks serving IDPs (estimated to be .45,000)

PDAM: Rehabilitate Mata-ie supply system; rehabilitate Jantho system and extend to Seulimeum and Indrapuri; extend Siron#2 network to Kec. Injin Jaya; Baitussalam, and Darussalam; rehabilitate intake for Montasik system and interconnect to Siron #2 service areaNGO: Develop water supply systems for Kec. Lhoong, Kec. Mesjid Raya; Kec. Pulo Aceh

50% of the population in 18 Kecamatans (82% of total) served by piped water supply

On-site, mainly septic tank or latrine

On-site, mainly septic tank or latrine

Continue on-site collection 60% of houses have septic tanks

No organized septic tank pumping; no disposal site

No organized septic tank pumping; no disposal site

Construct four IPLTs to serve 15 Kecamatans

same as Solid Waste

Solid Waste

Each community managed its owndump, burn, or bury

Each community managed its owndump, burn, or bury

Establish TPS in each Kecamatan (located at Pasar); construct TPAs to serve clusters of Kecamatans

TPA coverage for 100% of the Kabupaten

Drainage

No major flooding; routine construction of new drain channels

No major flooding; condition of drains has deteriorated; ponded water in low-lying areas along west and east coasts

Improve drainage at Pasars in each Kecamatan; “South Channel for Krueng Aceh” from Lamboro west to Krueng Raba in Darul Imarah; clean and repair drains

100% of Kecamatans

Sanitation



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16. PROPOSED COMMITMENTS There are three main sources of financing for the reconstruction program: Government of Indonesia resources, donor contributions, and voluntary contributions through NGOs. BRR policy is that the agency providing shelter should also provide water supply and sanitation. For the most part NGO’s are doing this and also for other buildings they construct such as schools and health clinics. To this they should add a requirement to be responsible for drainage. As shown in the following table, more donors are involved in water supply than the other sectors. Table 37: Commitments for Infrastructure Proposed or On-going Infrastructure Donor

Water Supply

• UNICEF is paying operating costs at Siron #2 WTP. • UNICEF and IRD are funding rehabilitation of Mata-ie WTP and extension of

water supply network from Siron #2 to serve TLC in Kec. Ingin Jaya; Baitussalam, and Darussalam.

• IRD is preparing Project Concept Note to study Kr. Geupu as water source for Kec. Leupung and southern part of Kec. Lhoknga.

• SAB-SAS is constructing water distribution network in Kec. Lhoknga and rehabilitating intakes for Mata-ie System.

• Japanese International Cooperation Services (JICS) is installing 19 km of water distribution network (25-150 mm) and 20 public taps (@3,000L) in Kec. Peukan Bada and Kec. Darul Imarah.

• Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk (THW, Germany) is constructing new intake and first part of transmission pipeline (HDPE 200 mm, 3 km) for Jantho Water System; will prepare plans to complete the transmission pipeline to Kota Jantho.

• PLAN (NGO) is developing water system from Ladung Springs for the Krueng Raya area of Kec. Mesjid Raya

• NGOs are providing water supply systems in villages on the Kabupaten west coast and east coast,

Sanitation • NGOs provide sanitation for housing they construct • None identified for septage disposal facilities

Solid Waste UNDP is providing technical assistance and equipment Drainage None identified



92

17. SUMMARY OF INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

The following tables summarize projects and estimated costs that do NOT include • Land Acquisition • Detailed Engineering Design, Environmental Impact Assessments, Construction

Management (typically 12.5% of construction cost) • Commercial Contingencies (inflation, currency exchange) • Physical Contingencies (changes to quantities or unit costs) • Value Added Tax (Pajak Pertambahan Nilai, 10%)



93

COST COST

(Rp x 1 mill) (Rp x 1 mill)Repair 3 km of diameter 250 mm pipeline from Keude Bieng to Desa Lampaya and extend 50 m from Lampaya to new housing area [extension in progress by SAB-SAS]

by SUB-SAS

Repair CI pipe to Desa Ajun; replace 1000 m 820

Complete Rehabilitation of Intake and Treatment Works [in progress; funded by UNICEF] AND Confirm Treatment Capacity.If < 60 L/s, design expansion of water treatment works

by UNICEF If design is completed, construct Works to achieve minimum 60 L/s 2,700

Repair transmission pipeline to Desa Ajun 710 Make inter-connection between pipelines in tsunami affected areas 20

5,280

Install 10 L/s, H = 45m pump 50

DED for Seulimum Distribution System Distribution System in Kec. Seulimum 2,000

Construct Transmission pipeline from Intake to Kota Jantho (3 km by THW; 4 km unfunded) 9,260

120 1,640

2,350DED of Transmission Pipeline to Intersection of Jantho & BA-Sigli Highway [verify condition of pipeline to Seulimum] 260

Construct Transmission Pipeline and Connect to Seulimum Pipeline

5,270 Complete Transmission Pipeline Construction and Inter-connection 4,468

Study and PED for service to Indrapuri---alternative water sources (Montasik or Jantho or other), hydraulics, willingness-to-pay). If results favorable, proceed with DED.

550 Construct Transmission Pipeline and Distribution System for Indrapuri - Montasik 11,087

PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA--PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF STUDIES, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION

Expand, repair, and replace Distribution SystemInvestigate capacity of Spring to determine feasibility of expanding the water supply

Distribution System in Kec. Jantho---expand, repair, replace

JANTHO

-Constructed distribution pipeline in Mata Ie Systems

MATA-IE

Construct Water Treatment Plant (stages 2 and 3 depending on progress expanding transmission and distribution networks)

DED and Construction of Treatment Plant (20 L/s) and Reservoir

Water Supply System

SEULIMEUM

GLEITERON

Distribution System in Kec. Peukan Bada and Kec. Lhoknga

2006 - 2007 2008 - 2010



94

COST COST (Rp x 1 mill) (Rp x 1 mill)

DED and Construction for Intake Rehabilitation 466

DED and Construction for Laboratory Facilities 100

Design and Construct transmission lines to barracks in Kec. Ingin Jaya, Kec. Baitussalam, and Kec. Darussalam [by IRD]

by IRD

3,779

2,040

679

1,033

207

310Rehabilitate Intake on Kr. Luthu[work by PDAM] 43 Expand Intake 53

Hydraulic Study, DED, and Construction for Transmission Pipeline Upgrades 289 Complete Transmission Pipeline Construction 5,777

DED to connect Montasik and Siron Systems 227 Construct Inter-connection 4,545

1,292 1,230

361

207

KRUENG GUEPE[aka Kr. Sarah}

Study and PED (volume, hydraulics, willingness-to-pay). If successful, proceed with DED and construction. [IRD has expressed an interest in doing this.]

327 Expand, repair, replace distribution system 3,271

BULK METERSDesign, Procure, and Install Bulk Water Meters for Water Supply Systems Mata-ie; Jantho; Siron; and Montasik.

652 Include Bulk Meters for any new transmission pipelines. 420

WATER RESOURCES MONITORING

Plan a monitoring program for water source and watershed to monitor quanities and assure sanitary condtions

300 Procure equipment and commence monitoring program 200

STUDIES Willingness-to-PayHydraulic Analysis of Water Sources

20,748 51,653TOTAL 72,401

PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA--PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF STUDIES, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION

DED and Construction of Treatment Plant (Stage 1) and Reservoir {15 l/s}

Water Supply System 2006 - 2007 2008 - 2010

SIRON- Constructed distribution pipeline in Kec. Kotabaro- Constructed distribution pipeline in Rumpit Housing

Distribution System in Siron Service Area---expand, repair, replace

MONTASIK

- Constructed distribution pipeline in Desa Aje / Reuleuh

- Constructed distribution pipeline in Pasar Sibreh Area (Kec. Montasik)- Constructed distribution pipeline in Desa Suka Makmur (Kec. Montasik)

Distribution System for Montasik Service Area---expand, repair, replace

- Constructed distribution pipeline in Desa Lampeuneureut- Constructed distribution pipeline in Desa Limpo (Kec. Darusalam)- Constructed distribution pipeline in arroud WTP

Construct Treatment Plant [stage 2] {15 l/s}



95

COST COST

Million Rp Million Rp

STUDIES Location for IPLTPilot Studies for Alternative Wastewater Treatments

CAMPAIGN Public Education

PROCUREMENT Septic Tank Truck & Pump (2) 550 Septic Tank Truck & Pump (3) 825

(Rp 275 million/unit)

DESIGN & CONSTRUCT MCK at Pasars (8) 80 MCK at Pasars (16) 160

(Rp 10 million/unit)

Toilet at Recreation Areas (3) 30

IPLT (Darul Imarah, Lhoknga, Peukan Bada) (20 m3/day) 2100 IPLT

Jantho, etc (12 m3/day) 1600

Baitussalam, etc. (12 m3/day) 1600

Montasik, etc. (12 m3/day) 1600

2760 5785

2006 - 2007 2008 - 2010

KAB. ACEH BESAR--PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF STUDIES, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION--SANITATION



96

COST COST Million Rp Million Rp

STUDIESTechnical Studies to Develop Locations for TPS & TPA for Cluster 1, Cluster 3, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho 380

Technical Studies to Develop Locations for TPS & TPA in cluster 2 & 4 400

Community Discussions to Agree TPS and TPA Locations in Cluster 1, Cluster 3, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho 50

Community Discussions to Agree TPS and TPA Locations in cluster 2 & 4 20

Simplified Leachate and Landfill Gas Systems 150Evaluation of Solid Waste and Lessons Learned (Benefits Evaluation) 150

Field Studies to Confirm Data Estimates (e.g. Quantity and Type of SW Produced) 50

CAMPAIGNSolid Waste Collection for Cluster 1, Cluster 3, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho "Sources Based Solid Waste Management" (Separation and Recycling) in Cluster 1, Cluster 3, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho

"Sources Based Solid Waste Management" (Separation and Recycling) in cluster 2 & 3

Community Development in TPA areas Cluster 1, Cluster 3, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho

Community Development in TPA areas in cluster 2 & 4 and Pulo Aceh

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTTPSs at Pasar for Ingin Jaya, Kr Barona Jaya, Darul Imarah, Peukan Bada, Lhok Nga, Darul Kamal, Baitussalam, Darussalam, Mesjid Raya, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho 480

TPS at Pasars and other commercial area (15) 600

TPS at Pasars (Peukan Bada, Lhok Nga, Darul Kamal, Baitussalam, Darussalam, Mejid Raya, Montasik) (7) 280

TPA Cluster #1 (11 Ha), including access road 4,000 TPA Cluster #2 (5 Ha) 1,820

TPA Cluster #3 (6 Ha), including access road 2,180 TPA Cluster #4 (8 Ha) 2,910

TPA Jantho (0.6 Ha) 220

TPA Lhoong (0.3) 110

TPA Leupung (1 Ha) 360

PROCUREMENT

Collection Trucks (4m3), for Ingin Jaya, Kr Barona Jaya, Darul Imarah, Peukan Bada, Lhok Nga, Darul Kamal, Baitussalam, Darussalam, Mesjid Raya, Lhoong, Leupung and Jantho 3,600

Collection Trucks (4m3) for: Kuta Cot Glie, Indrapuri, Seulimeum, Lebah Seulawah, Simpang Tiga, Kutabaro, Kuta alaka, Montasik, Sukamakur and Pulo Aceh 3,000

Front-End Loader for TPA 5,000 Front-End Loader for TPA 2,000Site Vehicle for TPA 2,000 Site Vehicle for TPA 800

11,860 8,900

INDICATIVE COSTS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT KAB. ACEH BESAR

2006 - 2007 2008 - 2010

18. APPENDICES

18.1. SOURCES OF DATA

18.2. DETAILS ABOUT PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

18.3. SURVEY DATA FOR POSSIBLE SOLID WASTE LANDFILL SITES

18.4. SUMMARY REPORTS ABOUT HIPAM AND OPAM IN KAB. ACEH BESAR

APPENDIX A SOURCES OF DATA

DATA SOURCES FOR NEEDS ASSESSMENT Indonesian Acronyms www.asia-pacific-action.org/southeastasia/indonesia/resources/language/ Population, Location, and Land Areas

• Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS) for each Kabupaten (District) publishes each year data about population; organization (sub-districts, villages); production; economy.

• Each Camat (Sub-District) has data about its population • Data on dead and missing organized by District • http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/products/statistics/docs/DeathStati

sticMay2005.pdf • “Dissemination Population Census Data of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and

Nias 2005”, Presented in Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta November 29th 2005. Has data on Year 2005 populations of Districts

Population Growth Rate “Dissemination Population Census Data of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Nias 2005”, Presented in Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta November 29th 2005. provides historic population data for the Province. From data in this presentation the growth rate for the Province for the period 1990 to 2000 is calculated to be 1.5%. Historic data for the District shows a decrease then four year increase, then decrease. District Development Plans Indonesia requires District government to prepare

• Rencana Pengembangan Wilyah which is typically a five-year development plan for economy, housing, and infrastructure.

• Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah which is a spatial plan Within the Kabupaten or Kotamadya this is done by BAPPEDA

Damage assessment as of March 2005 and National Government Plans Aceh Blueprint consisting of main volume (English and Indonesian) and 11 sub-volumes (Indonesian), for example Book 3 on infrastructure http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/inc/blueprint_index.asp

Status of Reconstruction and Rehabilitation “Tsunami Recovery Status Report (As of 8 December 2005)” available form HIC web site. Data processed by the United Nations Information Management Service, Office of the UN Recovery Coordinator for Aceh and Nias, in collaboration with the Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR). “Aceh and Nias One Year After The Tsunami: The Recovery Effort and Way Forward”, a joint report of the BRR and International Partners, Dec-05. BRR’s recovery and reconstruction web-site www.e-aceh-nias.org UN’s web-site for reconstruction, www.humanitariainfo.org. Building Standards including Utilities; Sources of Materials; Procedures for Land Mapping and Community Planning, Humanitarian Information Center for Sumatra, “HIC Shelter Data Pack – 30 July 2005” available from web site http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/ This web site is now administered by United Nations Information Management Systems (UNIMS) Maps The HIC web site has a tab for maps. http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/ NGO Relief Activities in the District http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/sumatra/reliefrecovery/watsan/ has maps and lists of Who is doing What Where

• It is preferable to ask the NGO to provide lists of locations and activities in whatever format they use rather than ask them to complete a specially prepared data collection because NGO’s are burdened with large number of requests for data.

• • For Kab. Aceh Jaya, UN Office of Recovery provided list of NGO’s and their

activities Major Projects---Proposed Any NGO or relief agency wanting to do a major project should prepare a Project Concept Note and submit to BRR. Purpose is to inform other organizations in order to avoid conflict and duplication; and to assure the proposing organization is serious. These notes are available at the BRR Central Program Operation Center. Contact Ir. Truly Kartika or Ir. Ferdian

Water Supply • PDAM (Perusahan Daerah Air Minum) is the District agency providing water

service. They have records of production, distribution, customers, and tariffs,

• PDAM Tirta Mountala (Kab. Aceh Besar) has a Master Plan dated Oct05. • IWACO reports of 1993 provide data about water resources in NAD

according to Watershed Basin and for some Districts (e.g. Aceh Barat and Aceh Jaya)

Solid Waste

• GTZ Project is identifying sites for a landfill for Kota Banda Aceh which will be located in Kab. Aceh Besar. Data they use to estimate generation, density, composition could be applied elsewhere in the Province

• • Guidelines to estimate generation and equipment for collection and disposal

operations are in Bagian 11: Lalu Lintas, Lingkungan Jalan, Sanitasi dan Persampahan. Methode, Spesifikasi dan Tata Cara December 2002 by Departemen Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah, Baden Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Jl. Raden Patah No. 1, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta

Drainage

• The World Bank, Infrastructure Department, East Asia and the Pacific Region: “Appraisal Report for a Proposed Grant to Muslim Aid for the Emergency Rehabilitation of the Drainage and Flood Protection System of Banda Aceh”, December 15, 2005

• • NAD Propinsi Proyek Pengendalian Banjir and Pengamanan Pantai (Proyek

PBPP NAD) (located on same site as BRR) for details about Province projects. Kepala Ir. Mahdani, (081-168-4328)

BRR Contact Ir. Bambang Sudiatmo, Director for WATSAN Wim Stolte, WATSAN International Advisor Staff include Pak Hayat; Pak Darmawel Umar; Pak Hotma



APPENDIX B DETAILS ABOUT PDAM TIRTA MOUNTALA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS



MATA IE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Problem : The systems has high operating costs due to 2 pumping systems PLAN: Construct WTP and Reservoir at elevation +40m so that the only pumping is from source to treatment

GI Ø250

submersible pump Q = 20 L/S H = 20 m GI Ø150

GI Ø150

RESERVOIR 500 m3

+ 12.0 m

WTP 20 L/S + 12.0 m

Centrifugal pump Q = 20L/S H = 50 m 3 unit

GI Ø250

PVC Ø250 GI Ø150

PLAN : RESERVOIR 1000 m3 + 40.0m

DESA GAROUT + 4.0

DESA DUSUN INDAH + 4.0

PUSKOPOL HOUSES + 4.0

VILLA GARDENIA HOUSES + 4.0

KETAPANG MARKET OR LAMPEUNEUREUT

(CENTRAL CITY OF DARUL IMARAH KECAMATAN)

+ 10.0

DESA PUNIE + 10.0

GI Ø300 GI Ø250 GI Ø250

PUMPING SYSTEMS

GRAVITATION SYSTEMS

GI Ø300

Centrifugal pump Q = 40L/S H = 50 m 1 unit

PLAN : centrifugal pump Q = 40 L/S

RESERVOIR 500 m3 + 12.0 m

MATA IE 2 (B) SPRING + 8.0

PLAN : HDPE Ø250 - 500 m

PLAN : HDPE Ø250 - 500 m

PLAN : WTP 60 L/S + 40.0m

MATA IE 2 (A) SPRING + 8.0

submersible pump Q = 20 L/S H = 20 m 2 unit



SIRON 2 Source : Krueng Aceh river Transmission : Transmission 1 : (from pump 40

l/s) Transmission 2 : (from pump 20 l/s)

River capacity is 2000 l/s GI pipe DN 200 mm GI pipe DN 150 mm Depth elevation - 8 m (from elevation

of WTP) Length + 300 m Length + 300 m

Condition : always full of water Intake 1 : Intake 2 : WTP : WTP 1 WTP 2 Sump well Floating intake Cap. 40 lt/dt Cap. 20 lt/dt Submersible pump Submersible pump Package systems (Coagulation,

flocculation, Package systems (Coagulation, flocculation,

Q = 40 l/s Q = 20 l/s sedimentation, filtration, post chlorination)

sedimentation, filtration, post chlorination)

H = 20 m H = 14 m 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit operation operation operation operation Problem : In the next time will make a

problem, because need high operation cost.

Problem : Propose : If possible, the distribution pipe can conduit with the Mata ie pipe distribution sistem and Montasik

Propose : pipe distribution sistem, to decrease high cost operastion in treatment plant

Distribution : Main distribution PVC pipa DN 300 mm Reservoir : Volume 900 m3 Distribution pipa DN 250 to 50 3 m under WTP Distribution pump 1 : (for average day) Distribution pump 2 : (for

peak hour - only 2 hour/day)

Power supply : Genset 120 KVA

Q = 72 m3/h = 20 l/s Q = 144 m3/h = 40 l/s operation H = 60 m H = 60 m Propose : In the next time must installed the

hydrophore 5 m3 to ballanced the pressure in pipe distribution

Rpm = 2900 Rpm = 2900 2 unit (1 operation, 1 stand by) 1 unit mark : Torishima mark : Torishima Service area : 1. House connection (600 - 700 hc) in : Problem : The reticulation pipe need developed to expand the

service area Lambaro (Capital city of Ingin Jaya

kecamatan) Propose : Need much build the reticulation pipe

Desa Lubuk (kec. Ingin Jaya) Kuta Baro (Capital city of Kota Baro

kecamatan)

Desa Kaju (Kec. Baitussalam) Desa Tungkop and surrounding (Kec.

Darussalam)

Krueng Barona Jaya 2. Water tanker trucks (+ 131 truck/day

= + 896 m3/day)

SIRON WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

KRUENG ACEH RIVER + 8.0

Sump well submersible pump Q = 40 l/s

WTP 40 l/s

sentrifugal pump Q = 20L/S H = 60 m 2 unit

GI Ø150

MATA IE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

DESA KAJU KEC BAITUSALAM

DESA TUNGKOP KEC. BAITUSALAM

KUTA BARO CAPITAL CITY (KEC KUTA BARO)

LAMBARO CAPITAL CITY KEC. INGIN JAYA

KEC. KRUENG BARONA JAYA

DESA PUNIE + 10.0

PIPE CONNECTING

GI Ø200 GI Ø200 PUMPING SYSTEMS

GRAVITATION SYSTEMS

GI Ø300

sentrifugal pump Q = 40L/S H = 60 m 1 unit

RESERVOAR 900 m3

Floating intake

Submersible pump Q = 20 l/s H = 14 m

1 unit

WTP 20 l/s

GI Ø150

WATER TANK CAR

GRAVITATION SYSTEMS

MOTASIK WATER SUPPLY

PIPE CONNECTING

PROPOSED

GI Ø150

GI Ø150



Source : Krueng Aceh river Depth elevation - 34 m (from elevation of WTP) Condition : always full of water accessories : Submersible pump Q = 10 l/s H = 35 m 2 unit Not operation Transmission : GI pipe DN 150 mm and reducing to DN 100 mm Length + 70 m the problem : - not air release valve in top of pipe - Reducing pipe from 150 mm to 100 mm Not operation WTP : Cap. 10 lt/dt

Package systems (Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, post chlorination)

1 unit Not operation Reservoir : Volume 300 m3 same elevation with WTP Not operation Distribution : Main distribution PVC pipa DN 150 mm Distribution pipa DN 100 to 50 Not operation Power supply : Genset 50 KVA Not operation Service area : Kecamatan Selimeun

SELIMEUM SYSTEM

Ø 150 Ø 100

RESERVOIR 300 M3

Ø 150

submersible pump Q = 10 l/s H = 35 m n = 2 unit



Route : Up and down hill Distribution Gravity systems Accessories : 7 single air release valve ND 2" (6 no operation, 1 operation) Distribution systems The problem : - If the water is flowed to reservoir, the entering water to the reservoir only a

half of pipe Type distribution Branch pipe distribution

may be it's caused by the broken air release valve Service area Only Kecamatan Montasik (5 desa : desa Luthu, desa Sibreh, desa Anek Galong, desa Anek Bate, - If the water was be bypass/ no enter to the reservoir (actually systems), so

the flow can't supply desa Bukloh)

the fringe service areas (not enough pressure in fringe service area) In desa Sibreh there 2 IDP (refugee) locations Reservoir HC 307 HC Construction : Concrete Diameter of pipe 200 mm, 150 mm, 100 mm, 75 mm Size : 7 x 7 x 3 m3 Elevation : + 46.0 Proposed Construction condition : No leakage Intake Installed the bar screen and loose stoned construction in the entering hole Accessories pipe : Pipe inlet is GI pipe ND 200 class medium and gate valve ND 200 The dam was no good, so must be completed Pipe outlet is GI pipe ND 200 class medium and gate valve ND 200 Pipe by pass is GI pipe ND 200 class medium and gate valve ND 200 Transmission Replaced the broken single air release valve with the new single air release valve ND 2" - 6 unit Accessories Building : Manhole 0,8 x 0,8 m2 - 3 unit, no steel cover manhole The PDAM propose to replaced the transmission pipe in bellow of hill (beside the river), so need Air pipe 5 km of pipe The Problem : Much sand in reservoir because intake box is not installed screen or filter of

sand GI ND 200 class medium

Reservoir Installed steel manhole cover size 0,8 x 0,8 m2 Construct the drain water around the reservoir to prevent the flood Install Level Switch Clean and sanitize Distribution Construction of secondary distribution pipe DN 50 to expand service area If possible, the distribution can joint and supply to Siron Water supply systems, because no far from the end of pipe Montasik distribution to Siron distribution pipe. The capacity of water supply from Krueng Luthu can increase if the transmission line be replaced in bellow of hill and the new air release valve be installed

INTAKE

LUTHU RIVER

MAIN DISTRIBUTION

A

A

A

A

MONTASIK DISTRIBUSI

MONTASIK DISTRIBUTION PIPE ND 100

MONTASIK DISTRIBUSI

PROPOSED : CONNECT PIPE TO

DISTRIBUTION PIPE OF SIRON

BY PASS PIPE

PDAM PROPOSED : REPLACE THE

DISTRIBUTION PIPE TO BELOW OF HILL

PROPOSED : REPLACE ALL AIR RELEASE VALVES

PROPOSED : REHABILITATE

RESERVOIR MONTASIK WATER SUPPLY



GLEITARON SPRING SYSTEM

LAMPAYA

CI 300 mm - 250 mm - 200 mm (propose : to repair + replace

+relocated)

DESA AJUN

1000 HC

PVC 250 mm (2-3) km (repair)

175 mm - 4 km by THW

GLITARON SPRING



SKETCH OF JANTHO WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM CURRENT PLANNED

NEW INTAKE

+200m

OLD INTAKE (Not In Service)

+190m

GI PIPE Ø200

L = 150 M GI PIPE Ø150

L = 1200 M

PVC PIPE Ø200

WTP 20 L/S (NO OPERATION)

KRUENG MOUNTALA

[500 L/s capacity]

PVC PIPE Ø200

GRAVITY SYSTEM GRAVITY

SYSTEM

GRAVITY SYSTEM

REPLACE WITH GI PIPE Ø200 MM - 1200

M

PLAN HDPE PIPE Ø300 - 9000 M

(MEDIUM TERM) PLAN - PRE-SED

- RAPID SAND FILTER

- RESERVOIRGRAVITY SYSTEM

GRAVITY SYSTEM

PLAN - BRONKAPTERING

(MEDIUM TERM) PLAN

HDPE PIPE Ø300 - 9000 M

PLAN HDPE PIPE Ø300 - 12,000 M

(MEDIUM TERM)

PLAN HDPE PIPE Ø300 - 32,000

M

SERVICE PLAN :

KECAMATA

SERVICE PLAN :

KECAMATA

KECAMATAN

PENGUNGSI

NEW HOUSING


APPENDIX C SURVEY DATA FOR POSSIBLE SOLID WASTE LANDFILL SITES


ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM WWW.ESP.OR.ID 2

Data Collection Sheet Evaluation of a Planned Sanitary Landfill Site

[From SLGSR-GTZ Project] LOCATION:_______________________________________________________ DATE:_____________________________ PREPARED BY:_____________________________________________________ Weather Conditions:______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Coordinates X Coordinates Y Appreciation POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVE General Data Surface Availability Of Land

Civil Aviation Others Transport Distance from Main Waste Sources

Traffic Links Passages of Settlements

Main Road Secondary Road Country Road Slopes Quality of Access Roads

Surface of The Sanitary Landfill

Soil Cover Hard Rock Landslides Water, Entering The Site

Regular, Irregular Water Distance to Groundwater Table

Distance To Near-by Surface Water

Existing Wells Near-by

Geotechnical



Coordinates X Coordinates Y Appreciation POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVE Matters and Aspects of Site Construction Drainage of Surface Water

Drainage of Leachate Treatment of Leachate

Geological Barrier Geological Lineaments

Availability of Mineral Liner

Availability of Cover Material

Geological Situation Socio-Economic Criteria

Cultural Places 500 M, 1000 M,> Single Households Land Use And Nature Protection

Prairie Degraded Forest Rice field Horticulture, Palm Tree Other

Further Important Observations



APPENDIX D SUMMARY REPORTS ABOUT HIPAM AND OPAM IN KAB. ACEH BESAR



Summary Report

HIPAM Himpunan Pengguna Air Minum

Drinking Water User/Customer Association No NAME OF HIPAM UJONG BATEE 1 Location Kecamatan Mesjid Raya, Desa Neuhon Perumnas;16 Km from

Banda Aceh, eastcoast, 2 Km from the roadside on the hilly area, 30 m above sea level

2 Background Built in 1994 by Central Gov.(Directorate of Water Supply-Ministry of Public Work) in cooperation with Local Gov. to serve 400 houses built by ‘Perumnas’ (State Corporation to support National Housing Program). Operated in 1996 for first 270 houses. Under political pressure / GAM, etc, this unit then self-transferred to local community (Perumnas residents) by 1999 on. The local community as user even din’t know the so called ‘HIPAM’. The youth among residents voluntarily took initiative for managing the service and other aspects of technical and administrative purposes.

3 Legal support 3 years under PDAM Mountala management (1996 – 1999). No legal document supporting any process of transferring or other activities of managing this installation so far.

4 Organization, staff / employee

Conventionally and on the basis of dedication the youth formed a very simple organization. Herman Handoko as chief, Jamil as operator, Herry as general administration and Rizal as Technical matters, although the 4 people mentioned agreed among themselves to do the other people duty during their absence. No office, no facilities nothing at all

5 Financial aspects Revenue collected from customer: ID 1.5 – 1.8 millions per month (average ID 10.000,- per house per month, some people (60%) not regularly pay the bill or even do not pay (30%) and even some do not want to contribute (10%); calculation for overhead cost and maintenance roughly ID 6.5 millions (small water system repairs, electrical power retribution, ‘salary’, etc

6 Planning/programming / Action plan

Never done but routine work and consultation to PDAM for serious technical problems if necessary

7 Customer 270 house connections. No people living at the remaining 130 houses out of 400 since political pressures / GAM were occupying the everyday live atmosphere. There are 50 houses built by NGO – Aceh Relief and 60 houses built by The Indonesian Red Cross, both sites for dislocated people of tsunami. These new houses have no connection yet to the water supply system, but they take water from the reservoir next to the intake water by carrying it to their houses. No clear retribution for these kind of services; for them seem the water is a gift from god naturally, without thinking the process of how to manage the water out of the earth. The profile of customers / residents come from low income people consist of about 30% traditional farmer, 30 % 3 cycles



No NAME OF HIPAM UJONG BATEE carriage driver (‘beca’), 15 % low rank civil servants, 25 % others (drivers, coolie, etc)

8 Technical aspect Deep-well system, Water Intake at the border of housing area having Potential Capacity 5 l/sec; 2,5 l/sec. used (under capacity due to very old and un-properly maintenance). 6 inches of main water pump pipe 30 m deep hanging on the 150 m deep-well to transfer water from deep-well to reservoir next the intake. Water from reservoir then pumped by another water pump to another distribution reservoir located at a bit higher about 200 m away. Water then distributed along 9 Km distribution pipe to serve houses.

9 Role of Community / aspirations

Very poor. The community seem to have no ideas or want or have no initiative to make the condition better, dirty housing environment, piles of solid waste everywhere and look slump. The 4 people youth ‘managers’ also have no capacity to change the condition. Insufficient budget collected from the community and poor organization make the condition including water supply system getting worst

10 Role of government Poor. Almost no attention for betterment 11 Role of PDAM Very limited. PDAM consulted when technical problem

emerge. One of PDAM employee, Mr. Mawardi, who used to be the head of this unit, is the person who might act as liaison to PDAM, as he and his family live in the residence.

12 Problems Very old infrastructure, 50 % condition of deep-well water-pump; 40% condition of transformer pump. Too small size of distribution pipe (existing 1.5 inch, should be 3 to 4 inch). There are 30 points pipe leakage still open, waiting for money to repair. Valve to manage water 15 m high to distribution reservoir doesn’t work well, need 8 inch new one. Need power generation (Genzet; diesel machine to continue operation as city net often off).No Installation fencing surrounding site, affecting water polluted by animal disposal (Collie bacteria was reported to pollute water). No office makes very poor management (almost no management). Almost no body care for maintenance of installation and distribution infrastructure. .

No NAME OF

HIPAM KRUENG RAYA

1 Location Kecamatan Mesjid Raya, Desa Malahayati; Intake named LADONG, 23 Km from Banda Aceh, 750 m from the roadside on the hilly area, 30 m above sea level. Potential services, settlements along the east-coast road to Malahayati 32 Km.

2 Background Built in 1987 by Central Gov.(Directorate of Water Supply-Ministry of Public Work) in cooperation with Local Gov. and PDAM to serve settlements along the road and the harbour Malahayati. Under political pressure / GAM, etc, this unit then self-transferred to local community with 150 hc

3 Legal support Under control of PDAM Mountala management (1989 – 1998). No legal document supporting any process of transferring or other activities of managing this installation so far.




No office, no facilities nothing at all. The water just flows downward some into houses which had hc already, some lost. No retribution, no control, nothing. PLAN an NGO is now preparing to maintenance the installation to serve water for tsunami victim. On going rehabilitation is under construction such as fencing and new pipe transmission. Mr. Fikri, former employee of PDAM, is now in charge by PLAN to control the activities. No clear program how many people will be served.

5 Financial aspects No financial administration managed. Lot of money needed to rehabilitate’


Never done. No body care. PLAN just recently take care for tsunami victim

7 Customer 8 Technical aspects Gravitation system, Water Intake at the hilly area 30 m asl, 750 m

from roadside. 9 Role of Community

/ aspirations Very poor. The community seem to have no ideas or want or have no initiative to make the condition better

10 Role of government

Poor. Almost no attention for betterment

11 Role of PDAM Very limited. 12 Problems No problem unless all parties include local government want to

make it more benefit No NAME OF

HIPAM SAREE

1 Location Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah, Desa Saree Aceh, 70 Km from Banda Aceh South Eastward. Intake (Named ‘Labing’) about 5 Km from main roadside Banda Aceh to Sigli, on Seulawah Mountainside (2.5 Km of this small road could be reached by car, the rest by foot).

2 Background Built in 1997 by Central Gov.(Directorate of Water Supply-Ministry of Public Work) in cooperation with Local Gov. and PDAM to serve people especially ‘ the spontaneous transmigration’ who had live over there since years long time ago, from Java

3 Legal support Under control of PDAM Mountala management (1997 – 1999). No legal document supporting any process of transferring this system to local people so far.


No office, no facilities nothing at all. The water just flows downward some into houses which had hc already, some lost. No retribution, weak control, nothing. Mr. Siben former employee of unit Saree PDAM is now in charge informally by local people to control the system. No clear information how many people served. Seems that people ‘free’ to connect to the transmission pipe illegally. There are several springs in this area as alternative for the people to get water among other (1) Spring saree serves for Campus STTP (Agriculture Technical High School); BLPP (State Agency for Agriculture Civil Servant Training); SPMA (Agriculture High School) and Mosque area of Saree. (2) Spring Suka Damai ‘initiatived’ by PKK (local gender group) to serve about 600 Families in Desa Suka Damai and Suka



Mulya. Info said that PKK has already ID 500 Millions out of ID 2 Billions investation.(3) Spring Puteun Putih, in the 5 Ha forest area near Saree.

5 Financial aspects No financial administration managed. Lot of money needed to rehabilitate’. ‘Mukim’ head coordinator of several desa in Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah (under Camat) stated that people of the communities waiting for water supply system running and well organized, fluent water flows and clean. For that, people served want to pay accordingly.


No exact plan, program nor action plan being made so far. There were preliminary surveys as descriptedabove or social and potential findings like ESP did for Dusun Blang Baro just close to intake Saree Aceh December last 2005.

7 Customer No formal customer so far 8 Technical aspects Intake Saree Aceh:Gravitation system,

9 Role of Community / aspirations

Role of community in term of maintenance is very poor; but aspirations to get good water supply is promising.

10 Role of government

Not significant

11 Role of PDAM Limited so far but intense to manage water supply for the future 12 Problems No party who voluntarily coordinate water supply need

As one system. PDAM Mountala starting to include this activity, but not decided yet for which fiscal year will be executed.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. The condition of ‘Hipam’ Ujong Batee, Krueng Raya and Saree, are the assets of Local Government which can increase the capability of local people to live more healthy and work more productive (impact results) when these assets be developed properly.

2. Ujong Batee and Krueng Raya more focus on social welfare, for the short

time need subsidize to developed. Saree have more potential to be developed economically and socially welcome by the local community; the capability of people to pay appropriate tariff still possible

3. Infrastructures of all three Hipams less than 40 % condition. The existing

pumps, pipes etc are old and not good for services delivery 4. Almost no management and no organization to control the all 3 Hipams 5. Some parties, NGO and local group such as Aceh Relief, PLAN, PKK now

start to promote their concern on benefiting this water supply system. On the other hand the local government seem has no immediate program to include this assets in the action plan



RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. PDAM should take initiative to organize the benefit of HIPAMs. This is a good chance for PDAM or local government to coordinate and to discuss with donors and other parties to benefit the HIPAM for Aceh Development.

2. Feasibility Study for Saree could be initiated first by PDAM, while for Ujong

Batee and Krueng Raya the local government could take immediate integrated program on Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste disposal, with local communities involved.

3. In the short term, water supply infrastructure rehabilitation should be given

priority to Ujong Batee 4. Step by step organization and management development should be included

on the program parallel to rehabilitate and or development of HIPAM. Banda Aceh, January 10, 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM Ratu Plaza Building, 17th. Fl.

Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 9 Jakarta 10270

Indonesia

Tel. +62-21-720-9594 Fax. +62-21-720-4546

www.esp.or.id

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