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Infrastructure Ecology: An Evolving Paradigm for ... · More Sustainable Development (MSD)...
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INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGY: AN
EVOLVING PARADIGM FOR
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Pandit, A.; Bras, B.; Minne, E. A.; Dunham-Jones, E.;
Augenbroe, G.; Jeong, H.; James, J.-A. C.; Newell, J. P.;
Weissburg, M.; Brown, M. A.; Chang, M. E.; Xu, M.;
Begovic, M. M.; Yang, P.; Fujimoto, R. A.; French, S. P.;
Thomas, V. M.; Yu, X.; Chen, Y.; Lu, Z.; Crittenden, J. C.
E-Mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
City
People
Economy
Transportation
Energy
Water
Waste
Buildings
Parks
Government
And many
more…
Industry
2
Q: With the next
generation of
infrastructure, what
are the implications
if we design, build,
and operate these
systems separately,
as we have done in
the past?
INFRASTRUCTURE
ECOLOGY
Sustainable Urban Systems
• Sustainable Urban Systems: Key questions
• How are energy, materials, information, and water utilized by the
different configurations and populations of systems?
• How can we reduce energy, emissions, materials and water inputs
and increase the creation of wealth and comfort?
• How do “communities of infrastructure” emerge from the cultural,
physical, and economic conditions of the region?
• Infrastructure Ecology:
• A Hyper Nexus of material use, water, energy,
transportation, land use/planning, commercial and
residential buildings, community design, and
socioeconomics as they occur in urban
environments.
Interconnection between Urban Infrastructure
System , Natural Environmental Systems and
Socio-Economic Systems
Incre
asin
g S
pati
ote
mp
ora
l S
cale
Interconnections within Urban
Infrastructure Systems Water for Energy:
• Average consumptive use in US: 2.0 Gal/kWh
• 0.5 Gal/kWh for thermoelectric; 18.0 Gal/kWh for hydroelectric
Energy for Water:
• 4% of total electricity consumption in US for water and wastewater sector;
19% in California
• 80% of the requirement is for conveyance and distribution
Energy for Transportation:
• 28% of the total energy consumption in the US (in 2008)
Transportation and Land Use:
• Empirical estimates suggest that one new highway built through a central
city reduces its central-city population by about 18%.
• Land Use, Water and Energy:
• Use of rainwater harvesting and other LID techniques in the urban area of
southern California would result in a savings of 573–1225 GWh per year.
Interconnections within Urban
Infrastructure Systems
• The water footprint for biofuels may
be 10 to 1000 times higher than
conventional gasoline on a life-cycle
per vehicle mile travelled basis
depending on whether the feedstock
crops are irrigated or not
• If all personal transportation in the
metropolitan Atlanta, GA region was
electric, the increased water demand
(evaporative loss) needed to produce
the electricity (under present generation
mix) to charge the fleet of electric
vehicles would be almost identical to the
current domestic demand (estimated at
100 million gallons per day)
Water for Transportation:
Impact of Biofuels Impact of Automobile Electrification
False Creek Neighborhood Energy Utility
Vancouver, BC: City of Vancouver
Sewage heat recovery supplies
70% of annual energy demand
and reduces ghg 50%
IMPLICATIONS FOR
DECISION MAKING
Sustainable Water Resources Management
Agriculture
Energy People (Municipal &
Industrial)
Ecology / Environment
Key Challenges in Infrastructure Ecology (After Allenby 1999)
13
Goal
Focus
Nature of Engineered system
Engineering psychology
Scientific Model
Technology adaptation
Scale
Impact awareness
“Home run”-fix problem
for good
Artifact design,
construction &
performance
Control & complete
systems definitions
Primarily
technical and economic
Low
Short term/Local
Reductionist
(e.g., based on toxicology)
Minor adaptation
Maintain dynamic
systems in desired states
Systems dynamics: links,
feedback, loops,
nonlinearities & discontinuities
Management of complex
"non-controllable" systems
Coupled human-natural
systems
High
Long term/Regional or global
Integrative(e.g., based on
sustainability)
Major evolution of social
and technology systems
Engineering (e.g., Water
Treatment Plant)
Sustainable Engineering
(e.g., Sustainable Water
Resource Management) Characteristics
ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF
INFRASTRUCTURE ECOLOGY:
ENGINEERING COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Engineering Complex Systems - Our
Goals Understand and predict the emergent properties of urban
infrastructure systems and their resilience to internal and external
stressors
Identify how flows of resources (information, energy, and materials)
are utilized within complex urban systems and reduce material and
energy investments by learning how these resources are utilized on
a system-wide scale
Develop the cyber infrastructure to gather information monitor,
model and visualize the complex emergent properties
Integrate the human perspective into urban infrastructure to
produce socially sustainable outcomes and policies
Develop the pedagogy of engineering complex systems in the
context of sustainable and resilient urban infrastructure
Interactions between Infrastructure and
Socio-Economic Environment
Macro
Micro
Infrastructure
Systems
Water
Energy
Heating/
Cooling
Transportation
Socio-
Economic
Environment
Business
Neighborhood
Housing
Jobs
Emergent Properties: land use, water, energy and material
consumption, transportation quality, quality of life, and other
sustainability metrics.
Decisions, behaviors of Individual Agents and the relationship
of individual agents: location choice, traffic activity, and
willingness to pay
65%
35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Year
Percentage of households as compared to total households after30 years
Percentage of households in single-family houses as comparedto total households after 30 years
Percentage of households in apartments as compared to totalhouseholds after 30 years
41%
59%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Year
Business As Usual
(BAU)
More Sustainable Development
(MSD)
Agent-based Modeling: Simulating the Adoption Rate
for More Sustainable Urban Development
Impact fee for Low Impact Development
non-compliance penalty:
• $13,000 per unit for single-family
house
• $1,500 per unit for apartment home
Principal Agents: Prospective
Homebuyer, Homeowners, Developers,
Government
Implemented Policy Tool
After 30 years:
• 40% reduction in potable water
demand from centralized plant in MSD
as compared to BAU
• 36% increase in net property tax
revenue generation in MSD as
compared to BAU
Policy Implementation Effect
INFRASTRUCTURAL SYMBIOSIS:
REORGANIZING THE FLOWS FOR
SYSTEM LEVEL OPTIMIZATION
The Synergistic Effects of
“Infrastructural Symbiosis” • Designing UIS using an infrastructure ecology approach alters and
reorganizes energy and resource flows, allowing one to consider the
potential synergistic effects arising from infrastructural symbiosis.
• The accumulated synergistic
effects of this particular model of
infrastructure ecology is significant:
• reduced water and energy
consumption,
• lower dependence on centralized
systems,
• larger share of renewables in the
electricity mix,
• reduced vehicle-miles travelled, &
• an increase in tax revenue.
INFRASTRUCTURE SYMBIOSIS
Decentralized Water Resource
Development: Low Impact
Development & Greywater Reclamation
Water Flows within the Urban System with
LID Implementation: Case Study of Atlanta, GA
• Individual water use (91 Gpcd) in 2-story apartment (RG-1)
• Implemented LID technologies: rainwater harvesting, grass pavement,
rain gardens, and xeriscaping
• Reduces dependence on the centralized potable water system by ~50%
(entire non-potable demand)
• Uncontrolled Stormwater runoff (kGal/cap-yr) : 16 → 0
Unit: Gallon per capita per day (Gpcd)
Water Flows within the Urban System
with Reclamation Option: Case Study of
Atlanta, GA • Individual water use (91 Gpcd) in 2-story apartment (RG-1)
Implementation of Greywater Reclamation : Case
Study of Atlanta, GA
• Benefits:
• 60% satisfaction of residential water demand regardless of
population density
• Reduces dependence on the centralized potable water system by
~60% (entire non-potable demand)
• Reduces stress on the centralized wastewater treatment plant by
~60%
• Citywide implementation of Hybrid (Reclamation + Centralized)
System would save the city ~$1.0 million per year in energy
costs.
• Challenges:
• Has no effect on stormwater runoff
• Does not increase ecological services
INFRASTRUCTURAL SYMBIOSIS
Decentralized Energy Production:
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Recapturing Lost Heat in Combined Heat &
Power System
Air-cooled
Microturbine
Absorption
Chiller
Electricity
Heating
Cooling
Building Energy Requirements Met by
CHP Using Air Cooled Microturbines
30kW
MT
Electricity:
477MWh
(54%)
Thermal:
452.5 MWh
(123%)
60kW
MT
Electricity: 778
MWh (66%) Thermal: 900
MWh (140%)
Grid
Energy
Electricity:
218MWh (46%)
Electricity:
260MWh (34%) 2 6-story
apartment
buildings
12 Single
Family homes
Thermal load includes heating and cooling demand
437600 Gal
(54%)
985300 Gal
(66%)
Water for
energy
savings
INFRASTRUCTURAL SYMBIOSIS
Decentralized Energy Production:
Integration of Renewables and Vehicle-
to-Grid (V2G)
NO-PV
40% PV
Simulation Results in Hourly
Resolution
The large variation in PV output
demands a higher capacity of
spinning reserves
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power
Credit: Kempton and Tomić, 2005
PHEVs can send power back to the grid when parked, and function as distributed
storage for intermittent energy from renewable sources
US demand-supply balances during
maximum demand with various V2G
ratios in 2045
30% V2G penetration could reduce ~100 GW or about ⅓ of the total peak
demand of ~300 GW in US by 2045
Source: Modelling Load Shifting Using Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid Environment – © OECD/IEA 2010
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
SIMULATION AND LARGE SCALE
WATER SAVINGS CARBON
EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM
LID AND CHP
RESIN Meeting Sept. 24, 2009
SPATIAL DATABASES FOR URBAN MODELING - 1
The SMARTRAQ project
Supports research on land
use impact on transportation
and air quality
1.3 million parcels in the 13
metropolitan Atlanta non-
attainment counties
RESIN Meeting Sept. 24, 2009
SMARTRAQ DATA AND ATTRIBUTES
Address
Road Type
City
Zip Code
Owner Occupied
Commercial/Residential
Zoning
Sale Price
Sale Date
Tax Value
Assessed Value
Improvement Value
Land Value
Year Built
No. of Stories
Bedrooms
Parking
Acreage
Land Use Type
Number of Units
X,Y Coordinate
Estimated Sq Feet
Total Sq Feet
Projected Growth Scenarios for Atlanta Business As Usual
Year 2030
More Sustainable Development
Year 2030
34
110
66
24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Energy fromGrid with CHP
Energy fromGrid
GW
h (
in t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Energy (Thermal)
Energy(Electricity)
Atlanta Energy and Water Demand Projections (with low flow fixtures + rooftop rainwater harvesting + decentralized CHP system)
4964
1521
728.5
706.85
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Energy fromGrid
Energy fromGrid with CHP
MG
D (
Mil
lio
n G
all
on
s p
er
da
y)
496.40
152.10
107.75
107.58
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Energy fromGrid
Energy fromGrid with CHP
Residential+ Commercial Energy
Demand (with Air Cooled Microturbines in a
Decentralized CHP system)
Water Demand
(Withdrawal)
Water Consumption
(Evaporation)
25% reduction
61% reduction
63% reduction
More Sustainable Development Scenario
Withdrawal Evaporation
Note: water for energy calculation does not include water needed for the extraction and transportation of the raw fuel.
5,051
6,211
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Energy from Grid withCHP
Energy from Grid
Co
st
of
En
erg
y f
rom
th
e G
rid
( $
/year)
M
illio
ns
24
78
22
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Energy from Grid with CHP Energy from Grid
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns (
10
6 t
on
s C
O2)
Emissions(Electricity) Emissions (Thermal)
Potential GHG and Cost Reductions in 2030 • By 2030, implementation of CHP in all the residential and commercial buildings (new and
existing) will reduce the CO2 emissions by~ 0.04 Gt CO2. and the energy costs by $1.1 billion
per year for the Metro Atlanta region.
-45%
The 2030 grid+CHP scenarios assumed residential and commercial units in the base year were also retrofitted with
CHP systems
CO2 Emissions Energy Costs
-23%
The costs reduction calculation is only based on the cost of natural gas and the cost of electricity from firms in the
region.
SUMMARY
Summary
• Urban Systems Are All Connected and More Efficiency
Can be Achieved by Looking at Their Interactions
• Decentralized Energy and Combined Heat and Power
Can Save Energy and Water
• Decentralized Water / Low Impact Development Can
Save Water, Energy and Money
• Land Use/ Planning Is Vital in Reducing the Impact Of
Urban Systems and Examining Their Interactions
• Agent Based Models May Be Useful to Examine the
Adoption Rate of Policy Instruments
limited
scalable
centralized
decentralized
integrated disconnected
Pedagogical Implications
• Emphasis on Systems Analysis
• Instead of designing urban infrastructure one component at a time,
the focus should be on systems analysis of urban infrastructure
• Inter- and Intra-disciplinary Approach
• Engineering alone cannot achieve the goal of sustainable urban
infrastructure systems. It should include policy analysis and urban
planning as integral part of the educational focus.
• Complexity Science
• Complexity science, in particular how it relates to urban systems,
should be explored in more details to learn about the emerging
properties that are not apparent otherwise.
Resources and Upcoming Event
• Center for Sustainable Engineering: Learning
Modules and Assesment of Sustainable Engineering
Education in the US
• Call for Papers: First ASCE International Sustainable
Infrastructure Conference Nov 6-8, 2014 Long Beach
California -
http://content.asce.org/conferences/icsi2014/index.html