Visualization Basics cs5764: Information Visualization Chris North.
Information Visualization - Georgia Tech Sonification Lab -...
Transcript of Information Visualization - Georgia Tech Sonification Lab -...
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Agenda
ØInformation Visualization overviewv Definitionv Principlesv Examplesv Techniques
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Data, Data Everywhere
ØOur world is bustling in dataØComputers, internet and web have given
people more access to it (but it’s been here all along)
ØHow do we make sense of it?ØHow do we harness this data in decision-
making processes?
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Three Approaches
ØSoftware Agentsv Computational agent that carries out user’s
requestØData Mining
v Software that analyzes database and extracts “interesting” features
ØInformation Visualizationv Visual tools to help users better examine the
data themselves
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Underground Overlaid on London100% Veridical Display is not always the goal…(The real Thames is in dark blue)
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Napolean’s March
size of armydirection
latitudelongitude
temperaturedate
From E. Tufte The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
Minard graphic
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Information Visualization
ØWhat is “Information”?v Items, entities, things which do not have a
direct physical correspondencev Notion of abstractness of the entities is
important too
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Information Visualization
ØWhat is “visualization”?v The use of computer-supported, interactive
visual representations of data to amplify cognition.
• From [Card, Mackinlay Shneiderman ‘98]
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Information Visualization
ØEssence:v Taking items without a physical
correspondence and mapping them to a 2-D or 3-D physical space.
v Giving information a visual representation that is useful for analysis and decision-making
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Main Idea
Ø“The purpose of visualization is insight, not pictures”
ØVisuals help us thinkv External cognition v Provide a frame of reference, a temporary
storage area
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Domains for Info Vis
ØTextØStatisticsØFinancial/business dataØInternet informationØSoftwareØ...
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Components of Study
ØData analysisv Data items with attributes or variablesv Generate data tables
ØVisual structuresv Spatial substrate, marks, graphical properties
of marksØUI and interactionØAnalytic tasks to be performed
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Tasks in Info Vis 1ØSearch
v Finding a specific piece of information• How many games did the Braves win in 1995?• What novels did Ian Fleming author?
ØBrowsev Look over or inspect something in a more
casual manner, seek interesting information• Learn about crystallography• What has Jane been up to lately?
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Tasks in Info Vis 2
ØAnalysisv Comparison-Differencev Outliers, Extremesv Patterns
ØAssimilateØCategorizeØLocate
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Tasks in Info Vis 3
ØIdentifyØRankØAssociateØRevealØMonitorØMaintain awarenessØ...
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InfoVis Techniques
ØAggregationv Accumulate individual elements into a larger
unit to be presented as some wholeØOverview & Detail
v Provide both global overview and detail zooming capabilities
ØFocus + Contextv Show details of one or more regions in a
more global context (eg, fisheye)
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InfoVis Techniques
ØDrill-downv Select individual item or smaller set of items
from a display for a more detailed view/analysis
ØBrushingv Select or designate/specify value, then see
pertinent items elsewhere on the display
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Mantra
ØOverview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand
-- Ben Shneiderman
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Issues
ØGraphic designv Extremely important in information
visualizationv Should reveal data and relationships, not
obscure themv Tufte books provide many guidelines
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Issues
ØScalabilityv Presentation of information becomes really
interesting as the size of the data growsv Run out of pixels at some pointv Requires aggregation, navigation, …
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Issues
ØInteractionv Computer provides interactive capability that
we do not have in printed pagev Often, must navigate and examine different
views of data to gain insight
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Visualizing Hierarchies
ØVariety of techniquesv Traditional tree views, alternatives, space-
filling views
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Hierarchies
ØDefinitionv Ordering of items in which particular items
are parents or ancestors of others
ØExample: File Systemv Folders/Directories with
folders/subdirectories and files inside
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Trees
ØHierarchies often represented as treesØRoot at top, leaves at bottom
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Potential Problems
ØWidth of fan-out uses real estatev Run out of room quickly
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Another Idea
ØUse hyperbolic geometryØHyperbolic tree
ØHere: Site Lens fromwww.inxight.com
ØDemo
Lamping & Rao
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Space-Filling Representation
Each item occupies an area
Children are “contained” under parent
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Treemap
ØSpace-filling representation developed by Shneiderman and Johnson
ØChildren are drawn inside their parentØAlternate horizontal and vertical slicing at
each successive level
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Treemap
File and directory visualizer
white-directoriescolor-files
level 1dirs
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Treemap Affordances
ØGood representation of two attributes: color and area
ØNot as good at representing structurev What happens if it’s a perfectly balanced
tree of items all the same size?v Also can get long-thin aspect ratios
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Treemap Variation
ØSmartMoney.com Map of the Marketv Illustrates stock movementsv “Compromises” treemap
algorithm to avoid badaspect ratios
www.smartmoney.com/marketmap
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Treemap Variation
ØUse 3Dshadingcues tohelpconveystructure
SequoiaViewfile viewer forWindows
Demo
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Another Technique
ØWhat if we used a radial rather than a rectangular space-filling technique?
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Sunburst
Visualizing fileand directorystructures
Root dir at centerColor - file typeAngle - file/dir size
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Evaluation: Experiment
ØCompare Treemap and Sunburst with users performing typical file/directory-related tasks
ØEvaluate task performance on both correctness and time
Small Hierarchy(~500 files)
Large Hierarchy(~3000 files)
A B A B
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Experiment
Ø60 participantsØParticipant only works with a small or
large hierarchy in a sessionØVary order across participants
SB A, TM BTM A, SB BSB B, TM ATM B, SB A
32 on small hierarchies28 on large hierarchies
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Tasks• Identification (naming or pointing out) of a file based on size,
specifically, the largest and second largest files (Questions 1-2)• Identification of a directory based on size, specifically, the largest (Q3) • Location (pointing out) of a file, given the entire path and name (Q4-7) • Location of a file, given only the file name (Q8-9)• Identification of the deepest subdirectory (Q10)• Identification of a directory containing files of a particular type (Q11) • Identification of a file based on type and size, specifically, the largest
file of a particular type (Q12)• Comparison of two files by size (Q13)• Location of two duplicated directory structures (Q14)• Comparison of two directories by size (Q15)• Comparison of two directories by number of files contained (Q16)
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Results
ØOrdering effect for Treemap on large hierarchies
ØPerformance trends favored Sunburst, but not clear-cut
ØSubjective preference:SB (51), TM (9), unsure (1)
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Observations
ØSB appeared to convey structure betterØParticipants felt TM conveyed size better,
but not borne out in performanceØStrategies mattered
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SunBurst Negative
ØIn large hierarchies, files at the periphery are usuallytiny and verydifficult todistinguish
examples
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Fix: ObjectivesØMake small slices
biggerØMaintain full circular
space-filling ideaØAllow detailed
examination of small files within context of entire hierarchy
ØDon’t alter ratios of sizes
ØAvoid use of multiple windows or lots of scrollbars
ØProvide an aesthetically pleasing interface in which it is easy to track changes in focus
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Stasko & ZhangProceedings of Information Visualization 2000,Oct. 2000, pp. 57-65.
3 Solutions
ØThree visualization+navigation techniques developed to help remedy the shortcomingv Angular detailv Detail outsidev Detail inside
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Angular Detail
• Most “natural”• Least space-efficient• Most configurable by
user
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Detail Outside
• Exhibits non-distortedminiature of overview
• Somewhat visuallydisconcerting
• Focus is quite enlarged(large circumference and 360°)
• Relatively spaceefficient
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Detail Inside
• Perhaps least intuitiveand most distorting
• Items in overview aremore distinct (largercircumference)
• Interior 360° for focusis often sufficient
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Key Components
ØTwo ways to increase area for focus region: larger sweep angle and longer circumference
ØSmooth transitions between overview and focus allow viewer to track changes
ØAlways display overviewØAllow focus selections from anywhere:
normal display, focus or overview regions
Software Abounds
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ØIBM Many Eyeshttp://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/