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Transcript of Information Technology: Concepts Applied to SMEs, Trade Facilitation and Exports International...
IInformation nformation TTechnology: echnology: Concepts Applied to Concepts Applied to SMEs’, Trade Facilitation SMEs’, Trade Facilitation and Exportsand Exports
IInformation nformation TTechnology: echnology: Concepts Applied to Concepts Applied to SMEs’, Trade Facilitation SMEs’, Trade Facilitation and Exportsand Exports
International Seminar on Information Technology for Development of Small- and Medium-sized
Exporters in East Asia and Latin America ECLAC - Santiago, Chile, 23-24 November 2004
International Seminar on Information Technology for Development of Small- and Medium-sized
Exporters in East Asia and Latin America ECLAC - Santiago, Chile, 23-24 November 2004
Organized by ECLAC with the collaboration of IDE/JETRO, sponsored by UNDP
Sidney RezendeDivision of International Trade and Integration
ECLAC
E-commerceE-commerce,, or electronic commerce, is or electronic commerce, is conducting business communications and transactions conducting business communications and transactions via computers and over networks. It is the via computers and over networks. It is the buying and buying and selling of goods and services through digital selling of goods and services through digital communicationcommunication. It also includes transactions on the . It also includes transactions on the WWW and Internet, and electronic funds transfer, WWW and Internet, and electronic funds transfer, smart cards, and digital cash, among others. smart cards, and digital cash, among others.
E-businessE-business, or electronic business, derived from 'e-, or electronic business, derived from 'e-commerce'. commerce'. It is conducting business on the InternetIt is conducting business on the Internet, , but not just buying and selling but also but not just buying and selling but also servicing servicing customers and collaborating with business partnerscustomers and collaborating with business partners. . The term conveys that the business conducts its The term conveys that the business conducts its business entirely business entirely onlineonline..
E-commerceE-commerce,, or electronic commerce, is or electronic commerce, is conducting business communications and transactions conducting business communications and transactions via computers and over networks. It is the via computers and over networks. It is the buying and buying and selling of goods and services through digital selling of goods and services through digital communicationcommunication. It also includes transactions on the . It also includes transactions on the WWW and Internet, and electronic funds transfer, WWW and Internet, and electronic funds transfer, smart cards, and digital cash, among others. smart cards, and digital cash, among others.
E-businessE-business, or electronic business, derived from 'e-, or electronic business, derived from 'e-commerce'. commerce'. It is conducting business on the InternetIt is conducting business on the Internet, , but not just buying and selling but also but not just buying and selling but also servicing servicing customers and collaborating with business partnerscustomers and collaborating with business partners. . The term conveys that the business conducts its The term conveys that the business conducts its business entirely business entirely onlineonline..
E-COMMERCE and E-E-COMMERCE and E-BUSINESSBUSINESSE-COMMERCE and E-E-COMMERCE and E-BUSINESSBUSINESSThe DifferenceThe DifferenceThe DifferenceThe Difference
EDI EDI isis “ transfer of structured data, by “ transfer of structured data, by agreed message standards, from one agreed message standards, from one computer system to another by computer system to another by electronic meanselectronic means ” ”
UN/EDIFACTUN/EDIFACT is the international EDI is the international EDI Standard Standard developed under the United Nations. developed under the United Nations. The acronym stands for " The acronym stands for "UUnited nited NNations / ations / EElectronic lectronic DData ata IInterchange nterchange FFor or AAdministration, dministration, CCommerce, and ommerce, and TTransportransport". The work of maintenance and ". The work of maintenance and further development of this standard is done further development of this standard is done
throughthrough UNUN//CEFACT.CEFACT.
EDI EDI isis “ transfer of structured data, by “ transfer of structured data, by agreed message standards, from one agreed message standards, from one computer system to another by computer system to another by electronic meanselectronic means ” ”
UN/EDIFACTUN/EDIFACT is the international EDI is the international EDI Standard Standard developed under the United Nations. developed under the United Nations. The acronym stands for " The acronym stands for "UUnited nited NNations / ations / EElectronic lectronic DData ata IInterchange nterchange FFor or AAdministration, dministration, CCommerce, and ommerce, and TTransportransport". The work of maintenance and ". The work of maintenance and further development of this standard is done further development of this standard is done
throughthrough UNUN//CEFACT.CEFACT.
EELECTRONIC LECTRONIC DDATA ATA IINTERCHANCE - NTERCHANCE - EDIEDIEELECTRONIC LECTRONIC DDATA ATA IINTERCHANCE - NTERCHANCE - EDIEDI
What is it?What is it?What is it?What is it?
All have different data elements!All have different data elements!All have different data elements!All have different data elements!
HR-XML
EHD
xCat
UBL
Rosettanet
OTAIATA
cXML
E-construct
CATXML
SMDG
PIDXGCI
UNeDoc
XAML
Opentrans
GML
xCBL
HL7
Acord
CIDX
xBRL BSML
agXML
VICS
SWIFT
Togaf
Bolero
DATA STANDARDS: Too DATA STANDARDS: Too Many!Many!DATA STANDARDS: Too DATA STANDARDS: Too Many!Many!
UN UN / / CEFACT -CEFACT -UN UN / / CEFACT -CEFACT - United Nations United Nations Centre for Trade Centre for Trade Facilitation and Facilitation and
Electronic BusinessElectronic Business
United Nations United Nations Centre for Trade Centre for Trade Facilitation and Facilitation and
Electronic BusinessElectronic Businesswww.unece.org/cefact/www.unece.org/cefact/
• MMissionission:: to improve the ability of business, to improve the ability of business, trade and administrative organizations, trade and administrative organizations, worldwideworldwide, to exchange products and relevant , to exchange products and relevant services effectively - and so contribute to the services effectively - and so contribute to the growth of global commerce.growth of global commerce.
• It It facilitates the development of facilitates the development of e-business e-business standardsstandards that can cross all international that can cross all international boundaries and help lower transaction costs, boundaries and help lower transaction costs, simplify data flow and reducesimplify data flow and reduce bureaucracy bureaucracy
• Work outputs of UN/CEFACT activities Work outputs of UN/CEFACT activities
includeinclude the the UNUN//EDIFACTEDIFACT and and e-business e-business
XMLXML – – ebXML ebXML ((ISO 15000ISO 15000))
• MMissionission:: to improve the ability of business, to improve the ability of business, trade and administrative organizations, trade and administrative organizations, worldwideworldwide, to exchange products and relevant , to exchange products and relevant services effectively - and so contribute to the services effectively - and so contribute to the growth of global commerce.growth of global commerce.
• It It facilitates the development of facilitates the development of e-business e-business standardsstandards that can cross all international that can cross all international boundaries and help lower transaction costs, boundaries and help lower transaction costs, simplify data flow and reducesimplify data flow and reduce bureaucracy bureaucracy
• Work outputs of UN/CEFACT activities Work outputs of UN/CEFACT activities
includeinclude the the UNUN//EDIFACTEDIFACT and and e-business e-business
XMLXML – – ebXML ebXML ((ISO 15000ISO 15000))
STANDARDIZATION: Benefits to STANDARDIZATION: Benefits to the entire community the entire community STANDARDIZATION: Benefits to STANDARDIZATION: Benefits to the entire community the entire community
• OASIS and (Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information
Standards) UN/CEFACT joint initiativejoint initiative
Mission: "... enable a global electronic marketplace where enterprises of any size and in any geographical location can meet and conduct business with each other through the
exchange of XML based messages".
• OASIS and (Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information
Standards) UN/CEFACT joint initiativejoint initiative
Mission: "... enable a global electronic marketplace where enterprises of any size and in any geographical location can meet and conduct business with each other through the
exchange of XML based messages".
XML and ebXML: XML and ebXML: Definition Definition XML and ebXML: XML and ebXML: Definition Definition
• XMLXML ((eeXXtensible tensible MMarkuparkup LLanguageanguage ) ) iis a markup language for documents s a markup language for documents containing structured information (for containing structured information (for example: vector graphics, e-commerce example: vector graphics, e-commerce transactions)transactions)
• ebXMLebXML ((eelectronic lectronic bbusiness using usiness using eeXXtensible tensible MMarkup arkup LLanguage) is a anguage) is a modular suite of specifications that modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises of any size and in enables enterprises of any size and in any geographical location to conduct any geographical location to conduct business over the Internet. business over the Internet.
• XMLXML ((eeXXtensible tensible MMarkuparkup LLanguageanguage ) ) iis a markup language for documents s a markup language for documents containing structured information (for containing structured information (for example: vector graphics, e-commerce example: vector graphics, e-commerce transactions)transactions)
• ebXMLebXML ((eelectronic lectronic bbusiness using usiness using eeXXtensible tensible MMarkup arkup LLanguage) is a anguage) is a modular suite of specifications that modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises of any size and in enables enterprises of any size and in any geographical location to conduct any geographical location to conduct business over the Internet. business over the Internet.
ADVANTAGES OFADVANTAGES OF e-BUSINESS FOR SMEse-BUSINESS FOR SMEs
ADVANTAGES OFADVANTAGES OF e-BUSINESS FOR SMEse-BUSINESS FOR SMEs
Currently more than 800 million Currently more than 800 million Internet users are online Internet users are online globallyglobally
Currently more than 800 million Currently more than 800 million Internet users are online Internet users are online globallyglobally www.internetworldstats.co
m www.internetworldstats.com
OOnline retail nline retail is estimated tois estimated to increase from $121 billion in increase from $121 billion in 2004 to nearly $316 billion by 2004 to nearly $316 billion by 20102010..
OOnline retail nline retail is estimated tois estimated to increase from $121 billion in increase from $121 billion in 2004 to nearly $316 billion by 2004 to nearly $316 billion by 20102010..
www.emarketer.comwww.emarketer.comwww.forrester.comwww.forrester.comwww.emarketer.comwww.emarketer.comwww.forrester.comwww.forrester.com
To be more efficient in their internal To be more efficient in their internal processes. processes.
To select the best suppliers from To select the best suppliers from any part of the world. any part of the world.
To develop a closer relationship with To develop a closer relationship with their local and foreign suppliers. their local and foreign suppliers.
To offer better services according to To offer better services according to the requirements and expectations the requirements and expectations of their clients. of their clients.
To offer goods and services in the To offer goods and services in the global market.global market.
ADVANTAGES OF e-BUSINESS FOR SMEsADVANTAGES OF e-BUSINESS FOR SMEs
e-TRANSACTIONS: The Diferent e-TRANSACTIONS: The Diferent TypesTypese-TRANSACTIONS: The Diferent e-TRANSACTIONS: The Diferent TypesTypes
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness ConsumerConsumerConsumerConsumer GovernmentGovernmentGovernmentGovernment
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusinessB2BB2BB2BB2B B2CB2CB2CB2C B2GB2GB2GB2G
ConsumerConsumerConsumerConsumerC2BC2BC2BC2B C2CC2CC2CC2C C2GC2GC2GC2G
GovernmentGovernmentGovernmentGovernmentG2BG2BG2BG2B G2CG2CG2CG2C G2GG2GG2GG2G
Sale contract,Sale contract,
Transport Transport contract,contract,
Payment orderPayment order
Provision of Provision of Web-based Web-based online online servicesservices
Declarations to Declarations to Customs , e-Customs , e-procurementprocurement
On-line On-line
Ordering onOrdering on
Electronic Electronic cataloguecatalogue
e-mail,e-mail,
Classified Classified
advertisementadvertisementss
Electronic Electronic submission of submission of Revenue Tax Revenue Tax DeclarationDeclaration
Response from Response from
Customs, e-Customs, e-procurementprocurement
Provision of Provision of Web-based Web-based online online servicesservices
Consolidation of Consolidation of statistical,statistical,
Vat data,Vat data,
Contract and Contract and orderorder
B2B and B2C B2B and B2C INDICATORSINDICATORSB2B and B2C B2B and B2C INDICATORSINDICATORS
SourceSource: : www.e-consultingcorp.com.br/insider_info/indicadores.htmwww.e-consultingcorp.com.br/insider_info/indicadores.htm
WORLD 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005E-Commerce (US$ bln) 130 282 516 916 1420 2800 4300B2B (US$ bln) 110 210 365 666 995 1641,42 2380B2C (US$ bln) 20 72 152 251 425 565 730LATIN AMERICAE-Commerce (US$bln) 0,6 1,5 3,3 6,4 11,0 10,2 15,7B2B (US$bln) 0,4 0,9 2,9 3,5 4,5 6,0 9,3B2C (US$bln) 0,2 0,5 1,3 1,5 2,6 4,2 6,4
WORLD 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005E-Commerce (US$ bln) 130 282 516 916 1420 2800 4300B2B (US$ bln) 110 210 365 666 995 1641,42 2380B2C (US$ bln) 20 72 152 251 425 565 730LATIN AMERICAE-Commerce (US$bln) 0,6 1,5 3,3 6,4 11,0 10,2 15,7B2B (US$bln) 0,4 0,9 2,9 3,5 4,5 6,0 9,3B2C (US$bln) 0,2 0,5 1,3 1,5 2,6 4,2 6,4
B2CB2CB2CB2Ce-TRANSACTIONS: Tortas_Peru - e-TRANSACTIONS: Tortas_Peru - PEPEe-TRANSACTIONS: Tortas_Peru - e-TRANSACTIONS: Tortas_Peru - PEPE
e-TRANSACTIONS: Carvajal - COe-TRANSACTIONS: Carvajal - COe-TRANSACTIONS: Carvajal - COe-TRANSACTIONS: Carvajal - CO
250.000 250.000 TRANSACTRANSACTIONS TIONS
PER MONTH PER MONTH AMOUNTING TO AMOUNTING TO OVER US$ OVER US$ 100 100
MILLMILLIION.ON.
250.000 250.000 TRANSACTRANSACTIONS TIONS
PER MONTH PER MONTH AMOUNTING TO AMOUNTING TO OVER US$ OVER US$ 100 100
MILLMILLIION.ON.
It It integrates suppliers and merchandisers in retail/mass integrates suppliers and merchandisers in retail/mass marketing communitmarketing communities.ies.
Over 2Over 2..0000 compa00 companies in nies in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and VenezuelaVenezuela, mostly SMEs but also big corporations such as , mostly SMEs but also big corporations such as Nestlé, Procter & Gamble Nestlé, Procter & Gamble andand Unilever Unilever..
It It integrates suppliers and merchandisers in retail/mass integrates suppliers and merchandisers in retail/mass marketing communitmarketing communities.ies.
Over 2Over 2..0000 compa00 companies in nies in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and VenezuelaVenezuela, mostly SMEs but also big corporations such as , mostly SMEs but also big corporations such as Nestlé, Procter & Gamble Nestlé, Procter & Gamble andand Unilever Unilever..
B2BB2BB2BB2B
e-TRANSACTIONS: COMPRASNET - e-TRANSACTIONS: COMPRASNET - BRBRe-TRANSACTIONS: COMPRASNET - e-TRANSACTIONS: COMPRASNET - BRBR
G2BG2BG2BG2B
Build a strong telecommunications Build a strong telecommunications and Internet infrastructure and Internet infrastructure
Create ITC business incubators and Create ITC business incubators and ITC Industrial ParksITC Industrial Parks
Provide incentives to telecom Provide incentives to telecom companies to build networkscompanies to build networks
Expand existing infrastructure to Expand existing infrastructure to promote greater broadband promote greater broadband bandwidth. bandwidth.
Invest in human capital and job Invest in human capital and job creationcreation
Mexico Survey Report Findings (I)Mexico Survey Report Findings (I)
“Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004. “Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004.
Establish basic rules for online Establish basic rules for online commercecommerce
Maintain an open government Maintain an open government procurement bidding processprocurement bidding process
Build consumer confidence in the Build consumer confidence in the electronic worldelectronic world
Eliminate trade barriersEliminate trade barriersProvide access to financial capital Provide access to financial capital Ensure network and information Ensure network and information
securitysecurity
Establish basic rules for online Establish basic rules for online commercecommerce
Maintain an open government Maintain an open government procurement bidding processprocurement bidding process
Build consumer confidence in the Build consumer confidence in the electronic worldelectronic world
Eliminate trade barriersEliminate trade barriersProvide access to financial capital Provide access to financial capital Ensure network and information Ensure network and information
securitysecurity
Mexico Survey Report Findings (II)Mexico Survey Report Findings (II)
“Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004. “Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004.
E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY
TASKS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE :TASKS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE :
VVerify the origin of the dataerify the origin of the data ( (Authentication Authentication of data sourceof data source););
Check that data are complete and Check that data are complete and unchangedunchanged ( (Integrity of dataIntegrity of data))
Guarantee the confidentiality of data Guarantee the confidentiality of data messagemessage ( (Message content securityMessage content security))
Messages can be intercepted and Messages can be intercepted and manipulated;manipulated;
The validity of documents can be denied;The validity of documents can be denied;
Personal data can be illicitly collectedPersonal data can be illicitly collected;;
RISKS OF E-COMMERCERISKS OF E-COMMERCE : :RISKS OF E-COMMERCERISKS OF E-COMMERCE : :
E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY
Different Systems of E-SignDifferent Systems of E-Sign
Various Techniques and Systems are currently Various Techniques and Systems are currently
available on the market by which some or all the available on the market by which some or all the
functions mentioned above can be performed in functions mentioned above can be performed in
an electronic an electronic environment.environment. These are referred to These are referred to
broadly as “broadly as “electronic signatureselectronic signatures””::
Encryption; Encryption; Digital Signature;Digital Signature;
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN);Personal Identification Numbers (PIN);
Different Systems of E-SignDifferent Systems of E-Sign
Various Techniques and Systems are currently Various Techniques and Systems are currently
available on the market by which some or all the available on the market by which some or all the
functions mentioned above can be performed in functions mentioned above can be performed in
an electronic an electronic environment.environment. These are referred to These are referred to
broadly as “broadly as “electronic signatureselectronic signatures””::
Encryption; Encryption; Digital Signature;Digital Signature;
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN);Personal Identification Numbers (PIN);
EncryptionEncryption is a form of Cryptography which transforms (by mean of an is a form of Cryptography which transforms (by mean of an Algorithm) a plaintext into an unreadable cyphered text Algorithm) a plaintext into an unreadable cyphered text (encryption) and vice versa (decryption).(encryption) and vice versa (decryption).
At present, encryption provides the most important tool to keep At present, encryption provides the most important tool to keep electronic communication and documents electronic communication and documents confidentialconfidential. . Encryption is increasingly being integrated into financial and Encryption is increasingly being integrated into financial and banking messages.banking messages.
Digital SignatureTo sign a document with a digital signature the signatory:(I) Delimits precisely the borders of what is to be signed.(II) Signatory’s software computes a result unique to the information to be signed; (III) Software transforms the result into a digital signature using the signatory’s private key.
EncryptionEncryption is a form of Cryptography which transforms (by mean of an is a form of Cryptography which transforms (by mean of an Algorithm) a plaintext into an unreadable cyphered text Algorithm) a plaintext into an unreadable cyphered text (encryption) and vice versa (decryption).(encryption) and vice versa (decryption).
At present, encryption provides the most important tool to keep At present, encryption provides the most important tool to keep electronic communication and documents electronic communication and documents confidentialconfidential. . Encryption is increasingly being integrated into financial and Encryption is increasingly being integrated into financial and banking messages.banking messages.
Digital SignatureTo sign a document with a digital signature the signatory:(I) Delimits precisely the borders of what is to be signed.(II) Signatory’s software computes a result unique to the information to be signed; (III) Software transforms the result into a digital signature using the signatory’s private key.
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI)
To verify a digital signature, the verifier must have access to theTo verify a digital signature, the verifier must have access to theSignatory’s public-key and have assurance that it corresponds toSignatory’s public-key and have assurance that it corresponds totthe signatory’s private key. However, a public- and private-key pairhe signatory’s private key. However, a public- and private-key pairhas no association with any person: it is simply a pair of has no association with any person: it is simply a pair of numbers. numbers.
An additional mechanism is necessary to associate reliably a An additional mechanism is necessary to associate reliably a particular person or entity to the key pair. This is usually done by particular person or entity to the key pair. This is usually done by thirdthirdParties (Parties ( “ “Certification AuthorityCertification Authority” ” or “or “Certification Service Certification Service ProviderProvider”)”) which associate an identified signatory or the signatory’s which associate an identified signatory or the signatory’s namenamewith a specific public-key. with a specific public-key.
In a number of countries, such certification authorities are organized In a number of countries, such certification authorities are organized hierarchically into what is often referred to as a “hierarchically into what is often referred to as a “Public-Key Public-Key InfrastructureInfrastructure” (” (PKIPKI).).
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI)
To verify a digital signature, the verifier must have access to theTo verify a digital signature, the verifier must have access to theSignatory’s public-key and have assurance that it corresponds toSignatory’s public-key and have assurance that it corresponds totthe signatory’s private key. However, a public- and private-key pairhe signatory’s private key. However, a public- and private-key pairhas no association with any person: it is simply a pair of has no association with any person: it is simply a pair of numbers. numbers.
An additional mechanism is necessary to associate reliably a An additional mechanism is necessary to associate reliably a particular person or entity to the key pair. This is usually done by particular person or entity to the key pair. This is usually done by thirdthirdParties (Parties ( “ “Certification AuthorityCertification Authority” ” or “or “Certification Service Certification Service ProviderProvider”)”) which associate an identified signatory or the signatory’s which associate an identified signatory or the signatory’s namenamewith a specific public-key. with a specific public-key.
In a number of countries, such certification authorities are organized In a number of countries, such certification authorities are organized hierarchically into what is often referred to as a “hierarchically into what is often referred to as a “Public-Key Public-Key InfrastructureInfrastructure” (” (PKIPKI).).
TraceabilityTraceability is the ability to is the ability to trace the history, application or trace the history, application or location of an entity by means of location of an entity by means of recorded identification.recorded identification.
Tracking is the capability to follow the path of a specified unit of a product and/or batch through the supply chain as it moves between organisations towards the final point-of-sale or point-of-service
TracingTracing is the capability to identify the origin of a particular unit and/or batch of product located within the supply chain by reference to records held upstream.
TraceabilityTraceability is the ability to is the ability to trace the history, application or trace the history, application or location of an entity by means of location of an entity by means of recorded identification.recorded identification.
Tracking is the capability to follow the path of a specified unit of a product and/or batch through the supply chain as it moves between organisations towards the final point-of-sale or point-of-service
TracingTracing is the capability to identify the origin of a particular unit and/or batch of product located within the supply chain by reference to records held upstream.
TRACEABILITY: What is it?TRACEABILITY: What is it?TRACEABILITY: What is it?TRACEABILITY: What is it?
TRACEABILITY: Flow of TRACEABILITY: Flow of Information Information TRACEABILITY: Flow of TRACEABILITY: Flow of Information Information
E-FINANCE E-FINANCE E-FINANCE E-FINANCE
e-Financee-Finance is about web- is about web-enabling everything that a enabling everything that a financial institutions does – giving financial institutions does – giving loans, offering investments loans, offering investments (stocks, funds, bonds), executing (stocks, funds, bonds), executing transactions etc. – all available transactions etc. – all available using web technologyusing web technologyIn Latin America, on-line financial market activity is In Latin America, on-line financial market activity is limited, with some exceptions in Brazil and Mexico, limited, with some exceptions in Brazil and Mexico, where on-line brokerage services seem well-where on-line brokerage services seem well-developed. developed.
e-Financee-Finance is about web- is about web-enabling everything that a enabling everything that a financial institutions does – giving financial institutions does – giving loans, offering investments loans, offering investments (stocks, funds, bonds), executing (stocks, funds, bonds), executing transactions etc. – all available transactions etc. – all available using web technologyusing web technologyIn Latin America, on-line financial market activity is In Latin America, on-line financial market activity is limited, with some exceptions in Brazil and Mexico, limited, with some exceptions in Brazil and Mexico, where on-line brokerage services seem well-where on-line brokerage services seem well-developed. developed.
Loans, Investments Loans, Investments and Paymentsand Payments
Loans, Investments Loans, Investments and Paymentsand Payments
E-FINANCE: Offline Payments E-FINANCE: Offline Payments E-FINANCE: Offline Payments E-FINANCE: Offline Payments Payment
methodKey characteristics
Bank-to-bank transfers (by cable wire or teleg.transfer)
• Efficient, often used in B2B – Efficient, often used in B2B – •Sellers (buyers) bear the risks if post-payments, Sellers (buyers) bear the risks if post-payments, pre-payments are madepre-payments are made• Solvency Solvency / reputation inquiries about parties, / reputation inquiries about parties, in order to reduce payment risksin order to reduce payment risks
Cash on Delivery (COD)
• Risks shared between partiesRisks shared between parties• Possible only with few neighbouring countriesPossible only with few neighbouring countries• Relatively expansive and inefficientRelatively expansive and inefficient
Letters of Credit (L/C)
• The preferred way for large B2B transactionsThe preferred way for large B2B transactions•Expensive and administratively heavy but offers Expensive and administratively heavy but offers good security for buyers and sellersgood security for buyers and sellers
Transfers by Western Union
• Dense worldwide networkDense worldwide network•Very fast but very expensive (from US to Peru Very fast but very expensive (from US to Peru US$150 costs US$20 to be transferred)US$150 costs US$20 to be transferred)
Checks & Money Orders
• Inefficient and rather expensiveInefficient and rather expensive•Good B2C acceptance: risk: checks without Good B2C acceptance: risk: checks without funds, but limited for money orders funds, but limited for money orders
E-FINANCE: Online Payments E-FINANCE: Online Payments E-FINANCE: Online Payments E-FINANCE: Online Payments Payment
methodKey characteristics
Credit Card using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
• When SSL is used, surfers can notice a closed When SSL is used, surfers can notice a closed lock icon at the bottom of their browserlock icon at the bottom of their browser• Used for small amountsUsed for small amounts•Comission 2-5% to be borne by sellersComission 2-5% to be borne by sellers• Difficult for SMEs from developing countries Difficult for SMEs from developing countries (contract -Merchant account).(contract -Merchant account).
Credit Card without SSL
• No much usedNo much used• WorldwideWorldwide•Wrongly perceived by buyers as unsafeWrongly perceived by buyers as unsafe• Risks of fraud are fully borne by sellersRisks of fraud are fully borne by sellers
SET – Secure Electronic Transaction
• System developed and supported by Visa, MC, System developed and supported by Visa, MC, Amex, IBM, Microsoft and Verisign. Amex, IBM, Microsoft and Verisign. • It is SAFE - WorldwideIt is SAFE - Worldwide• High Commission 2-5% High Commission 2-5%
PayPal • Online payment solution with 35 million Online payment solution with 35 million account. Members in 38 countries. Originally account. Members in 38 countries. Originally developed for auction sites such as eBay.developed for auction sites such as eBay.
CREATING AN EFFICIENT AND SECURE CREATING AN EFFICIENT AND SECURE TRADE INFRASTRUCTURETRADE INFRASTRUCTURE
CREATING AN EFFICIENT AND SECURE CREATING AN EFFICIENT AND SECURE TRADE INFRASTRUCTURETRADE INFRASTRUCTURE
TRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FACILITATION: : Transportation, Port- Transportation, Port- System and Logistics, Trade Finance, SecuritySystem and Logistics, Trade Finance, Security
TRADE PROMOTION: IT and Non-IT SectorsTRADE PROMOTION: IT and Non-IT Sectors
TRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FACILITATION: : Transportation, Port- Transportation, Port- System and Logistics, Trade Finance, SecuritySystem and Logistics, Trade Finance, Security
TRADE PROMOTION: IT and Non-IT SectorsTRADE PROMOTION: IT and Non-IT Sectors
TRADE PROCEDURES and MEASURESTRADE PROCEDURES and MEASURES: : e-Customs, e-Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary e-Customs, e-Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Certificates, e-Certificate of Origin, and Certificates, e-Certificate of Origin, and Single Window SystemSingle Window System
TRADE PROCEDURES and MEASURESTRADE PROCEDURES and MEASURES: : e-Customs, e-Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary e-Customs, e-Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Certificates, e-Certificate of Origin, and Certificates, e-Certificate of Origin, and Single Window SystemSingle Window System
BILLBILLOFOF
LADINGLADING
BILLBILLOFOF
LADINGLADING
LETTERLETTER OF OF
CREDITCREDIT
LETTERLETTER OF OF
CREDITCREDIT
CERTIFICATECERTIFICATE OFOF
ORIGINORIGIN
CERTIFICATECERTIFICATE OFOF
ORIGINORIGIN
INSURANCE INSURANCE CERTIFICATECERTIFICATE
INSURANCE INSURANCE CERTIFICATECERTIFICATE
PHITOSANITARYPHITOSANITARYCERTIFICATESCERTIFICATES
PHITOSANITARYPHITOSANITARYCERTIFICATESCERTIFICATES
CUSTOM CUSTOM CLEARANCECLEARANCE
CUSTOM CUSTOM CLEARANCECLEARANCE
DECLARATIONSDECLARATIONSDECLARATIONSDECLARATIONS
DEBIT DEBIT ADVICEADVICE
DEBIT DEBIT ADVICEADVICE
REMITANCEREMITANCEADVICEADVICE
REMITANCEREMITANCEADVICEADVICE
WAYBILLWAYBILLWAYBILLWAYBILL
PAYMENT PAYMENT ORDERORDER
PAYMENT PAYMENT ORDERORDER
MANIFESTMANIFEST MANIFESTMANIFEST
PURCHASEPURCHASEORDERORDER
PURCHASEPURCHASEORDERORDER INVOICEINVOICEINVOICEINVOICE FORWARDINGFORWARDING
INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION
FORWARDINGFORWARDINGINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION
STOWAGESTOWAGEPLAN-BAYPLAN-BAY
PLANPLAN
STOWAGESTOWAGEPLAN-BAYPLAN-BAY
PLANPLAN
ARRIVALARRIVALNOTICENOTICE
ARRIVALARRIVALNOTICENOTICE
BTW 20 and 40 BTW 20 and 40 PAPER DOCUMENTSPAPER DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR INTERNATIONAL REQUIRED FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE TRADE Costs: up to Costs: up to 10 per cent10 per cent of the value of the goods. of the value of the goods. Every year, Every year, US$550 BillionUS$550 Billion Worldwide. Worldwide.
CUSTOMS INFORMATION CUSTOMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS CUSTOMS INFORMATION CUSTOMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America and the Caribbean
SINGLE WINDOWSINGLE WINDOW: The Most Common Models : The Most Common Models SINGLE WINDOWSINGLE WINDOW: The Most Common Models : The Most Common Models
Simplifying International Simplifying International Trade Trade Simplifying International Simplifying International Trade Trade
The new approach - a simple, The new approach - a simple, one-stop solution offering one-stop solution offering official control with trade official control with trade facilitation. facilitation.
The new approach - a simple, The new approach - a simple, one-stop solution offering one-stop solution offering official control with trade official control with trade facilitation. facilitation.
UN CEFACT Recommendation 33
UN CEFACT Recommendation 33
(...)
Trade FacilitationTrade Facilitation:: We will continue our work to We will continue our work to reduce business transaction costsreduce business transaction costs by by cutting red tape, cutting red tape, embracing automation, harmonizing standards and embracing automation, harmonizing standards and eliminating unnecessary barriers to tradeeliminating unnecessary barriers to trade. We will also . We will also work together to advance the trade facilitation work together to advance the trade facilitation negotiations in the WTO, promote secure trade, and negotiations in the WTO, promote secure trade, and build on the APEC Best Practices for RTAs/FTAs in the build on the APEC Best Practices for RTAs/FTAs in the area of trade facilitation;area of trade facilitation;(...)(...)
(...)
Trade FacilitationTrade Facilitation:: We will continue our work to We will continue our work to reduce business transaction costsreduce business transaction costs by by cutting red tape, cutting red tape, embracing automation, harmonizing standards and embracing automation, harmonizing standards and eliminating unnecessary barriers to tradeeliminating unnecessary barriers to trade. We will also . We will also work together to advance the trade facilitation work together to advance the trade facilitation negotiations in the WTO, promote secure trade, and negotiations in the WTO, promote secure trade, and build on the APEC Best Practices for RTAs/FTAs in the build on the APEC Best Practices for RTAs/FTAs in the area of trade facilitation;area of trade facilitation;(...)(...)
12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETINGSANTIAGO DECLARATION
"ONE COMMUNITY, OUR FUTURE"Santiago de Chile
20‑21 November 2004
12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETINGSANTIAGO DECLARATION
"ONE COMMUNITY, OUR FUTURE"Santiago de Chile
20‑21 November 2004
12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETING12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETING
KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS FOR SMEsFOR SMEs
KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS FOR SMEsFOR SMEs
• A trade facilitation centre,A trade facilitation centre, where participants in where participants in foreign trade transactions are grouped together foreign trade transactions are grouped together under a single physical or virtual roof to provide all under a single physical or virtual roof to provide all the necessary services for trade transactions. the necessary services for trade transactions. Participants:Participants: chambers of commerce, customs, chambers of commerce, customs, foreign trade institutes, banks, freight forwarders, foreign trade institutes, banks, freight forwarders, transport agencies and insurance companies. transport agencies and insurance companies.
• A source of trade-related information, providing A source of trade-related information, providing actual and potential traders with actual and potential traders with data about data about business and market opportunities, business and market opportunities, potential clients potential clients and suppliers, as well as trade regulations and and suppliers, as well as trade regulations and requirementsrequirements. .
• A gateway to global networkingA gateway to global networking, in order to , in order to increase the participation of traders, particularly increase the participation of traders, particularly SMEs, in the emerging electronic commerce SMEs, in the emerging electronic commerce economy.economy.
• A trade facilitation centre,A trade facilitation centre, where participants in where participants in foreign trade transactions are grouped together foreign trade transactions are grouped together under a single physical or virtual roof to provide all under a single physical or virtual roof to provide all the necessary services for trade transactions. the necessary services for trade transactions. Participants:Participants: chambers of commerce, customs, chambers of commerce, customs, foreign trade institutes, banks, freight forwarders, foreign trade institutes, banks, freight forwarders, transport agencies and insurance companies. transport agencies and insurance companies.
• A source of trade-related information, providing A source of trade-related information, providing actual and potential traders with actual and potential traders with data about data about business and market opportunities, business and market opportunities, potential clients potential clients and suppliers, as well as trade regulations and and suppliers, as well as trade regulations and requirementsrequirements. .
• A gateway to global networkingA gateway to global networking, in order to , in order to increase the participation of traders, particularly increase the participation of traders, particularly SMEs, in the emerging electronic commerce SMEs, in the emerging electronic commerce economy.economy.
GLOBAL TRADEPOINT GLOBAL TRADEPOINT NETWORKNETWORKGLOBAL TRADEPOINT GLOBAL TRADEPOINT NETWORKNETWORKwww.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.php www.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.php
GGTTPP
NNEETT
GGTTPP
NNEETT
Sidney Rezende, CEPAL, Agosto 1997
WORLD TRADE POINT FEDERATION WORLD TRADE POINT FEDERATION WORLD TRADE POINT FEDERATION WORLD TRADE POINT FEDERATION
www.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.phpwww.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.php
www.intracen.org/ec/welcome.htmwww.intracen.org/ec/welcome.htm
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER (UNCTAD / WTO)(UNCTAD / WTO)
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER (UNCTAD / WTO)(UNCTAD / WTO)
STUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS - ECLACSTUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS - ECLACSTUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS - ECLACSTUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS - ECLAC
71 71 PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS on Information on Information
TechnologyTechnology
6 PUBLICATIONS 6 PUBLICATIONS on e-BUSINESS, on e-BUSINESS,
e-COMMERCEe-COMMERCE
WWW.ECLAC.ORGWWW.ECLAC.ORG
Thank you for your Thank you for your Attention!Attention!
Thank you for your Thank you for your Attention!Attention!
Sidney RezendeSidney [email protected]@eclac.cl
Sidney RezendeSidney [email protected]@eclac.cl
www.eclac.orgwww.eclac.org/comercio/comerciowww.eclac.orgwww.eclac.org/comercio/comercio