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Information Technology: Hardware

Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.

by

Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

Jenis Komputer

• Mainframes (Super Computers)

• Minicomputers

• Microcomputers

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Mainframes (Super Computer)• Large in Physical Size

• Fast Computing Speed

• Large Memory Capacity

• Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)

• Provides many connections to I/O devices

• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server

• First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360

• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,

•IBM 360 •Cray-2

•The Columbia Supercomputer at

NASA's Advanced Supercomputing

Facility at Ames Research Center.

Microcomputers• Micro physical size

• Slower computing speed

• Smaller memory capacity

• Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors

• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna

• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486)

• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant)

• Used as Client Computers

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Sistem Komputer

• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) danaturan/standar (ruleware) untuk melaksanakan program/komputasi berbasis komputer.

• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.

Komponen Sistem Komputer• Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).

• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,

Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi

(Application Sofware).

• Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.

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Hardware Resources

• I/O (Input/Output)

devices

• Processor

• Memory

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I/O Devices

• I/O Devices: to exchange data between

computer systems and external sources

• Input Devices: to enter data into a

computer system

• Output Devices: to send data out of a

computer system

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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital

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Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta

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Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis

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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices

• Kecepatan (Speed)

• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)

• Keandalan (Reliability)

• Obyektivitas & Akurasi

• Kesesuaian dengan jenis data

• Durasi (endurance)

• Kompatibilitas

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Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera

02/09/2015

Dies Natalis IPB 2001 14

GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE

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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 15

SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE

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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 16

0

10

20

30

0 300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

Tem

pera

ture

0

1.25

2.5

3.75

5

Temperature

Set point

Voltage

Voltage

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400

Time (seconds)

Hu

mid

ity (

%)

0

1.25

2.5

3.75

5

Humidity

Set point

Voltage

Voltage (v)

Temperature & Humidity Control

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3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

0 300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

Lig

ht

In

ten

sit

y

0

1

2

3

4

5

Light IntensitySet pointOpening Angle

Fin opening Angle

Light Intensity Control

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Processors the device unit that performs data processing

• High speed: micro, mini, super computer

• Multiprocessors: support processor,

coupled processor, parallel processor

• Execution time: microsecond,

nanosecond, picosecond

• Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS

(Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS

(Floating Point Operations per Second)

Features:

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Profil kota

Profil sumber airProfil suhu permukaan bumi

Profil mineral bumi

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Memory

• Memory Internal (primary storage):

Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM

• Memory External (secondary storage):

Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum

DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk,

Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB

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Memory Features

• Internal: higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic

• External: lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic

• Measures: access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)

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Storage Hierarchy

Cost

$600 a chip

$10-2 per byte

$10-4 per byte

$10-8 per byte

Size

213 bytes

227 bytes

230 bytes

240 bytes

CPU, Reg

Cache

Memory

Secondary Storage

32-64 bits

4-128 words

512-16k words