Information Systems - Org Context

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Computer Services Management

Introduction


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The Nature of Business information age

In todays business environment informationand Information Technology (IT)being used

to gain and sustain competitive advantage.

This is the information ageKnow ledge is Power

All areas of business Marketing, Finance, HR, Higher Management - produce data / information

as a product.

Youll never find a successful business whose slogan is:

..what you dont know wont hurt you..

Organisations understand that what they dont know can become an Achilles heel and a source

ofadvantage for the competition.

In todays business world, Knowledge workers outnumber other types of worker by approx six to

one.

Hence Managing this knowledge (i.e. filtering out chaff and making decisions based on

correct information) is vital to Business success.


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Information Systems

The purpose of an IS is to get the right information to the

right people at the right time in the right amount and in the

right format.

A goal of an IS is to economically process data into

information or knowledge.


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Data, Information & Knowledge

Dataelementary description of things, events,activities and transactions that are recorded,classified and stored but not organised to conveyany specific meaning.

Informationdata that has been organised so thatthey have meaning and value to the recipient.

Knowledgedata and/or information that hasbeen organised and processed to conveyunderstanding, experience, accumulated learningand expertise as they apply to a current business

problem.


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Example

DataA student grade.

InformationThe student name coupled with the

students grade. KnowledgeA company recruiting has found

over time that students with a Merit 1 have had the

most success.

Based on this expertise, the company decides to

interview only students with a minimum Merit 1.


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IT Architecture

A high-level map or plan of the information assets

in an organisation. It is both a guide for current

operations and a blueprint for future directions. It integrates the entire organisations business

needs for information, the IT infrastructure and all

applications.

Defines how the IS/IT systems are used by the

organisation

Draw analogy to the architecture of a house.


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IT Infrastructure

Consists of the physical facilities, IT

components, IT services and IT personnel

that support the entire organisation.


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Capabilities of Information Systems

Perform high-speed, high-volume, numerical computations.

Provide fast, accurate communication and collaborationwithin and among organisations.

Store huge amounts of information in an easy-to-access, yetsmall, space.

Allow quick and inexpensive access to vast amounts ofinformation.

Facilitate the interpretation of vast amounts of data.

Increase the effectiveness and efficiency of people working in

groups. Automate both semiautomatic business processes and manual

tasks.


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Types of Information Systems

Departmental/Functional area ISsupports a particular

functional area in the organisation, eg., production /operationsmanagement (POM) IS, Finance IS, HR IS, etc.,

Enterprise Resource Planning systemsupport the entireorganisation and integrates the functional areas via a commondatabase.

Transaction Processing systemsupports the monitoring,collection, storage and processing of data from theorganisations basic business transactions, each of whichgenerates data.

Interorganisational ISconnects two or more organisations B2B, Business to Business

B2C, Business to consumer


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MIS Integrating Themes

MIS deals with the co-ordination ofthree very important organisational resources:

Information

People

Technology (IT)

Co-ordination of these for the purpose of achieving and sustaining competitive

advantage


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MIS Components

Backup data

Restart job

Virus scan

HardwareSoftware

People ProceduresData


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Management Information Related

Subsystems

Information Technology (IT) is any computer based tool that people use to work with information and support the information-processing

needs of an organisation.

Includes Hardware, Software, Communications, networks, production automation, etc

Any Kit concerned with the capture, storage, transmission, and presentation of information

Strategic Management Information Systems (SMIS) Systems considered critical to the current or future business competitiveness of an organisation

SMIS is a relative rather than an absolute term as one must assess the STRATEGY of a given organisationfirst before attaching the term SMIS to a technology

Example: A web service offering a product online could be considered strategic i.e. Dell computers,Ryanair online booking system.

Example: Business Process re-engineering modelling software


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Management Information Related

Subsystems contd

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Business information over layed on Geographical Maps

Example: Google Earth shows Business locations, visitor attractions, etc in particular areas

Expert System (ES) Also called a knowledge based system is anArtificial Intelligence system that applies reasoning

capabilities to reach a conclusion.

Expert systems are software systems which capture the knowledge and experience of experts in particularfields Accounting, Medicine, Production Control, etc.

Expert Systems, through a series of carefully contrived questions to the user, can determine Whats wrong,and what to do.

Example: Forensic accounting

Example: HR Management to help personnel managers determine whether they are in compliance withNational and EU regulations

Example: Exsys Corvid

Dashboard System (DS)(EIS) A dashboard is an Executive Information System user interface that (similar to an automobiles dashboard)

is designed to be easy to read. For example, a product might obtain information from the local operatingsystem in a computer, from one or more applications that may be running, and from one or more remotesites on the Web and present it as though it all came from the same source.

Digital dashboards may be laid out to track the flows inherent in the business processes that they monitor.

Graphically, users may see the high-level processes and then drill down into low level data.


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Airline Executive Information System


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The Changing Role of the Information

Systems Department

Traditional Major IS Functions

Managing systems development and systems project

management

Managing computer operations, including the computer

centre

Staffing, training and developing IS skills

Providing technical services

Infrastructure planning, development and control


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Traditional / Classical Organisation

CEO

VP

Finance

VP

Accounting

VP

HRM

VP

MIS

Layers of middle managers

Customers

Commands

Analyze data

Condensed reports

Collect

data

Th Ch i R l f h


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The Changing Role of the

Information Systems Department New Major IS functions

Initiating and designing specific strategic information systems

Incorporating the Internet and electronic commerce into thebusiness

Managing system integration including the Internet, intranets and

extranets Educating the non-IS managers about IT

Educating the IS staff about the business

Supporting end-user computing

Partnering with the executives Managing outsourcing

Proactively using business and technical knowledge to seedinnovative ideas about IT

Creating business alliances with vendors and IS departments in theorganisation


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The Matrix Management

Project Focussed

Multi-disciplinary teams

Team members have more that one boss

Project team disbanded when project

completes

New project team for new project

Gives team members an insight into the

workings of other departments

Leadership training ground

Allows people with ideas to carry themforward

May cause blurring of communication

lines


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Modern Organisation structure

C.E.O.

Fin Prod HR Mkt IT

teams teams teams teams teams

Customer

Partner

Supplier

Partner

Contractor

Partner

Bank

Partner

Legal

Partner

Distribution

Partner


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New structure - DecentralisedManagement Team

Finance

Team

Marketing

Team

Accounting

Team

HRM

Team

Sales

TeamFranchise

Strategy

Methodology/Rules

Customers

CorporateDatabase

&

Network

Dir

Fin

Dir

Mrkt

Dir

Acct

Dir

HRM

Dir

MIS

Information Systems - Org Context

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