Information Systems Analysis + Design fileInformation Systems Analysis + Design Joseph Budu...
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Information Systems Analysis + DesignJoseph Budu
124-Sep-14 SOT 203 Systems Analysis and Design J.BUDU
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About me• Joseph Budu• Growing information systems academic• Research interests
– Enterprise information systems– Cloud computing– Ethics and value in information systems
24-Sep-14 SOT 203 Systems Analysis and Design J. BUDU 2
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Then… Now!
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Assuming the Role of the SystemsAnalyst
Introduction toSystems Analysis and Design
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Learning Objectives• Recall the basic types of computer-based systems that a
systems analyst needs to address• Understand how users working in context with new
technologies change the dynamics of a system• Realize what the many roles of the systems analyst are• Know the steps of the SDLC as they relate to HCI and how to
apply them to a real system• Understand what CASE tools are and how they help a systems
analyst• Explore other methodologies such as object-oriented systems
design and prototyping
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Yamamichi, N., Yokochi, K., & Tanaka, T. (1998)
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Tan & Tan (2010) pg. 163
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Information – A Key Resource• Fuels business and can be the critical factor in
determining the success or failure of abusiness
• Needs to be managed correctly• Managing computer-generated information
differs from handling manually produced data
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Systems Analysts Recommend, Design, and MaintainMany Types of Systems for Users
– Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)– Office Automation Systems (OAS)– Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)– Management Information Systems (MIS)– Decision Support Systems (DSS)– Expert Systems (ES)– Executive Support Systems (ESS)– Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)– Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems (CSCWS)
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StrategicLevel
OperationalLevel
KnowledgeLevel
Higher Level
A systems analystmay be involved withany or all of thesesystems at eachorganization level
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Operational Level• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
– Process large amounts of data for routine businesstransactions
– Boundary-spanning– Support the day-to-day operations of the company– Examples: Payroll Processing, Inventory Management
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Knowledge Level• Office Automation System (OAS)
– Supports data workers who share information, but do not usually createnew knowledge
– Examples: Word processing, Spreadsheets, Desktop publishing, Electronicscheduling, Communication through voice mail, Email, Video conferencing
• Knowledge Work System (KWS)– Supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors– Examples: computer-aided design systems, virtual reality systems,
investment workstations
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Higher Level• Management Information System (MIS)
– Support a broad spectrum of organizational tasks including decisionanalysis and decision making
– Examples: profit margin by sales region, expenses vs. budgets• Decision Support System (DSS)
– Aids decision makers in the making of decisions– Examples: financial planning with what-if analysis, budgeting with
modeling• Expert System (ES)
– Captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a particularproblem which leads to a conclusion or recommendation
– Examples: MYCIN, XCON
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Strategic Level• Executive Support System (ESS)
– Helps executives to make unstructured strategic decisions in an informedway
– Examples: drill-down analysis, status access• Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
– Permit group members to interact with electronic support– Examples: email, Lotus Notes
• Computer-Supported Collaborative Work System (CSCWS)– CDCWS is a more general term of GDSS– May include software support called “groupware” for team collaboration
via network computers– Example: video conferencing, Web survey system
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Integrating New Technologies intoTraditional Systems
• Ecommerce and Web Systems• Enterprise Resource Planning Systems• Wireless Systems• Open Source Software• Need for Systems Analysis and Design
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Figure 1.2 Systems analysts need to be aware that integratingtechnologies affects all types of systems
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Ecommerce and Web Systems• Benefits
– Increasing user awareness of the availability of a service,product, industry, person, or group
– The possibility of 24-hour access for users– Improving the usefulness and usability of interface design– Creating a system that can extend globally rather than
remain local, thus reaching people in remote locationswithout worry of the time zone in which they are located
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Enterprise Resource Planning Systems(ERP)
• Performs integration of many informationsystems existing on different managementlevels and within different functions
• Example: SAP, Oracle
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Wireless Systems• System analyst may be asked to design standard or
wireless communication networks that integrate voice,video and email into organizational intranets or industryextranets
• System analyst may also be asked to develop intelligentagents
• Example: Microsoft's new software based on Bayesianstatistics
• Wireless communication is referred as m-commerce(mobile commerce)
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Open Source Software• An alternative of traditional software development
where proprietary code is hidden from the users• Open source software is free to distribute, share and
modify• Characterized as a philosophy rather than simply the
process of creating new software• Example: Linux Operating System, Apache Web
Server, Mozilla Firefox Web browser
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Need for Systems Analysis and Design• Installing a system without proper planning leads to great
user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system tofall into disuse
• Lends structure to the analysis and design of informationsystems
• A series of processes systematically undertaken toimprove a business through the use of computerizedinformation systems
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Roles of the Systems Analyst• The analyst must be able to work with people of
all descriptions and be experienced in workingwith computers
• Three primary roles:– Consultant– Supporting Expert– Agent of change
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Qualities of the Systems Analyst
• Problem solver• Communicator• Strong personal and professional ethics• Self-disciplined and self-motivated
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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• The systems development life cycle is aphased approach to solving business problems
• Developed through the use of a specific cycleof analyst and user activities
• Each phase has unique user activities
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Figure 1.3 The seven phases of the systemsdevelopment life cycle
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Incorporating Human-ComputerInteraction (HCI) Considerations
• The demand for analysts who are capable ofincorporating HCI into the systemsdevelopment process keeps increasing, ascompanies begin to realize that the quality ofsystems and the quality of work life can beimproved by taking a human-centeredapproach at the outset of a project
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Identifying Problems, Opportunities, andObjectives
• Activity:– Interviewing user management– Summarizing the knowledge obtained– Estimating the scope of the project– Documenting the results
• Output:– Feasibility report containing problem definition and
objective summaries from which management can make adecision on whether to proceed with the proposed project
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Determining Human InformationRequirements
• Activity:– Interviewing– Sampling and investing hard data– Questionnaires– Observe the decision maker’s behavior and environment– Prototyping– Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current system
• Output:– Analyst understands how users accomplish their work when interacting
with a computer; and begin to know how to make the new system moreuseful and usable. The analyst should also know the business functionsand have complete information on the people, goals, data and procedureinvolved
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Analyzing System Needs• Activity:
– Create data flow diagrams– Complete the data dictionary– Analyze the structured decisions made– Prepare and present the system proposal
• Output:– Recommendation on what, if anything, should be
done
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Designing the Recommended System• Activity:
– Design procedures for data entry– Design the human-computer interface– Design system controls– Design files and/or database– Design backup procedures
• Output– Model of the actual system
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Developing and Documenting Software• Activity:
– System analyst works with programmers to develop any original software– Works with users to develop effective documentation– Programmers design, code, and remove syntactical errors from computer
programs– Document software with help files, procedure manuals, and Web sites
with Frequently Asked Questions
• Output:– Computer programs– System documentation
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Testing and Maintaining the System• Activity:
– Test the information system– System maintenance– Maintenance documentation
• Output:– Problems, if any– Updated programs– Documentation
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Implementing and Evaluating the System• Activity:
– Train users– Analyst plans smooth conversion from old system to
new system– Review and evaluate system
• Output:– Trained personnel– Installed system
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The Impact of Maintenance• Maintenance is performed for two reasons
– Removing software errors, and– Enhancing existing software
• Over time the cost of continued maintenancewill be greater than that of creating an entirelynew system. At that point it becomes morefeasible to perform a new systems study
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Approaches to Structured Analysis and Design and to theSystems Development Life Cycle
• Traditional systems development lifecycle
• CASE systems development life cycle• Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and
Design
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Case Tools• CASE tools are productivity tools for systems
analysts that have been created explicitly toimprove their routine work through the use ofautomated support
• Reasons for using CASE tools– Increasing Analyst Productivity– Improving Analyst-User Communication– Integrating Life Cycle Activities– Accurately Assessing Maintenance Changes
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Case Tool Classifications• Upper CASE tools perform analysis and
design• Lower CASE tools generate programs from
CASE design• Integrated CASE tools perform both upper
and lower CASE functions
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Upper CASE Tools• Create and modify the system design• Help in modeling organizational
requirements and defining systemboundaries
• Can also support prototyping of screenand report designs
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Lower CASE Tools• Lower CASE tools generate computer
source code from the CASE design• Source code is usually generated in several
languages
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Object-Oriented Systems Analysis andDesign
• Alternate approach to the structured approach of theSDLC that is intended to facilitate the development ofsystems that must change rapidly in response to dynamicbusiness environments
• Analysis is performed on a small part of the systemfollowed by design and implementation. The cyclerepeats with analysis, design and implementation of thenext part and this repeats until the project is complete
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Alternate Approaches to Structured Analysis and Designand to the Systems Development Life Cycle
• Agile approach• Prototyping• ETHICS• Project champion• Soft Systems Methodology• Multiview
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Summary
• Information is a key resource• Systems analysts deal with many types of
information systems• Integration of traditional systems with
new technologies• Roles and qualities of the systems analyst• The systems Development Life Cycle• CASE tools• Alternatives to structured analysis and
design and to the SDLC
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• Identify an opportunity, orproblem or objective within a
society/government/organisation that an information
system could be used to takeadvantage of, solve or achieve
respectively• Explain the current situation
• Explain the problem/objective/opportunity• Explain the effect of the current problem/objective• Describe the proposed information system solution
• Deadline30/09/201415:00 GMT
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