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Information Systems Analysis and Design
Lintang
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Introduction
A System is a combination of resources working together to convert inputs into usable outputs.
Within any system, the individual pieces coordinate to accomplish specific tasks, jobs, or functions.
Ex.: Accounting systems contain subsystems for general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory control and payroll
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Introduction
Information Systems Analysis and Design A method used by companies to create and maintain
systems that perform basic business functions Main goal is to improve employee efficiency by
applying software solutions to key business tasks A structured approach must be used in order to ensure
success
Application Software Result of systems analysis and design Designed to support specific organizational functions
or processes
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Introduction
Software engineering processes have been developed to assist in analysis and design Methodologies
Comprehensive, multi-step approaches to systems development
Techniques Processes that are followed to ensure that work is well
thought-out, complete and comprehensible to others on the project team
Tools Computer programs to assist in application of
techniques to the analysis and design process
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Data and Processes
Three key components of an information system Data Data Flows Processing Logic
Data vs. Information Data
Raw facts Information
Derived from data Organized in a manner that humans can understand.
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Data and Processes
Data Understanding the source and use of data is key
to good system design Various techniques are used to describe data and
the relationship amongst data Data Flows
Groups of data that move and flow through the system
Include description of sources and destination for each data flow
Processing Logic Describe steps that transform data and events that
trigger the steps
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Approaches to Systems Development Process-Oriented Approach
Focus is on flow, use and transformation of data in an information system
Involves creating graphical representations such as data flow diagrams and charts
Data are tracked from sources, through intermediate steps and to final destinations
Natural structure of data is not specified Disadvantage: data files are tied to specific
applications
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Approaches to Systems Development Data-Oriented Approach
Depicts ideal organization of data, independent of where and how data are used
Data model describes kinds of data and business relationships among the data
Business rules depict how organization captures and processes the data
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Databases and Application Independence Database
Shared collection of logically related data Organized to facilitate capture, storage and retrieval by
multiple users Centrally managed Designed around subjects
Customers Suppliers
Application Independence Separation of data and definition of data from
applications
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Organizational Responsibilities in Systems Development
Systems Analysts work in teams Project Based Includes
IS Manager Programmers Users Other specialists
Characteristics of Successful Teams Diversity of backgrounds Tolerance of diversity Clear and complete communication Trust Mutual Respect Reward structure that promotes shared responsibility
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Organizational Responsibilities in Systems Development
IS Manager May have a direct role in systems
development if the project is small Typically involved in allocating resources to
and overseeing system development projects. Systems Analyst
Key individuals in the systems development process
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Organizational Responsibilities in Systems Development
Skills of a Successful Systems Analyst Analytical
Understanding of organizations Problem solving skills System thinking
Ability to see organizations and information systems as systems
Technical Understanding of potential and limitations of technology
Management Ability to manage projects, resources, risk and change
Interpersonal Effective written and oral communication skills
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Organizational Responsibilities in Systems Development
Programmers Convert specifications into instructions that the
computer understands Write documentation and testing programs
Business Managers Have power to fund projects and allocate resources Set general requirements and constraints for projects
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Organizational Responsibilities in Systems Development
Other IS Managers/Technicians Database Administrator
Involved in design, development and maintenance of databases
Network and telecommunications experts Develop systems involving data and/or voice
communications Human Factors Specialists
Involved in training users and writing documentation Internal Auditors
Ensure that required controls are built into the system
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Types of Information Systemsand Systems Development Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Automate handling of data about business activities (transactions)
Management Information Systems (MIS) Converts raw data from transaction processing system
into meaningful form Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Designed to help decision makers Provides interactive environment for decision making
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Types of Information Systemsand Systems Development Expert Systems (ES)
Replicates decision making process Knowledge representation describes the way
an expert would approach the problem
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Systems Development Life Cycle
Series of steps used to manage the phases of development for an information system
Consists of six phases: Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Analysis Design Implementation Maintenance
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Systems Development Life Cycle
Phases are not necessarily sequential Each phase has a specific outcome and
deliverable Individual companies use customized life
cycles
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Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle
Project Identification and Selection Two Main Activities
Identification of need Prioritization and translation of need into a development
schedule Helps organization to determine whether or not resources should
be dedicated to a project. Project Initiation and Planning
Two Activities Formal preliminary investigation of the problem at hand Presentation of reasons why system should or should not be
developed by the organization
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Systems Development Life Cycle
Analysis Study of current procedures and information
systems Determine requirements
Study current system Structure requirements and eliminate redundancies
Generate alternative designs Compare alternatives Recommend best alternative
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Systems Development Life Cycle
Design Logical Design
Concentrates on business aspects of the system Physical Design
Technical specifications Implementation
Implementation Hardware and software installation Programming User Training Documentation
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Systems Development Life Cycle
Maintenance
System changed to reflect changing conditions
System obsolescence
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Approaches to Development Prototyping
Building a scaled-down working version of the system
Advantages: Users are involved in design Captures requirements in concrete form
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Utilizes prototyping to delay producing
system design until after user requirements are clear
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Approaches to Development
Joint Application Design (JAD) Users, Managers and Analysts work together
for several days System requirements are reviewed Structured meetings
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Analysis
Analysis
Preliminary Analysis
Detailed Analysis
Evaluating User
Request
Analysis Request
Management Action
Review and Assignment
Fact Finding
Presentation to
Management
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Analytical Skills for Systems Analysis
Four Sets of Analytical Skills Systems Thinking Organizational Knowledge Problem Identification Problem Analyzing and Solving
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Systems Thinking
System A system is an interrelated set of business
procedures used within one business unit working together for a purpose
A system has nine characteristics A system exists within an environment A boundary separates a system from its
environment
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Systems Thinking
Characteristics of a System Components Interrelated Components Boundary Purpose Environment Interfaces Input Output Constraints
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Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts Decomposition
The process of breaking down a system into smaller components
Allows the systems analyst to: Break a system into small, manageable subsystems Focus on one area at a time Concentrate on component pertinent to one group of
users Build different components at independent times
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Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts (Continued) Modularity
Process of dividing a system into modules of a relatively uniform size
Modules simplify system design Coupling
Subsystems that are dependent upon each other are coupled
Cohesion Extent to which a subsystem performs a single
function
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Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts (Continued) Logical System Description
Portrays the purpose and function of the system Does not tie the description to a specific physical
implementation Physical System Description
Focuses on how the system will be materially constructed
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Management Skills for Systems Analysis
Four categories Resource Management Project Management Risk Management Change Management
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Resource Management
Systems analyst needs to know how to get the most out of the resources of an organization, including team members
Includes the following capabilities Predicting resource usage Tracking resource consumption Effective use of resources Evaluation of resource quality Securing resources from abusive use Relinquishing resources when no longer needed
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Project Management
Two Goals Prevent projects from coming in late Prevent projects from going over budget
Assists management in keeping track of project’s progress
Consists of several steps Decomposing project into independent tasks Determining relationships between tasks Assigning resources and personnel to tasks
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Risk Management
Ability to anticipate what might go wrong in a project
Minimize risk and/or minimize damage that might result
Placement of resources Prioritization of activities to achieve greatest
gain
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Change Management
Ability to assist people in making transition to new system
Ability to deal with technical issues related to change Obsolescence Reusability
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Ref:
Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 3/e, Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George Joseph S. Valacich.
System Analysis and Design, K. E. Kendall, J. E Kendall
System Analysis & Design, Perry Edwards