Information reduces uncertaintyInformation reduces uncertainty Response determines fitness...
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Transcript of Information reduces uncertaintyInformation reduces uncertainty Response determines fitness...
![Page 1: Information reduces uncertaintyInformation reduces uncertainty Response determines fitness outcomeResponse determines fitness outcome Cues vs. signalsCues.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649dff5503460f94ae6c35/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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• Information Information reduces reduces uncertaintyuncertainty
• Response Response determines determines fitness outcomefitness outcome
• Cues vs. signalsCues vs. signals• DeceitDeceit
The informational framework
Based on Bradbury and Vehrencamp (1998)
ProductionProductionEnvironmentEnvironment
ReceptionReception
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• Senders and receivers often Senders and receivers often disagree on optimal responsedisagree on optimal response– Mate choice, contests, etc.Mate choice, contests, etc.
• Pervasive dishonesty leads to Pervasive dishonesty leads to communication breakdowncommunication breakdown
• Only honest signals are stableOnly honest signals are stable
Honest signaling
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• CostsCosts– ProductionProduction– MaintenanceMaintenance– Vulnerability Vulnerability – ConventionConvention
• ConstraintsConstraints– Index signalsIndex signals
Maintaining honesty
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• Active spaceActive space• Duty cycleDuty cycle• LocatabilityLocatability• Identification levelIdentification level• Modulation potentialModulation potential• Costs / constraintsCosts / constraints• Optimal signal design varies by Optimal signal design varies by
functionfunction
Some properties of signals
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• Sender precursorsSender precursors– Intention movementsIntention movements• RitualizationRitualization
– CuesCues• AmplificationAmplification
– Principal of antithesisPrincipal of antithesis
• Receiver precursorsReceiver precursors– Sensory driveSensory drive– Sensory exploitationSensory exploitation
Signal evolution
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• EavesdroppingEavesdropping– IntraspecificIntraspecific• Black-capped Black-capped
chickadeeschickadees
– InterspecificInterspecific• GryllusGryllus and and OrmeaOrmea
• Audience Audience effectseffects
Communication networks
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• VisualVisual• AcousticAcoustic• ChemicalChemical• VibrationalVibrational• ElectricalElectrical• MultimodalMultimodal
Modalities
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Sound I• Sounds are moving pressure wavesSounds are moving pressure waves
• Amplitude = loudnessAmplitude = loudness
• Frequency ≈ pitch = waves / secondFrequency ≈ pitch = waves / second
• Wavelength determines frequency Wavelength determines frequency (because speed is ~ constant)(because speed is ~ constant)
amplitude
frequency is # of wavesthat pass each sec
timepre
ssu
re
wavelength
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• WaveformWaveform• SpectrumSpectrum– Fourier transformFourier transform
• SonogramSonogram
Sound II
FrequencyFrequency
Am
plit
ud
eA
mp
litu
de
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• Vibration generatorVibration generator– Need for multiplierNeed for multiplier– Stridulatory organsStridulatory organs– LarynxLarynx– SyrinxSyrinx
• ResonatorResonator– In anuransIn anurans– In humansIn humans
Sound production
Goller and Larsen 1997 PNAS 94:14787-Goller and Larsen 1997 PNAS 94:14787-
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• Air versus Air versus waterwater
• DegradationDegradation– Global Global
attenuationattenuation– Frequency Frequency
dependent dependent attenuationattenuation
– ReverberationReverberation
Sound Sound transmissiontransmission
Lake Forest
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Acoustic adaptationopenopen forestedforested
flyc
atch
ers
flyc
atch
ers
tan
ager
sta
nag
ers
wre
ns
wre
ns
• Environment Environment constrains signal constrains signal structurestructure– Global attenuationGlobal attenuation
• Limits active spaceLimits active space
– Frequency Frequency dependent dependent attenuationattenuation• Constrains use of Constrains use of
high frequencieshigh frequencies
– ReverberationReverberation• Constrains use of Constrains use of
rapid changesrapid changes
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• EarsEars– Frequency Frequency
responseresponse– DirectionalityDirectionality
• Signal to noise Signal to noise ratioratio– Evolution of Evolution of
urban bird urban bird songssongs
Sound reception
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Light• The electromagnetic spectrumThe electromagnetic spectrum• Radiance, reflection and Radiance, reflection and
absorptionabsorption
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• PigmentsPigments– CarotenoidsCarotenoids– MelaninsMelanins
• Structural colorsStructural colors– Rayleigh scatteringRayleigh scattering– Mie scatteringMie scattering
• BioluminescenceBioluminescence• Extended Extended
phenotypephenotype
Visual signal production
http://home.vicnet.net.au/~osch/Bower%20photo1.jpghttp://home.vicnet.net.au/~osch/Bower%20photo1.jpg
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• Contrast with Contrast with backgroundbackground
• Available lightAvailable light
Visual signal receptionVisual signal reception
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• PropertiesProperties– SlowSlow– Non-directionalNon-directional– Non-spectralNon-spectral
• Volatility affects Volatility affects duty cycle, active duty cycle, active spacespace
• Trail following antsTrail following ants• Territorial badgersTerritorial badgers
Olfactory communication
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• Only in fishOnly in fish• Generate fieldsGenerate fields– Strongly / weakly Strongly / weakly
electric fishelectric fish– Pulse / wave fishPulse / wave fish
• Social Social communicationcommunication– Courtship “songs”Courtship “songs”– Range: 1mRange: 1m
• ElectrolocationElectrolocation– Range: 2-5 cmRange: 2-5 cm
Electrical communication
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• Widespread and Widespread and ancientancient
• Limited range, Limited range, bandwidthbandwidth
• PrivatePrivate• RecordingRecording
– GeophonesGeophones– AccelerometersAccelerometers– Laser Doppler Laser Doppler
vibometersvibometers
• PlaybackPlayback– ShakersShakers– Magnetic setups Magnetic setups
Vibrational communication
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• PrincipalsPrincipals• DiversityDiversity– BirdsBirds– CetationsCetations– BatsBats
• In batsIn bats
Echolocation