Information literacy… Is there a gap between where Iran is and where it could be…? the...

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Information literacy… Is there a gap between where Iran is and where it could be…? the importance of electronic scholarly information in the research process Drs Charles Pallandt Director Africa & Middle East Iran, 12 th of June 2006

Transcript of Information literacy… Is there a gap between where Iran is and where it could be…? the...

Page 1: Information literacy… Is there a gap between where Iran is and where it could be…? the importance of electronic scholarly information in the research process.

Information literacy… Is there a gap between where Iran is and

where it could be…?

the importance of electronic scholarly information in the research process

Drs Charles PallandtDirector Africa & Middle East

Iran, 12th of June 2006

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Let’s look at the Middle East and the Gulf and compare but also globally.

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The Middle East… a gap to history … before the pre-Renaissance period, during a 700 hundred year period, Arabic Science was at the forefront of scientific development…

Whereas nowadays:

… 20% of the world population consists of Muslims, they only possess 1% of the scientist…

… the brain drain in the Arab region is among the world’s worst with roughly 25 percent of graduates in science, medicine and engineering emigrating each year… (United Nations Development Program report of 2003)

… a Institute of Science receives 17 percent of its annual $180 million budget from donations. Can wealthy Arabs rival their counterparts in their support of research?... (by Dr Faisal Sanai, Armed Forces Hospital in Riyad)

Do Iranian universities profit from private funding or foundations?

Yes, there is a gap… and if this leads to less access to e-resources and a slower advancement of science, Iran should try to close it.

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The macro economicsCorrelation between; output and journal spend/R&D spend per researcher

Country Russia Iran China India UK Sweden

Population X Mio 142 72 1,313 1,081 60 9 GDP x Mio 1,287,000$ 133,2 6,449,000$ 3,033,000$ 1,666,000$ 238,300$ GDP/capita 8,230$ 1,850$ 4,580$ 2,670$ 26,150$ 26,050$ GDP growth rate 7.3% 9.1% 8.3% 2.2% 1.7%Inflation 13.7% 1.2% 3.8% 1.4% 1.9%R&D spending as a % of GDP 1.2% 0.3% 1.1% 0.8% 1.9% 4.6%

R&D spending x Mio 15,444 414 70,939 24,264 31,654 10,962R&D spending per capita 109$ 6$ 55$ 22$ 525$ 1,234$

Researchers per mio pop. 3,494 698 584 99 2,667 5,186

Researchers pop. 496,148 50,326 758,527 107,019 160,743 46,083Article output 2003 26,723 3,276 42,369 18,169 58,350 13,447Article output per 100 researchers 5.4 6.5 5.5 16.0 36.3 29.2

Internet users x Mio. 6.0 4.8 79.5 18.5 25.0 5.1Total journal market 11,326,176€ 20,000,000€ 120,250,180€ 54,614,500€ 116,870,622€ 26,633,304€

Total journal spend/researcher 23€ 397€ 159€ 510€ 727€ 578€

• CIA website: the world fact book: www.odci.gov/cia/• UNESCO: http:www.uis.unesco.org/profiles/EN/GEN/countryProfile_en.aspx?code=3560•www.irandoc.ac.ir

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The macroeconomics

relatively low number researchers per Mio population: 698 compared to UK and Sweden very low

R&D as % of GDP also relatively low: 0.3% (globally 1.3%)• Journal / content spend per researcher low (based on Elsevier spend)• Article output only 6.5 article per researcher.

Let’s escalate this situation with appealing evidence to the government, deans or rectors of universities to close the gap.

We also know that globally (Iran no solid information): - University budgets increase by 7-8%...- But the library budget increases at (much) lower pace (2-3%)…

Equally important to promote / market the library within the university !!!

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Iran

Next to macro economic factors (R&D spend); what are other factors tolook at… or the arguments to use?

1. Listings of top research institutes2. Quality of your research output 3. Comparison of usage of electronic resources4. Are further efficiency gains possible? (case studies/research data)5. Status of current Iranian Digital Library and where could you be?

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# of universities in the Times top 2002005 Time’s list

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# of universities in the Times top 200

1

6

9

30

62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

India Japan China UK US

No university from Iran in top 200 yet…

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Top institutes per country by article output ’04

India Iran Kuwait

Indian Inst of Tech 1493 Tehran Univ 468 Kuwait Univ 320

Indian Inst of Science 519Tehran Univ of

Med Sc 295 Kw Inst for Sc Res 47

Bhabha Atom Res 354 Sharif Univ 289 Kw Cancer Control c 8

UK US

Univ. Cambridge 3,053 Univ. Texas 6,247

Univ. Oxford 2,493 Harvard Univ. 5,473

Univ. London Imperial Coll. 2,164 Univ. Washington 3,395

In the region may be on par or ahead but internationally a gap to bridge.

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Scientific output (country level) Total Article Output of Selected Countries 2000-2004

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1 2 3 4 5

Year

Art

icle

s

Country

TURKEY

IRAN

EGYPT

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

ALGERIA

LIBYA

Source: Thomson Scientific

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Scientific output (country level)

Total Article Output 2000-2004

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Art

icle

s

IRAN

SAUDI ARABIA

KUWAIT

JORDAN

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

LEBANON

QATAR

Source: Thomson Scientific

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Scientific output (country level)

- Turkey and Iran: faster growth than global average (2-3%)- Turkey and Iran; longest on Science Direct (and other e-resources) - However, Iran; approximately 4 times lower output compared to Turkey!- Oxford or Cambridge University alone have a higher output than Iran as a country - Good cases for budget holders or decision makers in Iran

Source: Thomson Scientific

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It’s not (only) about quantity; The H-index

To compare the quality of your authors amongst each others, within your institute or with any other

author in the world.

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Hirsch-index

• Published by Jorge E. Hirsch in August 2005• Consequently, subject to discussion amongst scholars• Generally well-received (Ball, 2005; Van Raan, 2005;

Moed, 2005; Popov, 2005)• Now gaining a lot of momentum.

Nature (2005):‘The h-index is the highest number of papers a scientist

has published, at least having that number of citations.’

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Author A

Author B

Doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cit 55 45 20 10 5 4 3 2 1

Doc 1 2 3 4

Cit 55 45 20 10

H-index 2 mouse clicks away in for instance Scopus…

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Scientific output / impact on a country level

-

Source: ISI

Relative impact of papers 1994-2004 (relative to world)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Rel

ativ

e Im

pact

(cita

tions

/pap

ers)

Iran

Jordan

Kuw ait

Lebanon

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

UAE

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Scientific output / impact on a country level

-

- Iran and Lebanon; highest impact and Iran most output; there seems to be a correlation between access to e-resources and good usage…

- However, still not even having half the impact of countries such as UK or France (1.3)

- Again good cases for decision makers for investment proposals.

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Usage Iran is good; however, room for improvement…

Iran and Turkey (excl. Gov research): accelerated growth

• In countries such as France usage is four times higher than in Iran.

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

2003 2004 2005

Iran

Turkey

Saudi Arabia

Tunisia

Egypt

Lebanon

UArab Emirates

Jordan

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Let’s have look at potential usage per researcher.

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http://web.utk.edu/~tenopir

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150172

188216

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50

100

150

200

250

1977 1984 1993 2000-03

Ave. Readings per Univ. Scientist

Ave

rag

e n

um

ber

of

art

icle

s re

ad

per

scie

nti

st

Year of Studies

www.dlib.org/dlib/october03/king/10king.html

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UKB research (374 respondents/ Oct 2004)Dutch Consoria (‘mature’)

Prof. Hans Roosendaal

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Percentage of researchers reading a certain amount of articles

UKB Research Oct. 2004

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Usage (SDOL) per researcher (2003)

country # researchers downloadsusage per

researcher

  *000 Mio  

Russia 500 0.6 1

China 750 32.0 43

India 100 4.5 45

UK 160 22.0 138

Iran 50 3.0 60

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Benefits of Digital Library (atos/kpmg)

Effects on library and faculty processes/costs: the library’s perspective

Case of Utrecht University with wide variety of content sources, backfiles, integration tools etc.

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Print To Electronic - Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Step 1:Define cost types

Step 2:Define activities

& processes

Step 3:Define

services

Step 5:Assign activities

to services

Step 4:Allocate costs

to activities

Future situation = bottom-up approach

Personnel costs

Housing costs

Data carriersIT HardwareIT Support

Out of pocket expenses

Main budget 2001

Select Catalogue Assistcustomer

Store Manage lib. system

Etc.17 in total

Infrastructure mgmt.Acquisition Info. access Supply Info. mgmt.

Viewperiodicals

Full text access

Borrow books

Work space

Search assistance

Etc.10 in total

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€ -

€ 5,000,000

€ 10,000,000

€ 15,000,000

€ 20,000,000

€ 25,000,000

Current costs Future Costs Future productvolumes

Work space

Signalling (SDI)

Passive search assistance

Active search assistance

Electronic copies

Paper copies

Full text access

View periodicals

View books

Borrow books

+33%

-0%

+13%

+39%

-8%

-39%

+66%

-57%

-26%

-30%

Print To Electronic – Example Utrecht (atos/kmpg)

Total costs per service

+40%-5%

€ 15,1 Mil. € 14,3 Mil. Efficiency gains: yes! Imagineif in Iran the whole library is digital… including archives!

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The researcher’s perspective

How do researchers spend their time? Participants estimated their time spent per activity per phase for one research project

Time spending per activity per phase for one project (overall estimation)

The bulk of the work is concentrated in the experiments and development phases

Project definition, manuscripts and thesis also require considerable effort

Source: UMCU / Elsevier

Time spending per activity for one project(overall estimation)

Benchwork is by far the most time consuming activity Content-related activities (browse/scan, search and read) account for

25% of all time spent on a research project. If we take write into account this percentage increases to 31%

Source: UMCU / Elsevier

Explanation: all roles together spend 1,620

hours per annum on the experiments phase

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Participants estimated how time spent per activity for one research project in an ideal complex of projects changed over the course of five years

Time spending on content-related activities for one project (overall estimation)

Evolution of enabling technologies

Increase in the number of available titles

Search time being reduced

More need to read

Key trends

Source: UMCU / Elsevier

Volumes of content increased by 100% Time spending on content-related activities decreased by

25%

Explanation: increasing volumes at constant time spending per

search and book or journal read

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Conclusions from a pilot academic research study

In the As Is situation UMCU appears to be a digital faculty already: content-related activities (browse/scan, search and read) account for 25% of all

time spent on a research project (or 31% if writing is taken into account) time spending on content by participants is almost fully electronic

Compared to the As Was situation, in the As Is situation: slightly less time is spent on content-related activities: researchers now spend

less time on browse/scan (-30%) and search (-10%) and read slightly more (+5%)

however, searches in abstracting & indexing databases and internet search engines increased by an estimated 200% and the volume of books and P&E journals read increased by an estimated 25%

Efficiency gains: more information consumption in less time.

Conclusions

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Simplified picture of the Ideal Digital Library A. Content

- Wide variety of full text content sources - Starting at first publication date (back files / old issues also digital)- Specialised dbases - Own publications / research data

B. Tools to disclose / search the content available easily

- Integrated search functionality - Integrated with relevant search on web sources- Easy navigation; from search to full text in easiest way

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Current status of ‘the’ Digital Library in Iran

• move to e-only was an important step forward • good variety of current full text content available but still important titles are missing (based on Elsevier titles)• depth is missing (back files) • true navigational tools, a large dbase, which may be used as first point of entry or ‘portal’ is lacking• true tools to navigate optimally are not implemented yet: e.g.; direct links from a search hit list to the full text paper is not in place• specialised dbases in engineering, life sciences etc. could be added

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Gains by moving to the ‘ideal’ Digital Library in Iran

• depth is missing (back files): UP TO 30% OF INCREASED USAGE IS EXPECTED BY INVESTMENTS IN BACK FILES • true navigational tools, a large bibliographic dbase, which may be used as first point of entry or ‘portal’ is lacking: RESEARCH SHOWS THAT UP TO 40% OF THE MATERIALS ACTUALLY CANNOT BE FOUND, DUE TO THE LACK OF INTEGRATION… whereas they are available (in the library)! • true tools to navigate optimally are not implemented yet: such as; direct links from a search hit list or navigational tool to the full text paper is not in place: RESEARCH SHOWS THAT 40% OF THE USERS QUIT AT EVERY CLICK!• specialised dbases in engineering, life sciences etc. can be acquired: INDEXED AND STRUCTURED DBASES INCREASE RESEARCH EFFICIENCY BY STRONGLY REDUCING TIME SPEND ON SEARCHING AND BROWSING

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Conclusions / suggestions:

You did qualify … (e-only, usage is good…)

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…but it could be substantially better…

And close the gap to bridge to best in class…

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Conclusions / suggestions Create awareness to invest more in access to e-information to improve efficiency of research and increase output and quality.

To market and promote the library; use indicators such as:

- GDP spend per capita on research - scientific output and impact to build the case - use the H-index to map and compare scientific institutes / authors / research groups - potential usage / full text down loads per researcher (Prof Tenopir / Dutch Cosortia)- use rankings such as the Time’s List or the Shanghai Ranking - use the efficiency improvement shown by the case studies …Turkey, Tunisia and other countries in the Middle East are making substantial investments in archives/back files and large (bibliographic) dbases… let’s not get behind…

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What can Elsevier / suppliers do to close the gap?

I Business models / pricing models… think ‘international… act local’… suppliers should help.

II Help you collecting the evidence build the case together. We don’t want you to not close the gap.

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Charles PallandtSales Director

Region 5 Middle East plus Iran/Turkey (not

Israel)/Africa (not South Africa)

Ferruh SengunSales Manager

S & T Sales & MarketingA & G International MarketsRegion 5 – Charles PallandtFebruary 2006

Olivier Diesnis Senior A/c Dev Manager

Ramy HassanienSales Manager

Said TahaSales Manager

Ali Jalal JalaliSales

Manager Iran

Lorenzo FabbriProduct Sales Manager

New Sales Manager Iran and IIN, Integrated Information Network, our agent, play an important role

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Thank very much you for your attention!