Introduction to Information Architecture & Design - SVA Workshop 10/04/14
Information Architecture Workshop
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Transcript of Information Architecture Workshop
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1 Peter Morville, Internet Librarian 2013
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Design for Discovery
Peter Morville & Jeffery Callender
SearchPatterns
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Agenda Intro to IA
Governance & Culture
Search & Libraries
Cross-Channel (Mobile)
Concepts, Cases, Conversations
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What architects do for buildings, information architects do for…
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in•for•ma•tion ar•chi•tec•ture n
The structural design of information systems, interactive services, and user experiences.
The organization, search, and navigation systems that help people to complete tasks, find what they need, and understand what they’ve found.
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The fast parts learn, propose, and absorb shocks; the slow parts remember, integrate, and constrain.
The fast parts get all the attention. The slow parts have all the power.
Steward Brand on “Pace Layering”
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“Categorization is not a matter to be taken lightly. There is nothing more basic than categorization to our thought, perception, action, and speech.”
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There is one timeless way of building.
It is thousands of years old, and the same today as it has always been.
The great traditional buildings of the past, the villages and tents and temples in which man feels at home, have always been made by people who were very close to the center of this way.
It is not possible to make great buildings, or great towns, beautiful places, places where you feel yourself, places where you feel alive, except by following this way.
And, as you will see, this way will lead anyone who looks for it to buildings which are themselves as ancient in their form, as the trees and hills, and as our faces are.
The Timeless Way of Building Christopher Alexander
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Window Place (180)
Everybody loves window seats, bay windows, and big windows with low sills and comfortable chairs drawn up to them.
May be part of: • Entrance Room (130)
• Zen View (134) • Light on Two Sides (159) • Street Windows (164)
May contain: • Alcoves (179)
• Low Sill (222) • Built-In Seats (202) • Deep Reveals (223)
A Pattern Language Christopher Alexander et al.
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26 Bill Verplank, IxD11 Opening Keynote, http://vimeo.com/20285615 (00:19:30)
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Process 1. Background research and planning. 2. Audience analysis (user roles and goals). 3. Site evaluation. 4. Site and search analytics. 5. Content and metadata analysis. 6. Competitive and comparative analysis. 7. Internal meetings (and presentations). 8. Stakeholder interviews. 9. User research sessions. 10. Information architecture design.
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goals, strategy, brand, process, technology, resources, politics, culture…
objects, types, metadata, structure, relationships, source, volume, growth
audiences, user needs, use cases, mental models, vocabulary, behavior
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29 “Desire Lines” Photo: Berkeley Path Gallery by Kevin Fox
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User Research (Outside-In) • Surveys • Focus Groups • Personas • Usability Testing • Interviews • Card Sorting • Ethnography • Mental Models
• Usage Logs • Search Analytics • A/B Testing • Prototyping • Alpha / Beta • Customer Support • Eyetracking • Participatory Design
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IA is the Art of Synthesis Goals and Scope (RFP, Functional Specifications)
Constraints (Schedule, Budget, Technology, Politics)
Project-Specific Research (Users, Content, Context)
Competitive Analysis (Legalized Cheating)
What We Know (Education, Expertise, Experience)
Guidelines (Three Click Rule, Users Don’t Scroll)
Design Research (HCI, LIS, IR, Academic, Corporate)
Project-Specific Testing (Usability)
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Deliverables • Strategy brief that presents findings and analysis of the
research process and recommends a user experience strategy focused on user roles and goals.
• Suite of information architecture wireframes specifying page-level structure and navigation for major interfaces and page types.
• Final report that integrates results and analysis, strategy and recommendations, user experience flows, wireframes, and requirements.
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Blueprints
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Task Flows
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Visual Thinking Unwritten Rule #1
“Whoever best describes a problem is the person most likely to solve the problem.
…or, whoever draws the best picture gets the funding.”
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Wireframes
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The Right Way to Wireframe S
hade
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Gra
y
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m/2
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The Right W
ay to Wirefram
e http://konigi.com
/notebook/all-right-way-w
ireframe-videos
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44 NCI Home Cancer Information Types of Cancer
Melanoma Home Page
1 2
3
Cancer.gov Redesign Goals • Improve overall ease of use.
• Improve image and identity.
• Target content to key audiences.
• Remove non-clickable bullets.
• Reduce number of clicks.
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Findability Facts • For every search on cancer.gov, there are over 100 cancer-related searches on public search engines. • Of these searches, 70% are on specific types of cancer.
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600,000 visitors 2.5 million page views
12.5% mobile, 50% annual growth rate
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Process • Analytics • Expert Review • User Research (6)
• Stakeholder Interviews (28)
• Comparative Analysis
Project Overview
Deliverables • Strategy Report • Wireframes
Goals Develop a user-centered web strategy and an information architecture framework for Kresge.
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Project Overview Research Highlights
• Users • Stakeholders • Expert Review
Strategy Brief • Web Strategy • Information Architecture • Content Strategy • Social Media • Multimedia • Grants Database • Online Application (Public) • Search Engine Optimization
Report & Presentation
Wireframes 1. Home 2. Program 3. Focus Area 4. About Us 5. Search
Next Steps Questions / Discussion
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Pages • Home • Program • Focus Area • About Us • Search
Caveats • Visual Design • Starting Point
Wireframes
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The Kresge Foundation focuses its Education Program on expanding
student access to higher education and avenues for their academic
success. This is being accomplished by supporting pathways to and
through college, building the capacity of postsecondary institutions
whose primary mission is to educate low-income and underrepresented
students, and promoting systems and technology that increase
productivity and foster innovation in higher education.
Program Overview
The Education Program focuses its work on supporting postsecondary
access and success in the following three focus areas:
• Pathways for Students – We seek to propel more
underrepresented students – especially low-income, first
generation and African American, Latino and Native American
students – into two- and four-year institutions, and increase the
number of students who ultimately graduate. We are interested
primarily in national, regional, or state- or consortium-based
efforts that serve large numbers of students. We make few, if
any, grants to individual institutions or organizations for small-
scale programs serving limited numbers of students.
• Strengthening Institutions – To help increase the number of
college graduates in the United States, the Education Team
works to build the capacity of postsecondary institutions that
predominately serve low-income, underrepresented and first
generation college students, particularly community colleges
and minority-serving institutions, such as Historically Black
Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-serving institutions and
Tribal colleges and universities, Title III and Title V institutions,
and special mission institutions.
...
Application Process
This section explains whether or not unsolicited applications are
encouraged (by this program), recommends that prospective applicants
identify the focus area or initiative that fits their mission, and provides
links to the eligibility and deadline sections and the online application.
...
Eligibility
Who may apply?
• 501(c)(3) organizations based in the United States that are not
classified as private foundations
• International organizations that are the equivalent of a 501(c)
...
Calendar & Deadlines
This section presents dates and deadlines that apply to the whole program
and/or links to dates and deadlines at the focus area or initiative level.
...
Education
Home > Programs > Education
Quick Links
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Focus Areas
Pathways for Students
Strengthening Institutions
Productivity
South Africa
Education Program Team
William F.L. Moses Program Director
Caroline Altman Smith Program Officer
Julian A. Haynes Program Associate
New Strategy to Increase theNumber of College Graduates
Grantee Spotlight: OregonCollege of Art & Craft
Blog Post: Positive Trends inPostsecondary Education
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Campus Green Builder
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Focus Area Approved Average Grant
$2,125,000
$2,750,000
$475,050
$465,075
17
20
5
3
$125,000
$135,000
$95,000
$155,000
Number of Grants
Recent Grants View All Education Grants | Search Grants Database
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The primary goal of improving postsecondary access and success is
propelling more students – especially low-income, first generation and
African American, Latino and Native American students – into two- and
four-year institutions, and increasing the number of students who
ultimately graduate.
Focus Area Overview
Many of our target students are the first in their families to attend
college, and their families are often intimidated by the potential costs of
a college education and bewildered by the complexities of navigating the
financial aid and admissions process. Once accepted to college, and
despite often good high-school records, many students lack the skills to
compete successfully in college-level courses.
Studies show that nearly half of all community college students enroll in
at least one developmental education course, typically in remedial math,
reading or writing. Many students also juggle significant work and family
responsibilities that complicate their ability to complete degrees.
We seek to support networks of colleges, research organizations,
community-based organizations, and two- and four-year colleges that are
engaged primarily in increasing the numbers of underrepresented
students entering and graduating from college by removing the barriers
described above.
Our goal is to fund programs that foster the following:
• College readiness and/or increase awareness of and access to
financial aid
• Research and models on how to remove barriers to student
success
...
Education: Pathways for Students
Home > Programs > Education > Pathways for Students
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Focus Area Link (Optional)
Focus Area Link (Optional)
Focus Area Link (Optional)
Education Program Team
William F.L. Moses Program Director
Caroline Altman Smith Program Officer
Julian A. Haynes Program Associate
Search
The Kresge Foundation is a $3.1 billion private, national
foundation that seeks to influence the quality of life for future
generations through its support of nonprofit organizations in six
fields of interest: health, the environment, community
development, arts and culture, education and human services.
We are headquartered in metropolitan Detroit, in the suburb
community of Troy, Michigan. In 2009, the Board of Trustees
approved 404 awards totaling $197 million; $167 million was
paid out to grantees over the course of the year.
In 1924, Sebastian Spering Kresge established the foundation...
About Us
Home > About Us
President's Corner
Rip Rapson A message from the president of The Kresge Foundation.
Who We Are
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Glossary of Kresge Terms
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Established in 1924 bySebastian Spering Kresge.
Recently expanded beyondsignature challenge grant.
Distributed $167 million tograntees in 2009.
Fiscal year 2009 assetsvalued at $3.1 billion.
Governance
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Our Headquarters
3215 West Big Beaver RoadTroy, Michigan 48084
Maps & DirectionsOur Green HQ Kresge StaffGrantee Spotlight
High School-level Programs Raise Awareness of OccupationalHealth and Safety Risks for Young People
Kresge Awards $3 Million for the Health Clinic Opportunity Fund
Kresge Announces Strategy To Increase College Graduates in the U.S.
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Recommended Results
Arts & Culture ProgramWe seek to build vibrant communities enlivened by the presence of healthy arts and culture organizations and creative artists that together encourage participation in and support for all forms of cultural expression.kresge.org/programs/artsandculture/
Kresge Arts in DetroitA three-part effort designed to support and develop individual artists, arts and cultural organizations and arts-infrastructure groups in metropolitan Detroit’s Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties. kresge.org/artsindetroit/
Search Term(s)
arts
Results 1-10 of 215
Arts and Community Building | Arts & Culture Program | The Kresge FoundationAcross the country, communities of all sizes are using the unique power of arts and culture to re-charge and re-build. But these efforts are not systematic, ...www.kresge.org/index.php/.../arts.../arts_and_community_building/
“A Different View of Detroit” > President's Corner > The Kresge ...... of work within this category – strategies to improve the opportunities in Detroit's neighborhoods and to promote a robust arts and culture environment. ...www.kresge.org/index.../article/a_different_view_of_detroit/
Kresge Announces New National Strategy for Arts and Culture ...Apr 19, 2010 ... The Kresge Foundation announces today a new national strategy for its Arts and Culture Program that fosters the long-term financial ...www.kresge.org/.../article/kresge_announces_new_national_strategy_for_arts...
Kresge Arts Support > What We Do > The Kresge FoundationCall for applications: Small and mid-size arts and cultural organizations in Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties are invited to apply now for operating ...www.kresge.org/index.php/what/detroit.../kresge_arts_support/
Arts and Culture Program Seeks Preliminary Applications for the ...Jul 30, 2010 ... The Kresge Foundation's Arts and Culture Program is inviting preliminary applications for its Facility Investments and Building Reserves ...www.kresge.org/.../article/arts_and_culture_program_seeks_preliminary...
New Program Promotes Art and Cultural Projects in Economically ...Jul 30, 2009 ... $600000 in grant funding from The Kresge Foundation will encourage city residents and organizations to use art and culture as a tool for ...www.kresge.org/.../article/new_program_promotes_art_and_cultural_projects...
Kresge Community Arts Program Calls for Applications; $100000 in ...Jan 26, 2010 ... The Kresge Foundation is calling for applications for year-two of Kresge Community Arts, a national community arts and engagement project ...www.kresge.org/.../article/kresge_community_arts_program_calls_for...
Human Services, Health, and Arts and Culture Organizations, Among ...Aug 25, 2009 ... Grants were made in Kresge's six fields of interest – human services, health, arts and culture, education, community development and the ...www.kresge.org/.../article/human_services_health_and_arts_and_culture...
Area Arts and Culture Organizations To Benefit from $6 Million in ...“Arts and cultural organizations enrich the fabric of daily life, nurture individual development, strengthen communities and contribute to the regional ...www.kresge.org/.../article/Area_Arts_and_Culture_Organizations_To_Benefit
Institutional Capitalization > What We Do > The Kresge FoundationThe vitality of arts and cultural institutions and their capacity to serve the public are often threatened by weak finances. In assessing financial health, ...www.kresge.org/index.php/what/arts.../institutional_capitalization/ - Cached
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Home | About Us | Programs | Grants | Library | News & Media | Site Map | Contact Us
3215 West Big Beaver Road, Troy, Michigan 48084
© The Kresge Foundation. All Rights Reserved.
About Us
Kresge Staff
Board of Trustees
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Our Funding Strategies
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Maps & Directions
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Home | About Us | Programs | Grants | Library | News & Media | Site Map | Contact Us
3215 West Big Beaver Road, Troy, Michigan 48084
© The Kresge Foundation. All Rights Reserved.
Recent News
High School-level Programs Raise Awareness of OccupationalHealth and Safety Risks for Young People
Kresge Awards $3 Million for the Health Clinic Opportunity Fund
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Campus Photo Slideshow
Nam
e of School
THINGS ON THE FRONT PAGE OF A UNIVERSITY WEBSITE
THINGS PEOPLE GO TO THE SITE LOOKING FOR
Alumni in the News
Press Releases
Statement of the School's Philosophy
Letter from the President
Virtual Tour
Faculty Phone Numbers & Emails
Campus AddressApplication Forms
Academic Calendar
Parking Information
Usable Campus Map
Department & Course Lists
Course Registration
Faculty Profiles
Adapted from http://xkcd.com/773/
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Underlying Assumptions
Espoused Values
ArtifactsVisible organizational structures and processes (hard to decipher)
Strategies, goals, philosophies, justifications
Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, feelings (source of values, action)
Three Levels of Culture
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It is difficult to overstate the extent to which most managers and the people who advise them believe in the redemptive power of rewards.
Rewards undermine the processes they are intended to enhance. Extrinsic motivators do not alter the attitudes underlying behaviors.
People who do exceptional work may be glad to be paid and even more glad to be well paid, but they do not work to collect a paycheck. They work because they love what they do.
Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work by Alfie Kohn (1993)
http://hbr.org/archive-toc/BR9309
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The building of the railroads (and the telegraph system) made possible this growth of
the great industrial enterprise
(from about 1850 to 1950).
“The need (for divisionalization and decentralization) did not result from the larger size of the enterprise per se. It came rather
from the increasing diversity and complexity of decisions that senior managers had to make.”
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1962)
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BIG GOVERNANCE
little local governance
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“Customers are adopting disruptive technologies faster than companies can adapt.”
“The individuals who make up the company must be fully conscious of the job that they are doing for customers… (and of) the jobs customers are trying to do.”
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Pods
Small, agile, autonomous teams that are “authorized to
represent the company and deliver results to customers.”
Pods are flexible, fast, scalable, and resilient.
Pods are designed so that decisions and changes can be made as quickly and as close
to customers as possible.
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“A platform is a government.”
“When it comes to language, protocols, culture, and values, you don’t want variability, you want consistency.”
“Backbone activities are about coordination and consistency.
Backbones should be as lightweight as possible.”
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Systems thinking looks at relationships (rather than unrelated objects), connectedness, process (rather than structure), the whole (rather than just its parts), the patterns (rather than the contents) of a system, and context.
Thinking systematically also requires several shifts in perception, which lead in turn to different ways to teach, and different ways to organize society
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“There is a problem in discussing systems only with words. Words and sentences must, by necessity, come only one a time in linear, logical order. Systems happen all at once. They are connected not just in one direction, but in many directions simultaneously. To discuss them properly, it is necessary to use a language that shares some of the same properties as the phenomena under discussion.”
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“If a factory is torn down but the rationality which produced it is left standing, then that rationality will
simply produce another factory. If a revolution destroys a government, but the systematic patterns of thought that produced that government are left intact, then those
patterns will repeat themselves…There’s so much talk about the system. And so little understanding.”
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“The system
always kicks back.”
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Fragmentation Fragmentation into multiple sites, domains, and identities is clearly a major problem. Users don’t know which site to visit for which purpose.
Findability Users can’t find what they need from the home page, but most users don’t come through the front door. They enter via a web search or a deep link, and are confused by what they find. Even worse, most never use the Library, because its resources aren’t easily findable.
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1. One Library
2. Core Areas
3. Network Intelligence
Web Strategy
Library
Web
Online Onsite
National Library
Congress(about/for)
Copyright
Hierarchytop-down
Networkbottom-up
+
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Experience Across Channels
Library
Researcher
Catalog
Desktop
Laptop
Mobile
Phone
Search for Resources
Website Website Reading Room
Notes & Copies Catalog Website
Check Reading Room Hours
Get Directions
Review Resources
Continue Research
Librarian
Make Copies
Take Notes
Ask for Help
Read & Synthesize
Request Assistance
Ask a Librarian
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1 2 3
Roadmap
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Interfaces • Portal • Search • Object • Set • Page
Caveats • Visual Design • Starting Point
Wireframes
The Gettysburg Address2010, CollectionOf the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address, the Libraryof Congress has two. President Lincoln gave one of these to ...
Gettysburg Address: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual ...2009, CollectionGettysburg Address: Primary Documents of American History (VirtualServices and Programs, Digital Reference Section, Library of Congress)
Images for gettysburg
Story of the Gettysburg address1969, Book, by Kenneth Richards, illustrated by Tom DunningtonTraces the events which led to the Battle of Gettysburg in 1864 and describes the dedication of the cemetery to the fallen soldiers by ...
First Draft of Gettysburg Address (Nicolay Copy)1863, Manucript (Image)Top Treasure (First Draft of Gettysburg Address). Seen here is the earliestknown of the five drafts of what may be the most famous ...
Raymond Massey reading Lincoln's Gettysburg Address1935, Non-Music Recording (Audio), performed by Raymond MasseyLinguaphone 76743/744 (78A). 1 sound disc : 78 rpm, mono ; 10-inch, standard (shellac).
Transcript of the HayDraft - The Gettysburg Address (Library of ...2010, CollectionPlease note that the Nicolay and Hay versions of the Gettysburg Addressdiffer somewhat from the generally printed Bliss version.) ...
Today in History: November 192010, CollectionOn November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivered a short speechat the close of ceremonies dedicating the battlefield cemetery ...
Gettysburg--A battlefield tour1988, Moving Image or Slide/Transparency (Video), produced by Finley ...On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivered a short speechat the close of ceremonies dedicating the battlefield cemetery ...
Preservation of Lincoln's Two Drafts - The Gettysburg Address ...2008, SetIn order to assure the long-term preservation of the two drafts of Lincoln'sGettysburg Address in the Library of Congress collections ...
The Gettysburg campaign; a study in command.1968, Book, by Edwin B. Coddingtonxviii, 866 p. illus., facsim., plans, ports. 24 cm.Look Inside: Page: 1, 2, 5, View All
The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Turning Point of the Civil War ...2007, CollectionThe battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) is considered the turning point ofthe Civil War. Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat by the Army of the ...
Library of Congress
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The Gettysburg AddressMultimedia exhibition featuring the key documents linked to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.The Abraham Lincoln PapersRoughly 20,000 documents including an online collection of 61,000 images and 10,000 transcriptions.The Gettysburg Address (Web Guide)Online guide to primary documents. Includes selected bibliography and links to external web sites.
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Penn[sylvania] on the picket line1917, Photograph (Image)A mix of letters, telegrams, and sample advertisements from various sources sent to the White House regarding the use of President ...
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About Title: Meade School, Gettysburg
Author/Creator: Bain News Service publisher
Date Created/Published: [between 1900 and 1906]
Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ggbain-13836 (digital file from original negative)
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.
Call Number: LC-B2- 2789-5 [P&P]
Notes:Title from data provided by the Bain News Service on the negative. Date from similar Detroit
Publishing Co. negative: LC-D4-16-16583.
On negative: Meade Sq., Gettysburg.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
General information about the Bain Collection is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Temp. note: Batch three loaded.
Subjects:Gettysburg
Format, Original:Glass negatives
Format, Online:Image (2592 x 1936)
Collections:Bain Collection, Civil War Soliders
Bookmark This Record: http://loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005013836
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rjones0856 says:
This says "Meade School" at lower left. It's the Meade High School in Gettysburg, which opened in 1897. I don't know if it's still in use.
Posted 9 months ago. ( permalink ) Was this comment helpful? Report this
BobMeade says:
This building is certainly still there, as this Google maps aerial view shows at the intersection of Springs Aveneu and Buford Avenue: maps.google.com.au/maps?f=q&source=s_q& hl=en&...
Posted 8 months ago. ( permalink ) Was this reply helpful? Report this
Anne (LOC P&P) says:
Thanks for your comments. We'll incorporate the date and other info. noticed on the neg. next time we update.
Posted 7 months ago. ( permalink ) Was this reply helpful? Report this
Pixel Wrangler says:
Meade School was named to honor General George Gordon Meade who directed the Union army in one of its greatest battles, defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg.
The monument at the left of the photograph (above) is the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Infantry Monument. A monument to General Meade is located at the nearby battlefield:
"Gen. Meade - Gettysburg (LOC)" by William H. Tipton
Posted 7 months ago. ( permalink ) Was this comment helpful? Report this
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Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929
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About the Collection Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921-1929 assembles a wide array of Library of Congress source materials from the 1920s that document the widespread prosperity of the Coolidge years, the nation's transition to a mass consumer economy, and the role of government in this transition. The collection includes... Read more
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Calvin Coolidge Papers. Advertisement Exploitation1923-1928, SetA mix of letters, telegrams, and sample advertisements from various sources sent to the White House regarding the use of President ...
Selling Mrs. Consumer1929, Manuscript (Full Text, Image), by Christine FrederickSelling Mrs. Consumer analyzes the relationship between women and the consumer economy. The author, Christine Frederick, was a ...
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Search Objects
Portal
Find
About
Discov
ery
PathsPatterns
Incentives
Users
Brand
Findable Social
GoalGateway
CollectionAsk Browse
FederatedFaceted
Fast
“Give me a fulcrum and a place to stand, and I will move the world.”
—Archimedes
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86 86 Faceted Metadata Drives Search + Browse
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Where architects use forms and spaces to design environments for inhabitation, information architects use nodes and links to create environments for understanding. Jorge Arango, Architectures
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Projects 1. National Library (loc.gov) 2. Legislative (congress.gov) 3. Copyright (copyright.gov)
Discovery • Users • Stakeholders • Content & Context
Deliverables • Web Strategy • Information Architecture • Roadmap
Process & Deliverables
Working Groups • Search • Content • Metadata • Governance
Timeline • Evaluation (3 months, 2009) • Web Strategy (3 months, 2010) • IA (12 months, 2011) • Design/Build (ongoing, 2011-)
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Web Governance Board
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“Search is among the most disruptive innovations of our time. It influences what we buy and where we go. It shapes how we learn and what we believe.”
Design for Discovery
Peter Morville & Jeffery Callender
SearchPatterns
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Most of the complaints we get are due to the way users search; they use the wrong keywords.
Yeah. That's Right. It's
those Stupid Users!
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93 Marcia Bates: Berrypicking, Evolving Search (1989)
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Search is a… Complex, Adaptive System
Source: Search Patterns (2010)
EngineResults ContentQuery
CreatorsUsers
Interface
GoalsPsychologyBehavior
InteractionA!ordancesLanguage
FeaturesTechnologyAlgorithms
IndexingStructureMetadata
ToolsProcessIncentives
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Principles of Design Incremental Construction Progressive Disclosure Immediate Response Predictability Alternate Views Recognition Over Recall Minimal Disruption Direct Manipulation Context of Use
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Interface
Information
User
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Incremental Construction Progressive Disclosure one step at a time… more within reach…
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Search
Browse
Ask
Personalization
PushPull
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Realtime Search
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Mobile Search
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Kiosk Search
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Behavior Patterns Quit
ResultsQuery
Narrow
ResultsQuery Results
Expand
Query ResultsResults
Pearl Growing
Document Results
Thrashing
Query Results
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104
Design Patterns Auto-Complete
Qu...
Suggestions
DestinationResults
Best First
ResultsQuery
Faceted Navigation
ResultsQuery Results
Advanced Search
NOT
OR
AND Results
Structured Results
MapQuery
Federated Search
Query Results
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105 Because typing (and typos) take time.
Auto-Complete
Qu...
Suggestions
DestinationResults
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107 In search, results must be simple, fast, and relevant.
Best First
ResultsQuery
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43%
15%
10%
5%
Source: Marti Hearst’s Search User Interfaces (2009)
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112 Because users don’t know where to look.
Federated Search
Query Results
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115 Multiple ways to search (and browse) in combination.
Faceted Navigation
ResultsQuery Results
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"laptop" > $910 - $1070 > Hewlett Packard > At least 1 GB > 14 - 15 Inch > Bluetooth > 4 - 5 lbs
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Structured Results
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Actionable Results
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Redefining Search
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Question Answering
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Decision Making
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Pattern Recognition
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Understanding
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What We Search
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How We Search
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Library Portal Survey
132
According to a survey of students, faculty, and staff, search and discovery is the #1 problem.
“I think it’s better to have everything in one searching system than parceled out into different ones.”
“The search is not very smart. You get thousands of seemingly unrelated responses.”
“(We need) better discovery tools that integrate electronic articles with books and manuscripts.”
“(The Library should) prioritize search over all else.”
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Regardless of all the time and effort libraries put into providing a variety of research tools and resources on their websites, the literature suggests that students still prefer to start their research using Google or some other form of search engine.
It is clear that there is an overwhelming preference for easy to use, familiar search tools that transcend education level, discipline of study, and student demographics.
Discovery Layers and the Distance Student Jessica Mussell (2012)
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Google Scholar
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Strengths • Fast, easy, familiar • Cross-disciplinary searching • Links to citing and related articles
Weaknesses • No “advanced search” functionality • Limited, inaccurate metadata • Inconsistent coverage across disciplines • No transparency (coverage, algorithms, usage, monetization)
• Not customizable or interoperable
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Information Literacy
135
Employers claimed that college hires rarely conducted the thorough research required of them in the workplace.
At worst, some college hires solved problems with a lightning quick Google search, a scan of the first couple of pages of results, and a linear answer finding approach.
“I had new graduate hire who only searched for papers on Google. I said, you’re missing things, you need to use PubMed, and he responded, ‘Well, I did this quick search, and that’s what I got.’ But that's not good enough.”
Project Information Literacy: Learning Curve by Alison J. Head (2012)
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136 Key Strategic Insights for Libraries, Publishers,
and Societies by Roger C. Schonfeld (2010)
Percent of faculty rating these roles of the library as important.
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Federated “Bento Box”
NCSU Stanford
Dartmouth Virginia
Columbia
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Aggregated “Faceted”
Cornell Duke
McGill Northwestern
U. Washington
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Gross and Sheridan conducted a usability study that examined how Summon (“web-scale discovery”) was used for common library search tasks.
Summon was positioned as the primary search box on the library’s home page for the study.
They found that the single search box was employed for 80% of the assigned tasks.
How Users Search the Library from a Single Search Box Lown, Sierra, Boyer (2013)
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Use of full-text online content dramatically increased in the year following implementation.
Librarians found they could focus instruction less on choosing a database or catalog and more on refining a search, research as an iterative process, and other high level search skills.
The Impact of Serial Solutions’ Summon on Information Literacy Instruction
Stephanie Buck and Margaret Mellinger (2011)
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The search box became an obstacle in…questions where it should not have been used.
The search box was viewed as an all-encompassing search of the entire site.
Students searched for administrative information, research guides, and podcasts.
How Users Search the Library from a Single Search Box Lown, Sierra, Boyer (2013)
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144 Ada
ptiv
e Fa
cets
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Any House MemberAbercrombie, Neil [D-HI] (99th, 102nd-111th)Ackerman, Gary L. [D-NY] (98th-112th)Adams, Sandy [R-FL] (112th)
Home Advanced Search House Senate Government News A-Z Index
Title health care- Congress
All [1973-2012]112th [2011-2012]111th [2009-2010]110th [2007-2008]Show All
X
XFull Text "mental health" or therapyOR
Representative (Sponsor)AND
House CommitteesNOT
Subject Term healthAND
SelectAND
Show Rows Clear Form07
Advanced Search Interface: Graphic | Command LineRefine Your Search Help
Appropriations
SEARCH
- Source
All Sources
LIS
Bills / Amendments
Committee Reports
Congressional Record
Executive Communications
CRS Reports
Library of Congress
Show All
X
X
X
X
X
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Google Scholar
University Website
Library Portal
Individual Library
Subject (LibGuide)
Origin
Faculty (Profile, Publications)
Course (Course Pack, LMS)
Resource (Article, Book)
App
s vi
a A
PI
Source
Borrow Direct (Ivy League)
HathiTrust (Shared Repository)
Portal (Library Facilities, Services)
Catalog (Owned)
Databases (Licensed)
Institutional Repository
WorldCat (Libraries Worldwide)
Web (Free, Fee)
* source may be path or destination
Search as a Service
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63% didn’t use any Internet resources, other than the Guide, to complete their assignment.
Embedding LibGuides into Course Management Systems
Stephanie Brown (2012) GO
History of Science: Nature on Display
Search
Embeddable Search Widget
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Recommendation
148
Develop a universal search and discovery service that improves access to local and remote sources from multiple points of origin.
• User Interface (usability AND information literacy).
• Platform (multi-level, embeddable search widget, API).
• Technology (customize, interoperable, open source).
• Roadmap (search, content, metadata, governance).
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Unified Search & Discovery
Information Literacy (Research Skills, Embedding)
Cross-Channel Design (Physical / Digital)
Library as Place (Collaboratory, Knowledge Creation)
Library as Platform (Open Access, Open Source, MOOCs)
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Big Opportunities
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32,000 B.C. Visual Thinking
1976 Information Architecture
1982 Service Design
1986 Interaction Design
1995 User Experience
2005 Ubiquitous Computing
Intertwingle
“People keep pretending they can make things deeply hierarchical, categorizable, and sequential when they can’t.
Everything is deeply intertwingled.” Ted Nelson
“Information is blurring the lines between products and services to create multi-channel, cross-platform, trans-
media, physico-digital user experiences.” Peter Morville
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152 Source: Subject to Change (2008)
World’s Best Information Architect
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“Collaborative Consumption describes the rapid explosion in traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping reinvented through network technologies on a scale and in ways never possible before.”
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My Shelf
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• Location (GPS) • Orientation (Compass) • Motion (Accelerometer) • Orientation/Motion (Gyroscope) • Touch (Multi-Touch, Gestural) • Light (Ambient) • Proximity • Device (Bluetooth) • Audio (Microphone) • Image/Video (Camera) • Biometrics (Fingerprint)
Sensors
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“After a half-hour, a three-tone alert sounds…If the bottle still has not been opened, the system makes an automated reminder phone call to the patient or a caregiver. The GlowCap system compiles adherence data which anyone can be authorized to track. That way the doctor can make sure Gramps stays on his meds.”
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find·a·bil·i·ty n
The quality of being locatable or navigable.
The degree to which an object is easy to discover or locate.
The degree to which a system or environment supports wayfinding, navigation, and retrieval.
am·bi·ent adj
Surrounding; encircling; enveloping (e.g., ambient air)
the ability to find anyone or anything from anywhere at anytime
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David Rose ambientdevices.com
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BrainPort
Camera in glasses captures video.
Image recreated on grid of 400 electrodes.
User feels the shape on the tongue.
Brain learns to see through the tongue.
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Product Packaging Print Catalog Call Center Website Blog Facebook Twitter YouTube Email Direct Mail Radio Television
Channel Web Social Media Email Messaging Telephone Print
Platform Web iOS Android Mac OS X MS Windows
Device Desktop Laptop Mobile Tablet Television Kiosk
Scale Covert Mobile Personal Environmental Architectural Urban
Media Book Newspaper Magazine Video Audio Poster Billboard
Context Home Work Walking Driving Shopping Plane Party Personal Social Location Time Task
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http://findability.org/archives/000652.php
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175 Adapted from Cross-Platform Service User Experience
portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1851637
SERVICE
Multi-Channel Cross-Channel
+ +
SERVICE
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176
Today’s “service systems” may include interrelated sub-systems (e.g., person-to-person, self-service) across multiple locations, devices, and channels; and customer satisfaction is “influenced by the extent of integration and consistency” across those channels.
Bridging the “Front Stage” and “Back Stage” in Service System Design by Robert J. Glushko and Lindsay Tabas
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Craft beautiful designs that deliver a quality experience to your users no matter how large (or small) their display.
1. Fluid Grids 2. Flexible Images 3. Media Queries
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Why Separate Mobile & Desktop Web Pages at Bagcheck? With a dual template system, we were able to optimize:
1. Source Order 2. Media (Speed, Quality, Interaction) 3. URL Structure 4. Application Design
Navigation at Bottom
Navigation at Top
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180 Source: Mobile First (2011) by Luke Wroblewski
Mobile
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181 Source: Mobile First (2011) by Luke Wroblewski
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Transmedia Design by Jakob Nielsen http://www.useit.com/alertbox/3-screens-transmedia.html
“The highest-value use will stay predominantly on desktop.”
“Most companies must support both device classes …with separate UI designs.” 184
PC Big Screens Better Input Devices Faster Bandwidth Hardware Oomph Software Maturity Printing
Mobile “The best computer is the one you have with you.”
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To make the right decisions about composition and
consistency, you need a cross-channel strategy.
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Email StoreWeb Catalog Phone
Content Creators
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Over 50% of REI online business is picked up in a store.
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Barcode Identifies a Product (e.g. Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes 14 oz.)
QR Code Initiates a Response (e.g., URL, Message, Phone, SMS, Email)
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Price Check Product Detail Endless Aisle
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Continuity
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Conflict
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Context
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Source: delightability.com
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Mental Models
http://www.rosenfeldmedia.com/books/mental-models/
Tasks
Features
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Marathon
202 Triathlon
Cross-Channel We must leave our
comfort zones, cross-train, and collaborate.
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What is Information Architecture?
http://www.maya.com/the-feed/what-is-information-architecture
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http://is.gd/iaprezi
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Peter Morville [email protected]
Understanding IA (Prezi) http://is.gd/iaprezi
Blog http://findability.org/
Twitter @morville