Information Architecture and Persuasive Design: mutual ... · persuasive design ﬁelds would work...

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Information Architecture 10th Semester Supervisor: Sandra Burri Gram-Hansen

Information Architecture and Persuasive Design: mutual benefits in theory and practice

Master Thesis 2019

Denis Nikolaev Damyanov

Abstract

Thisprojectsetouttoexplorethecombina5onoftheknowledgefieldsInforma5onArchitectureandPersuasiveDesignbothintheoryandprac5ce.Theprocesswentthroughresearch,strategyanddesignstagesforexploringexis5ngsystemsanddevelopmentofanewone.Theresearchphaseincludedanalysisoftheinforma5onarchitecturecontext,supportedbyiden5fica5onofthepersuasioncontext.Inaddi5on,theitexploredthecontentandusersoftheinforma5onenvironment,andevaluatedexis5ngsystemsinordertoiden5fysuccessfulandunsuccessfulcharacteris5csofpreviousversions.Theresearchalsoestablishedanunderstandingofuserviewpoints,behaviorsandexperienceswiththesystem,aswellastheirmo5va5onstobepartofacommunity.Thisresultedintheforma5onofastrategy,whichconsistedofdesignrequirementsforthedevelopmentofthenewinforma5onenvironment.Asaresult,theprojectadvancedthroughadesignprocessofimplemen5ngknowledgebasedonresearchoutcomes,whichguidedtheorganiza5onofcontentforthesystem.Moreover,theprojectengagedinthedesignanddevelopmentofhigh-fidelityfunc5onalprototype,providingavisualoftherela5onshipbetweenthetwofields.Finally,thedesignstageappliedpersuasiveprinciplesinpreviouslyiden5fiedopportunemomentsforpersuasion,whichenhancedtheinterac5vityandthepersuasivepowerofthesystem,whileatthesame5meprovidingaprocesstokeepusersengaged.

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Acknowledgements

MyresearchwouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthegreatdealofsupportfromSandraBurriGram-Hansen,whowasboththecaserepresenta5veandsupervisorformymasterthesis.Inthefirstplace,IwouldliketothankherforinspiringmyinterestinthePersuasivedesignfield.Furthermore,Iwouldliketoacknowledgeherexcellentguidanceduringthethesis,whichencouragedmetopushtheresearchfurtherthanmyexpecta5onstoachievethecurrentresults.

Finally,Iwouldliketothankallthepar5cipantsfromthePersuasiveTechnologiescommunity,whotookpartintheresearchprocess,forthe5me,pa5enceandinteres5ngdiscussions.Myresearchwouldnotbethesamewithouttheinsightsgainedfromtheirviewpointsandexperiences.

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TableofContents

Abstract 2........................................................................................................

1.Introduc1on 7..............................................................................................1.1ProblemArea 8............................................................................................................

1.2ProblemFormula5on 9...............................................................................................

1.3ProgressiveWebApps 9..............................................................................................

2.Theory 11....................................................................................................2.1TheCross-field 11........................................................................................................

2.2Theore5calFramework 16..........................................................................................

2.3ProcessOverview 17...................................................................................................

2.4Informa5onArchitectureComponents 20..................................................................

3.Methods 24.................................................................................................3.1Heuris5cEvalua5on 24................................................................................................

3.2Benchmarking 25.........................................................................................................

3.3MixedSurvey 25..........................................................................................................

3.4Card-Sor5ng 26............................................................................................................

3.5Semi-structuredinterviews 27....................................................................................

3.6PersuasiveSystemsDesign(PSD)Model 28................................................................

4.Analysisanddatacollec1on 30....................................................................4.1ContextAnalysis 30.....................................................................................................

4.2ContentAnalysis 34.....................................................................................................

4.3UserAnalysis 42..........................................................................................................

4.4Outcomes 50...............................................................................................................

5.DesignProposal 55......................................................................................5.1Sitemap 55..................................................................................................................

5.2Wireframes 58.............................................................................................................

5.3Mockups 61.................................................................................................................

5.4TheKairosFactor 67....................................................................................................

6.Reflec1ons 72..............................................................................................

7.Conclusion 73..............................................................................................

References 76..................................................................................................

Links 79...........................................................................................................

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Appendix1:Heuris1cEvalua1on 80.................................................................

Appendix2:ScreenshotofmobileplaRorm 82................................................

Appendix3:ScreenshotsofmobileplaRorm 83...............................................

Appendix4:ContentInventory 84...................................................................

Appendix5:OnlineSurveyResults 85..............................................................

Appendix6:Card-sor1ng 88.............................................................................

Appendix7:Semi-structuredinterviewtranscrip1on 89..................................

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List of Abbrevia.ons

IT Informa5onTechnology

IA Informa5onArchitecture

PD PersuasiveDesign

PWAs ProgressiveWebApps

PT PersuasiveTechnologies

PSDModel

PersuasiveSystemsDesignModel

RE RequirementsEngineering

UI UserInterface

UX UserExperience

FAQ FrequentlyAskedQues5ons

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Introduc5on

1.Introduc5on

Thisprojectexplorestherela5onshipbetweentwoknowledgefields,Informa5onArchitectureandPersuasivedesign,intheoryandprac5ce.Itaimstounderstandwhateachfieldbringstotheprocessandcontributewithdis5nguishingwhereintheprocessonefieldcomesstrongerthantheother,aswellasexplaintheirmutualbenefit.

Technologiesarefoundintheformofproductsandprocesses,aimedatmakingeverydaylifeofpeoplemoresimple.Weinteractwithtechnologyeverywhere:indoors,outdoorsandatany5meforvariouspurposes.Informa5ontechnologies(IT)arethebesttransmibersofinforma5on,sincetheycancontainlargeamountsofitandtoaverylargeextentopenmanydoorsforpeopletoexplore.However,theinforma2oninITmightbetoomuchtohandleforpeople,whichiswhywellstructuredandrelevantinforma5oniscentralforusers,whileatthesame5methatinforma5onwouldneedtoappealtotheirinterest.

Thesetwoingredients,however,aremoreocenthannotoverlookedwhendesigninginforma5onenvironmentsinsystems.Inpursuanceofincreasingandretainingusability,systemswouldrequireawellstructuredinforma5onandagoodlevelofpersuasiveness.Bothinforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesignfieldshaveastrongrela5onshipwithinforma5ontechnology.

Informa2onarchitecture(IA)iswidelycharacterizedasaninstrumentneededbydesigners,intheprocessofbuildinganefficientinforma5onsystem,withconsidera5onofthesystemusersandtheirinforma5onneeds(Rosenfeld,L.,Morville,P.&Arango,P.,2015).Tobuildthesystem,informa5onarchitecturedeterminesthelabellingandorganiza5onofinforma5on,aswellasguidingthewayuserscouldnavigateandsearchforthatinforma5on,makingthesystemuser-friendly.

Ontheotherhand,persuasivedesign(PD)isafield,whichisaimedatpersuadingusersintoperforminganintent.AsdefinedbyFogg,B.J.(2003),persuasionis“thea8empttochangea9tudesorbehaviorsorboth”withoutusingcoercionordecep5on,whilealsorequiringinten5onality.Theactwouldinvolveapersuaderandapersuadee,wheretheconceptofpersuasionwouldoccurwhenahtudeand/orbehaviorchangeofthepersuadeeisestablished(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.&Harjumaa,M.,2009).Thefieldcouldbeemployedtoeffec5velyreachthesystem/technologyusersandcapturetheiraben5onbymakingitappealingforinstance.

Yet,asystemorinforma5onenvironmentwouldrequiremorethanjustastructuretosuccessfullyreachtheusers,andatthesame5me,persuadinguserstoperformanintentwouldneedmorethanjusttheintentandpersuasiveelements,inordertoreachpersuasion.IthasbeendiscussedthatPDandIAcouldinfactbepartofoneprocess(Hasle,P.,2011).Atthesame5me,persuasioncouldalsotakeasuppor5veroleforasystem,makingtheuser-systeminterac5oneasierfortheusers(Lykke,M.,2009).Currently,however,thereisalownumberofresearchdone,whichlooksathowthetwofieldscouldbenefitanactualdesignprocess.Thiscallsforaneedforexplora5onofthewaytheinforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesignfieldswouldworktogether,andwhatnewknowledgetheycoulddeliverwhencombined.

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Introduc5on

Inthisprojectinforma5onarchitecturewouldaimatcrea5ngaprocessforunderstandingthecontext,contentandusersofadigitalplalorm.Inaddi5on,thefieldwouldprovideastructuraldesignofaninforma5onenvironment,bybreakingdownthearchitectureintofoursystems:organiza5on,labelling,searchandnaviga5onsystems.Thesesystemsarethepuzzlepiecesplayinganessen5alroleintheconstruc5onofasuccessfulinforma5onenvironment,whichsupportusability,findabilityandcomprehensionforitsusers(Rosenfeld,L.,Morville,P.&Arango,P.,2015).Furthermore,persuasivedesignwouldbeusedtoreinforcethealreadybuiltstructureoftheinforma5onenvironmentandanalyzethepersuasioncontext.Itwouldaddi5onallybuildupapersuasivelayerwiththeintentofappealingtotheusers’interests,andaimtoinspirepeopletoperformanintent.

1.1ProblemArea

Inordertoexploretheabovemen5onedfieldsanddemonstratetheirrela5onship,Iwouldworkwithanactualcase,whichwillinvolvethedevelopmentanddesignofadigitalsystemforthearesearchcommunitycalled“PersuasiveTechnologies”.

“PersuasiveTechnologies”consistofaninterdisciplinaryresearchcommunity,whichhastheiraimondesign,developmentandevalua5onoftechnologies.Theyexploretopicsregardingchangingpeople’sahtudes/behaviorsthroughpersuasion,withoutcoercion.TheyneedplanninganddevelopmentoftheirnewdigitalplalormforPersuasiveTechnologiesconferencein2020,promo5ngtheeventandincreasingtheinterestofbothmembersofthecommunityandnewcomersthroughoutthecourseoftheyear.

Asthefirstkeypoint,theresearchwouldrequireanexamina5onofalltheavailableinforma5oninpastversionsoftheconferencewebsites,inordertoexplorehowthatinforma5oncouldbeimprovedandincludedinthenewwebsite,accordingtotheuserneeds.Consequently,theresearchwouldrequiregatheringdatafromtheuserstobeberunderstandtheirinterestsandneedsinrela5ontotheconference.Atthesame5methecommunitywouldneedtobeabletoabractnewaudiencetojoinandexpand,andtogethercontributetothefieldofpersuasivetechnologies.Withthisinmind,anotheraimwouldbetodeterminewhetherornottheircurrentandprevioussystemsprovidesufficientinforma5onfornon-memberswithlessknowledgeaboutthecommunity.Allthingsconsidered,theinforma5onwouldalsocontributetothedevelopmentofthenewplalorm,whichwouldsupportmobileusageandthegoalofincreasingpersuasioninusers.

Equallyimportantwouldbetodetermineandpriori5zethemostvaluableinforma5onfortheconferenceplalormatdifferent5mesthroughouttheyear,inordertoillustratea5melineforwhenspecificinforma5onwouldberequiredmorethanother.Theprojectwouldaimtodeliveraclean,structuredprototypeoftheplalorm,whichwouldserveasaquickaccessofvaluableinforma5oninrela5ontotheconference.Theplalormisakeyelementthatwouldneedtoreflecttheknowledgegainedfromrelevantinforma5onatcertain5mes,asitcouldalsoserveasareminderforimportantdatesanddeadlinesforusers.

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Introduc5on

Ibelievethatcombiningthefieldinforma5onarchitecture(tobuildasolidstructureoftheinforma5onenvironment)andthefieldpersuasivedesign(toaddapersuasivelayertotheplalormtomakeitinteres5ngandengaging)wouldtogetherassembleastrongdigitalplalormaddressingthegoalsofthePTcommunity.Toaccommodatethetwoknowledgefields,theprojectwillmakeuseoftheProgressiveWebApps(PWAs)technology,describedinsec5on1.3,whichwilladdresstheprac5caldimensionofthethesis.Indoingso,Iwouldalsocontributewithknowledgeintohowthetwofieldscouldworktogether,demonstratedinaprac5caldesignprocess.

1.2ProblemFormula1on

HowcanInforma5onArchitectureandPersuasivedesignbecombinedandwhatarethemutualbenefitsintheoryaswellasinprac5cewhendesigninginterac5vesystems?

Researchques1ons:

•Whatisthecurrentstructureandinforma5onofthedifferentwebsiteversions?•Whatmakespeopleinterestedinabendingtheconference?•Howtoorganizethecontentaccordingtotheuserneeds?•Howcouldtheplalormkeepmembersengagedthroughouttheyear?

1.3ProgressiveWebApps

Beforeproceedingtothenextchapter,Iwouldliketoaddressanddescribethetechnologysystemthisprojectwillbefocusingon.

Thenumberofusersaccessingtheinternetthroughthecomfortoftheirsmartphonesiscon5nuouslyincreasingduringtheyears,andthesamegoesforthenumberofmobileappsavailable.Oneofthemostfrustra5ngthingsforsmartphoneusersistobrowseawebsite,whichisnotattheveryleastresponsivewhenlookedthroughonmobilephone.Thiswouldprovidebaduserexperience,sincethesystemmightbedifficulttonavigateorreadthrough,makingitlookunprofessional.Asaresult,thesystemcouldcausefrustra5onandpushtheuseraway.

Sincethegoaloftheprojectaimsatcombininginforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesign,aswellastheneedtodesignadigitalplalormfortheselectedcase,thefocuswouldfallupontheconstruc5onofinforma5onenvironmentonamobileplalorm.InhisbookMobilePersuasion:20perspec2vesonthefutureofbehaviorchange,Fogg,B.J.(2007)hasstatedthatmobiletechnologiesareoneofthegreatestpersuadersofall5mesincetheyarealwaysbyourside.Onadailybasis,peoplewouldtypicallyspendmore5mewiththeirmobiledevicethanwithanyoneelse(Fogg,B.J.&Eckles,D.,2007).Theprojectwouldusethisinforma5ontoitsadvantageintheexplora5onoftherela5onshipbetweentheIAandPDfields.Thereasonbehindtheselec5onofthemobileplalormisbecauseitcouldreachusers

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Introduc5on

everywhere,whileatthesame5meprovideincen5vesintheformofprompts,whichallowforpersuasion.Fogg(2007)referstoitasthemagicwand,whichcan“…mo2vatepeopletoachievetheirownpersonalgoals”(p.8).

Theselecteddigitalplalormisrela5velynewandiscalledProgressiveWebApplica5ons(PWAs).PWAsrepresentanewtypeofwebapps,directlyaccessedthroughtheinternetbrowser,withouttheneedfordownloadorinstalla5ononmobiledevice.Theycombinetheflexibilityofthewebwiththebenefitsofana5vemobileapplica5on,whileprogressivelyenablingnewfeaturesastheusersengagewiththem,inordertoprovideanapp-likeexperienceforit’susers.Everyyearthechancesofusersinstallingna5veapplica5onsdecrease,whichiswhyPWAsdonotrequireinstalla5on,andarecapableofbuildingtrustinusersandearntheirplaceinthedevice.Furthermore,PWAsmakeuseofscriptcalled“serviceworkers”,whichallowforofflineuse,orreceivinganddisplayingpushno5fica5onstotheusers.(Ater,T.,2017)

Websitesreachthree5mesasmanypeoplecomparedtomobileapps,however,na5veappsaremoreengagingforuserscomparedtowebsites.Thetwoposi5vesidesofbotharerepresentedwithinPWAsanditisjustamaberof5mebeforetheytakeoverthemobileworld(hbps://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/).InfacttheyhavealreadybeenusedinpopularwebsitessuchasForbes,WashingtonPost,Flipboard,Twi8erLiteandothers(Dube,D.,2019).

PWAsarereliableastheybringgreatofflineexperiences,backgroundsyncandpushno5fica5ons,func5onali5esnewtotheweb,allofwhicharebroughtbythescript-serviceworkers(Gaunt,M.,2019).Theyarealsofast,inasensethattheycouldloadinstantly,especiallyifsavedasaquicklinkonthescreenofthedevice.Speedisessen5alforusers,asithasbeenfoundthat53%ofmobilesitevisitorsabandonapageifittakeslongerthan3secondstoload(Wagner,J.,2019).Inaddi5on,anotherstrengthofthistypeoftechnologywouldbethatthecostislessthanbuildingana5veappforeachsmartphonetype.Finally,PWAsareengaging,withthepossibilitytoinvolvepushno5fica5ons,whichcouldprompttheuserstotakeanac5onorsimplyinformthemaboutsomethingtheyconsiderimportant.

Lastly,PWAsareintelligent,inasensethattheyallowlearningabouttheinterestsoftheusers,whilealsokeepingthemengagedthroughrelevantno5fica5ons.AdownsideofthePWAsincludetheinabilitytoaccessfeaturessuchasbluetooth,proximitysensors,cameracontrol,contactsandmore,whichthena5veapplica5onscouldaccess.Nevertheless,forconferenceevents,aswellaswebsitesconcernedmainlywithbeinginforma5vefortheirusers,PWAsareactuallybeaverysuitablechoice.

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https://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/

https://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/

Theory

2.Theory

Thischapterwouldstartoutbydescribingtherela5onshipbetweeninforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesign,aswellasdiscusscurrentresearchonthewaythefieldscanorhavebeenusedtogetherinaprocess.Inaddi5on,thechapterwillprovideadescrip5onoftheapproachandcharacterizethedatacollec5ontypesusedforthespecifiedcase.Furthermore,anoverviewoftheprocesswillbepresented,inordertoframeandvisualizeeachpartoftheprojectfromstarttoend.

2.1TheCross-field

Aliteraturesearchhasbeencarriedoutinordertoexplorethecombina5onofthefieldsinforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesign.Thepurposeofthesearchwastounderstandwhichaspectsofthetopichavebeenpreviouslyexploredbyotherresearchersandwherefurtherinves5ga5onmightberequired.Thisinforma5onwillinturnaimtocontributeandmovethedirec5onoftheresearchforward.Furthermore,thegoalofthissec5onistocomparethefieldsandaddresscurrentresearchdonerelatedtoworkingwiththemtogether,inconjunc5onwithmyownunderstandingofbothfields.Itwouldalsoaimtoexpresswhattheircombina5oncouldmean.Beforevisualizingthefindingsoftheircombina5onbyotherresearchers,thefields’backgroundandoverallmeaningwillbediscussedindividuallytoestablishgroundforunderstanding.

2.1.1Background

Thetermsinforma2onandarchitecturedatebackto1976,whentheywereusedbyRichardSaulWurmansinordertodescribethewaysystemswork,aswellastoaddressthenecessityofstructureforthelargeamountsofdataavailable(Resmini,A.etal.,2011).Someofthedisciplinesuponwhichthefieldisbasedonincludeinforma5ondesign,visualdesign,cogni5vepsychology,architectureandother(Resmini,A.etal.,2011).Agoodinforma5onarchitecturewouldneedtoconsidertheusersofasystemorinforma5onenvironment,whichsuggeststhatthefieldisintendedtoprovideagooduserexperience.Informa5onarchitecturedealswiththeaccessanduseoftheimmenseamountsofinforma5ontoday(Resmini,A.&Rosa5L.,2011).Itcouldbeunderstooddifferentlyindifferentcontexts.IAcouldrefertothedesignofstructureinaninforma5onenvironment;acombina5onoffoursystems(organiza5on,labelling,searchandnaviga5on)forthedevelopmentorforma5onofdigitalsystems;ordevelopmentofsystemsprovidingfindabilityandusability(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Whenitcomestopersuasivedesign,thetermpersuasionhasbeenforgedoutofrhetoric,goingallthewaybacktoAristotle.Rhetoricians’mainconcernwastoinfluencepublicspeeches,whichpersuadetheirlisteners(Fogg,B.J.,2003).Aristotlecameupwithmodesofpersuasion,alsoreferredasrhetoricalappeals,whichinclude:logos(appealtora5onality,logic),ethos(appealtoestablishplausibility,trust),andpathos(appealtoemo5ons)(Hasle.,P.F.V.&KjærChristensen,A-K.,2007).Kairosisthefourthmodeofpersuasion,anditdatesbackmorethan2000years.ThewordKairosoriginatedfromancientGreeceandtheyoungestchildofZeuswhowasnamedKairosmeaning“Opportunity”(Sipiora,P.,&

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Theory

Baumlin,J.S.,2002).Inaddi5on,kairoswasocentranslatedto“5ming”orthe“right5me”,thushowtheconceptarouseasessen5altoclassicalrhetoric(Sipiora,P.etal.,2002).Fogg,B.J.(2003,p.41)outlinedKairosas“findingtheopportunemomenttopresentyourmessage”.Takingamorerecentperspec5veontheconceptofpersuasion,Fogg,B.J.(2003)definedpersuasionas“changinga9tudesorbehaviorsorboth”,whilealsostressingthatthereisadifferencebetweenpersuasionandcoercionorpersuasionanddecep5on.Persuasionwouldstandforvoluntarychangeinbehaviororahtude.Inaddi5on,inordertoeffec5velypersuade,differentgoalsmightrequiredifferentpersuasivestrategies(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).

Persuasivedesignhasastrongrela5onshipwithtechnology.AccordingtoFogg,B.J.(2003)technologiesandpersuasionoverlap,whichishowhecameupwiththeterm“captology”standingfor“computersaspersuasivetechnologies”.Captologywouldportray“...design,research,andanalysisofinterac2vecompu2ngproductscreatedforthepurposeofchangingpeople’sa9tudesorbehaviors”-Fogg,B.J.(2003,p.5),wheretechnologywouldplayacentralroleinpersuasion.Inaddi5on,sincecomputersdonothaveinten5onsoftheirown,thepersuaderbehindthetechnologyhasadvantagesoverhumanpersuaders.Thisisduetotechnologiesbeingmorepersistentthanpeople;allowingforanonymity;workingwithalotofdata;offeringmanywaysofpresen5nginforma5on;growingrapidlyondemand;andprovidingaccessfromalmostanywhere(Fogg,B.J.,2003).Finally,Foggbasedoneofhispersuasiveprinciples(sugges5on)onkairos,whereaninterac5vetechnologywouldprovidethechancetosuggestabehavioratthemostopportunemoment.Timinghasbeenconsideredanextremelyvaluableconceptfortheeffec5venessofsugges5onintechnologies.However,inordertoiden5fyKairos,aresearchwouldrequireiden5fica5onofwhenthe5mingisright(Fogg,B.J.,2003).

Avisibleconnec5onisthatbothinforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesignhavestrongrela5onshipwithtechnologyandusers,whichindicatesthatthetwofieldscouldworktogetherintheprocessofdesigningsystems.

2.1.2Scopeandcriteria

TheliteraturesearchwasperformedinScopusdatabaseandprovidedanoverallof26resultsfromcombiningthekeywords“persuasivedesign”and“informa5onarchitecture”.Thesearchwasintendedfordiscoveryofstudies,combiningbothinforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesignfieldsandtofindhowandifthefieldsrelate,andwhetherthefieldscouldsupplementoneanother.

Four(4)ofthe26resultswereassociatedwiththesearch,whiletherestofthepapershavenotbeenincludedinthisreview,astheydidnotmatchthesearchcriteriaandhavebeeneitheraddressingonlyoneofthetwofieldsorwerefoundirrelevanttothetopicofinterest.Oneaddi5onalpaper,whichIpreviouslyhadknowledgeof,hasbeenincludedinthisreview.Thefollowingsubsec5onwilldisplayhowthecombina5onofbothfieldshavebeeninterpretedbyresearchexperts.

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Theory

2.1.3Findings

Whenlookingatthereviewedpapers,informa5onarchitecturehasbeenemployedasawayoforganizingandstructuringofcontentwithinsystemsorprocesses,andatthesame5me,playinganessen5alroleinthedevelopmentofnaviga5onpathswithinthesesystems(Bolchini,Garzobo&Paolini,2008;Sah&Emmler,2009).Thesecharacteris5csarewhatwouldfrequentlybeusedtovisualizetheIAfield.

Whenitcomestopersuasivedesign,itscontribu5oninthedifferentpapersvaries,butmainlyrevolvesaroundprinciplesofpersuasion.Oneofthepapersbenefitedfromusingpersuasivedesignbyapplyingthepersuasiveprincipletailoringfordeliveringpersonalizedcontent,establishingrela5onshipbetweenmessagereceiverandmessagesender(Bolchini,D.,Garzobo,F.&Paolini,P.,2008).Inalikelymanner,anotherresearchnotedthattheprincipletunneling(guidingtheusersthroughthesystem)mayincreasetheknowledgetheygain,anddeliverappropriateinforma5onaccordingly,asopposedtousercontrol,whereuserstakecompletecontroloverthesystem(Pugatch,J.,Grenen,E.,Surla,S.,Schwarz,M.&Cole-Lewis,H.,2018).Moreover,inathirdcase,thefieldcontributeswiththeprinciplesofpersuasion-tunneling,tailoringandsugges2on,toassistusersinachievingtheirgoalsinasystem(Sah,P.&Emmler,O.,2009).

Itappearsthatwhenpersuasionisusedinthecontextofcombina5onwiththeIAfield,mostfrequentlyprinciplesofpersuasionareusedsomewhereduringoracertheprocessofbuildingasystem,toinfluenceorchangeahtudesorbehaviorsofpeople.Furthermore,acommontopicinthecontribu5onsofPDinthepapersseemstobetherela5onshipbetweenasystemandusersandtheeaseofuseofasystemoraprocess(Bolchinietal.,2008;Sahetal.,2009;Lykke,2009;Pugatch,J.etal.,2018).

However,whileusingbothIAandPDfieldsinoneprocess,3ofthereviewedpaperslackedelabora5ononhowandwherethetwofieldsestablishcontact,whichindicatesthatthereisaneedforamorein-depthexplora5onoftheconnec5onbetweenthetwoknowledgefields.Onlysmallamountofresearchhadaddressedthecombina5onofthetwofieldsmorein-depth.

Inhispaper,Hasle,P.(2011)writesabouttheideasandgoalsofpersuasivedesign,wherehedeclaresthatthefieldhaswiderimplica5onswithinforma5onsystemsdesignandthat“…persuasionisimbuedwithinforma2onandconversely”.Thisstatementcamefromclaimsthattherearepersuasiveimplica5onswithininforma5onarchitecturesystemssuchaslabellingandorganiza5on,whichcouldinfluencehowusersperceivetheinforma5onwithinasite.Accordingtohim,persuasivedesignisthestar5ngpointofsystemsdesign,incontrasttoitbeingatool,whichisappliedsomewhereintheprocess.Healsospecifiesthatmostwebsiteshavepersuasionaspects,eveniftheyhavenotbeenplannedordiscussed(Hasle,P.,2011).Thuspersuasivedesignandinforma5onarchitecturecouldtogetherbepartofoneprocess.

Anotherresearchpaperhasalsodiscussedthetwofieldsin-depth,focusingoninforma5onretrievalandsearchsystems(Lykke,M.,2009).Thetwofieldshavebeenusedincombina5on,wherehere,asopposedtothepreviousparagraph,persuasivedesignhasbeenemployedasasupporttooltotheinforma5onarchitectureofthesystem.Theircombina5oneffec5velysimplifiestheinterac5onbetweentheuserand

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Theory

thesystem.Thishasbeenachievedbyfirstly,theuseofthefourIAcomponents(organiza5on,labelling,naviga5onandsearchsystems)foranalysisoftheorganiza5onofinforma5onandconstruc5onofthesystem.Andsecondly,throughimplementa5onofPDprinciples,whichmakeanimprovementintheabilityoftheuserstointeractwiththeIA.Avaluableoutcomeofthepaperclaimsthattheprinciplestailoring,reduc2onandtunnelingmaytremendouslyimprovetheinterac5onbetweentheuserandthesystem,whiletheprinciplessugges2on,surveillanceandmonitoringcouldinformandencourageuserstomakeuseofthesystemfeatures.Oneofthefutureconsidera5onssuggestedinthepaperisiden5fica5onandexamina5onofKairos,theopportunemoment,to“presentsugges2ons,guides,orreducecomplexity”inasystem-Lykke,M.(2009).

2.1.4Discussion

Acerexamina5onofthevariouspaperswhichusethetwoknowledgefields,itwasrevealedthatinmostofthecasesIAhasbeenusedforstructuringandorganiza5onofasystem.WhilePDhasbeenusedfortheimplementa5onofpersuasiveprinciplesforpersuadingusersand/ormakingtheinterac5onprocessbetweenthesystemandtheusereasier.Whatmostoftheresearchesarenotaddressing,however,isthewaythefieldsconnectandwhereonefallsshortandtheothercomesstrong.

MyunderstandingofIAasafieldhasbeenbuiltonRosenfeld’sperspec5vewhereIAwouldallowthestructuraldesignofaninforma5onenvironment,bybreakingdownthearchitectureintofourcomponents:organiza2on,labelling,naviga2onandsearchsystems(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Organiza2onsystemsrepresentthewayinforma5onhasbeenstructuredandgroupedtogetherwithinaninforma5onenvironment(e.g.awebsite).Thetypeofstructurecouldbedefinedbasedonthetypeofcontent,inordertomaketheorganiza5onmorelogicalfortheuser.Labellingsystemsarethecomponent,whichdescribeslargeinforma5onchunksorgroups,orhelptheusertorecognizewhatinforma5ontheylookat.Examplesoflabellingcouldbeheadingsand5tles,butalsoicons.Naviga2onsystemsserveasacompass,guidingtheuserthroughthewebsitehierarchystructure.Therearethreenaviga5onsystemscalledglobal,localandcontextualnaviga2on,whichallowtheusertorealizetheirloca5onandtravelbackandforthintothehierarchyofthesystem(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Searchsystemsallowtheuserstoquicklydiscovertheinforma5ontheylookfor,orprovidemeansforuserstofurtherexplorerelevantcontentontheplalorm,whiletheycouldbefoundassearchboxesonwebsites.Thesesystemsarethecomponentsconstruc5ngtheinforma5onenvironment,andprovidingusability,findabilityandcomprehensionforitsusers(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Theywillbedescribedingreaterdetailinsec5on2.3.Informa2onArchitectureComponents.ThecomponentsisalsowhatIwouldconsiderasthestrongsideofthefield.Ofcourseusersandtheirneedsarealsoatthecoreofthefield,andtherearealsomanymethodsforexploringwhattheuserswant.However,oneofthethingsIwouldconsiderasweakness,isthatinforma5onarchitecturemightnotalwaysbeenoughtosuccessfullyreachtotheusers.

AndthisiswhereIbelievepersuasivedesigncouldstepin.Asstatedthroughoutthisreport,PDaimsatchangingbehaviorandahtudesofpeople(Fogg,B.J.,2003).Myunderstandingisalsothatthroughpersuasion,userscouldvoluntaryengage,re-engageand/orbemo5vatedtoperformatargeteddesignerintent,whilethisintentwouldaimtobebeneficialforthem.Thisisalsowhereunderstandingtheuserbehaviorsanduserinterestsinselectedcontextsarethecoreofthepersuasivedesignfield,sincethesefactorsarewhathastobeknowninordertoselectpersuasivestrategyforexecu5on.

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Asithasbeenseenbeforeinseveralofthereviewedpapers,persuasivedesignmightbeappliedintheprocessofbuildingtheinforma5onarchitectureofasystemtosimplifyinterac5onbetweenthesystemandusers,aswellasincreasepersuasion.Iwouldbemoreinclinedtosupportthatidea,ratherthanHasle’sstatementofconsideringbothfieldsaspartofoneprocess.

ToaddressHasle’sstatementthatPDandIAarepartofthesameprocess,mybeliefisthatitactuallycould,howevernottoafullextent.Ifdesignersofthesystemaretherealpersuadersintheprocessofpersuasion,theirpersuasiveintentcouldbeastar5ngpointintheprocess.Thatisiftheirintentisgroundedinwillinglymo5va5ngusersofasystemtoperformatargetbehaviorandhavingthatinten5onthroughoutthedesignprocess.However,thedesigner’sinten5onmightnotnecessarilybeconnectedwiththeusersofthesystem,whichwouldnotbeconsideredas“persuasive”,sinceusersaretheoneswhoreflectwhetherornotasystemispersuasive.E.g.adesigner,whoseinten5onistosimplycreateasystemisnotanactualelementofpersuasion,itwouldbeanoutcome.Fogg,B.J.(2003)discussedthat“Persuasionisbasedoninten2ons,notoutcomes”whiledescribinginten5onalityas“plannedeffects”.Thatsuggeststhatun5lthedesigner’sintenthasthepurposetopersuadesomeonetoperformanac5onorchangetheirbehavior,thenpersuasionwouldnotbepartoftheprocessofcrea5ngthesystem.Inaddi5on,tosuccessfullyapplypersuasionwouldrequiremorethanthepersuasiveintent,whereasOinas-Kukkonen,H.&Harjumaa,M.(2009)stated“persuasion-in-fulloccursonlywhena9tudechangetakesplace”.

2.1.5Conclusion

Allthingsconsidered,mybeliefisthatcombiningthetwofieldscouldhighlyimproveadesignprocessandmakeasystemmoreefficientandsuccessfulinreachingitstargetusers.Thereviewedliteraturesuggeststhatthereareadvantagestousingthetwofields.Ithasbeenestablishedthatinforma5onarchitecturecouldbeusedasthebasis-theinstrumentthroughwhichaninforma5onenvironmentisbuilt.Whilepersuasivedesigncouldserveasthetoolforincreasingtheconnec5onofthesystemwiththetargeteduser.Usedtogether,theycouldsuccessfullyaddresstheplaceswhereonefieldcomesshort,inordertoprovideaneffec5vesystem,whichwouldimproveinterac5vityforitsusers,andeffec5velypersuade.

Underthosecircumstances,inordertounderstandhowthetwofieldscombinedcouldreinforceoneanother,itappearednecessarytoexploretheirapplica5oninaprac5caldesignprocess.Therathersmallnumberofar5clesandpapershighlightedthatnotmuchresearchhasbeendoneinexploringthecombina5onofthetwofieldsinsuchprocess.Mygoalwouldbetovisualizehowthefieldscouldworktogether,whileintheprocessesofdevelopingastrategyanddesigningamobilesystemforthepersuasivedesignconferencein2020.Furthermore,IwouldbeexploringthepresenceofKairosthroughouttheyearoftheconferenceorganiza5onprocessandtheeventitself,inordertoreducecomplexityandfurtherincreasemo5va5on.

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2.2Theore1calFramework

Thissec5oniden5fiesthenatureoftheresearch,whichisthemainguideofhowdatawillbecollected,analyzedandinterpreted.Itdefinesthemeaningbehindparadigms(philosophicalworldviews)andresearchapproaches,aswellasspecifytheircharacteris5csandapplica5onsintheresearch.Theneedforthissec5oncharacterizesintheselec5onofasuccessfullytestedmodelwhichwouldleadtheresearch.

Theore5calframeworksymbolizesthewayresearchersinves5gateknowledgeandthewaythatitcouldbeinterpreted(Mackenzie,N.&Knipe,S.,2006).Ocen5mestheore5calframeworkrepresentstheparadigm,whichastudyisbasedupon.Theparadigmportrays“theintent,mo2va2onandexpecta2onsfortheresearch”-Mackenzie,N.&Knipe,S.(2006),whilealsorepresen5ngthebeliefs,whichinfluencethewayaresearchshouldbecarriedout(Bryman,A.,2012).Hence,aparadigmiswherethetheore5calperspec5veofthestudyisplaced.Inmanycasesparadigmscouldbereferredtoasphilosophicalworldview,researchmethodologies,orepistemologiesandontologies,allofwhichleadquan5ta5ve,qualita5veormixed-methodapproaches(Creswell,J.W.,2014).

Whatcharacterizesthequan2ta2veresearchapproachisthatitprimarilyreliesonclose-endeddataorresponses,suchasnumericaldataandsta5s5cs,whichmightbeusedtoproveoutcomes(Creswell,J.W.,2014).Quan5ta5veresearchischaracterizedasdeduc5ve,wheretheemphasisfallsontes5ngoftheories(Bryman,A.,2012).Ontheotherhand,qualita2vedatacollec5onprimarilyreliesonopen-endeddataandapplyopenmethodssuchasinterviewsandobserva5ons(Creswell,J.W.,2014).Furthermore,qualita2veresearchdis5nguishesitselfbybeinginduc5ve,wheretheprimaryaimisthegenera5onoftheories(Bryman,A.,2012).However,thereexistsapossibilitytousebothresearchtypes.Mixedmethodscombinebothqualita5veandquan5ta5veresearchanddata,wheretheresearchoutcomeisrepresentedbybothnumericalandtextualinforma5on(Mackenzieetal.,2006;Creswell,2014).

Therearedifferentresearchparadigmsandtheirchoicedependstoalargeextentonthepurposeoftheresearch.Someofthemorecommononesconsistofpostposi2vist/posi2vist,interpre2vist/construc2vist,transforma2veandpragma2cparadigms(Creswell,2014;Mackenzieetal.,2006).

Ithasbeenstatedthatthestudiestakingthepostposi2vistparadigmpredominantlybenefitfromtheuseofquan2ta2veapproachesfordatacollec5onandanalysis(Mackenzie,N.,etal.,2006),sinceitmostfrequentlyaimsatsuppor5ngatheoryorrepor5nganexperience.Researchersusingtheinterpre2vist/construc2vistparadigmmostlyconsiderqualita2vedataastheirmainsourceofcomprehension,asocentheyaimtounderstandthelivedexperiencesofpeople.Andlastlyresearchersemployingthetransforma2veparadigm(relatedtopoli5csorchange)orpragma2cparadigm(problem-centered)includemixedmethods,bothqualita5veandquan5ta5veresearch.Thisiswherethemostsuitabletypeofmethodcouldbeselectedforagivenstudy.(Mackenzie,N.,etal.,2006)

Thisstudyhaditsfocusonpragma1cparadigm,andmadeuseofmixedmethodsforcollec5on,analysisandinterpreta5onofdata.Oneofthemaincharacteris5csofhavingapragma5cworldviewisthattheresearchproblemisplacedascentral,wherequalita5veorquan5ta5vemethodsareusedtogether(Creswell,J.W.,2014).Therefore,thereasonforselec5ngthisparadigmwastoemploymixedmethods

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andprovidetheresearchwithamoreexhaus5veunderstandingabouttheproblem.Anothertraitofthisspecificparadigmisthatdependingontheintendedoutcome,themainfocusfallsuponthe“what”and“how”oftheproblem.Lastly,usingbothmixedmethodsforresearchcompensateslimita5onsfoundineachofthetwotypesofdata(Creswell,J.W.,2014).

2.3ProcessOverview

Acertheselec5onofamodelforresearchingandinterpreta5onofdata,theprojectrequiredanoutlineofthebigpicture,whichvisualizedtheoverallprocessneededtoreachthegoalofbuildingaplalorm.Planninganinforma5onenvironmentisacomplex,butessen5altask,whichdemandsforaphasedapproach,whichcansteerthedirec5onoftheproject(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Thisprojectfollowedtheprocessofinforma2onarchitecturedevelopment,whichhasbeendevelopedbyRosenfeld,L.etal.(2015)inthebook“Informa2onarchitecture:Forthewebandbeyond”.Theselec5onofthisprocesswasbasedonitseffec5venessinprovidingabroadviewofthebiggerpictureorganizedasphases(Figure1),whereprogresscouldeasilybereflectedasthereisaclearunderstandingofthewholeagendainadvance.

� Figure1.Theinforma5onarchitectureprocess.

Theprocesscharacterizesinhaving5phases:research,strategy,design,implementa2onandadministra2on.However,thisprojectoperatedwithinthefirstthreephases,sincethemaingoalwasvisualizingtheconnec5onbetweeninforma5onarchitectureandpersuasivedesign,ratherthandevelopingahighlyfunc5onaltestedprototypeoftheapplica5on.Thelasttwophases(implementa5onandadministra5on)representthestagewherethedesignhasbeenputtothetestbeforelaunchingthesystem,aswellasthenextphaseacerthelaunchwherethesystemwouldcon5nuouslymonitorusageanduserfeedbackinordertoimprove.

ResearchInthisprojectresearchcharacterizedinunderstandingofthecurrentinforma5onenvironmentandtheavailablecontentontheexis5ngplalorm.Inaddi5on,thisstageexploredthegoalsandbenefitsoftheconference,coupledwiththedifferentperspec5vesofthemembersofthecommunity.Lastbutnotleast,theresearchalsoexploredtheintendedaudiencesandwhatmadetheeventinteres5ng.Thephasewasassistedbytheinforma2onecologyapproachtoresearchcapturingthecontent,contextandusersoftheinforma5onenvironment,whichwasdescribedinmoredetailinsec5on2.2.1Informa5onEcology.Theresearchphaseconstantlytestedahypothesisofhowtheinforma5onenvironmentcouldbestructured,againstthedataobtainedthroughouttheimplementa5onofthevariousmixedmethods.(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015)

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StrategyThesecondphasetakesintoconsidera5onalloftheoutcomesoftheresearchandanalysisandprovidesastrategicplanfordesignimplementa5on(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thephaseincludedtheorganiza5onprocessofcontent,inordertoillustrateastructureforthenewplalorm.Thisinvolvedthedevelopmentofatop-downinforma5onarchitecturelookoftheorganiza5onofcontent,whichservedasaguideforthedesignphase.Lastly,thestagedelivereddesignrequirements,basedonalltheresearchoutcomes,whichsetgroundforthedesignprocess.

DesignThethirdphasereflectstheconnec5onbetweenprocessandactualdeliverables.Thedesigniswhattranslatesthestrategyintoavisualoutcomeoftheinforma5onarchitectureofthesystemthroughtheapplica5onofvariousdesignmethods(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thisstagewentthroughthedevelopmentoflow-to-highfidelitydesignsofthesystem,whichmeantthattheprocesswentfromidea-genera5ononpaper,towardsamorerealis5clookoftheprogressivewebapp.

Inaddi5ontotheinforma5onarchitectureprocess,theprojectbenefitedfromrequirementsengineering.Aspartofsocwareengineering,requirementsengineering(RE)addressesreal-worldobjec5ves,func5onali5esandlimita5onsofsystems(Nuseibeh,B.&Easterbrook,S.,2000).Furthermore,inthisproject,REplayedamajorroleintheprocessofdiscoveringthepurposeofthesystemandguidedthewaytowardsiden5fica5onofusersandtheirinterestsinthatsystem.Finally,REcontributedtostrategygenera5onandtheforma5onofdesignrequirements,whichwerelaterdeliveredduringthedesignstageofthesystem.

2.3.1Informa1onEcology

Asitwasmen5onedintheprocessdescrip5onabove,thefirstphase(Research)benefitedfromtheuseoftheinforma2onecologyapproach.Informa2onecologyisamoreindepthlookwithintheresearchphase,whichexploresalotofques5onsrelatedtothecontext,contentandusersofthestudy(Figure2)(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Itsimportanceischaracterizedinexploringalloftheavailableaspectsforthestudy,whichallowedthegenera5onofmorethoroughinsights,andthuscreatedabalancedapproachtoresearch(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).ThisapproachwillbeappliedinChapter4.AnalysisandDatacollec2on.

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� Figure2.Informa2onEcology.

AbalancedapproachtoResearch.

UsuallytheContextrepresentsunderstandingofthemissionandvisionofabusinessorenvironment,byexploringbackgroundinforma5onanddifferentperspec5vesofpeople.Inthisstudy,thecontextlookedatthemeaningbehindtheconferencesofPersuasiveTechnologiescommunity,aswellasitsbackgroundhistoryexploringhowthewholeconceptstarted.Moreover,thecontextaimedatunderstandingthegoalsofthecommunity,theirtargetaudiences,theirorganiza5onprocess,aswellasthewaytheconferenceshavefunc5onedinthepast.Someofthefirststepsforiden5fica5onofthecontextincludedthereviewingofexis5ngbackgroundmaterials(suchasonlineandofflinesources),andresearchmee2ngswiththeclient,wheretheresearchgotdetailedinforma5onabouttheproblem,plannedcontent,needs,goalsandaudienceofthesystem(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Finally,understandingthecontextremainedabigpartofwhatthestrategyanddesignimplementa5onphaseswerebasedon.

Rosenfeld,L.etal.(2015)definedContentas“thestuffinyourinforma2onenvironment”,wherecontentcanbefounddocuments,images,audio,data,webpagesandmore.Contentrequiresexplora5onsinceinordertobuild,orinthiscaseorganizecontent,itneedstobeanalyzedandunderstoodbytheinforma5onarchitect.Furthermore,inorderforuserstousethatcontenttheyneedtobeabletofindit(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Theresearchinvolvedbobom-upexplora5onofthecontentwithintheinforma5onenvironment,aswellasatop-downviewofwhatthecurrentstructureoftheconferencewebsiteslookedlike.Someoftheefficienttechniquesemployedforthisstageofresearchinclude:heuris2cevalua2onofthecurrentinforma5onenvironment,contentanalysisfromtop-downandbobom-upperspec5ves,contentmappingofthecurrentstructure,andbenchmarking(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Someofthefindingsfromthecontextresearchwerealsorelatedandincludedinthecontentstage.

Usersaretheonesdecidingwhetheraninforma5onenvironmenthasbeendesignedsuccessfullyornot.Some5mes,dependingonthecontext,usersarereferredtoasabendees,visitors,customers,employeesandmore(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Aspartoftheresearchprocess,thisstagewascentralinunderstandingwhotheuserswereandhowtheywereusingtheinforma5onenvironment.Furthermore,theresearchexploredtheinforma5onneeds,interestsandmo5va5onsoftheusers,aswellastheirac5vi5esinordertoiden5fytheirbehaviors.Ofcoursetheselec5onofwhattostudyinuserswasalsobasedonthecontext.Exploringtheseaspectstypicallyrequiresbothqualita5veandquan5ta5ve

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researchmethods,someofwhichincludedsurveys,interviews,andworkshopsregardingunderstandinguserinforma5onneedssuchasthemethodcard-sor2ng.

Analyzingthecontext,contentandusersoftheinforma5onenvironmentprovidedtheresearchwithalargeramountofrelevantinforma5on,whichwasusedforthedevelopmentofasolidstrategybasedonalltheoutcomes.Rosenfeld,L.etal.(2015)said“Goodresearchmeansaskingtherightques2ons,andchoosingtherightques2onsrequiresaconceptualframeworkofthebroaderenvironment”.Informa5onecologywaswhatprovidedabasisoftheresearch,andwhatconnecteditwiththestrategyanddesignphases.

2.4Informa1onArchitectureComponents

Thissec5ondescribesmorein-depththefourinforma5onarchitecturecomponents,whichwerebrieflymen5onedinTheCross-fielddiscussion(2.1.4).Thesecomponents(alsocalledsystems)arethebasisofdigitalinforma5onenvironments,whichcreatebeberstructureandcomprehensionofthecontent.Theyalsoallowtheeasierdiscoveryofinforma5onthroughthecrea5onofnaviga5onpaths,helpingusersfindtheirwayinthesystem,andreachtheirdesiredplaceorobjec5ve(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).InthisprojectthecomponentsarealsodescribingthedesignprocessoftheProgressiveWebApp.

2.4.1Organiza1onSystems

Organiza2onsystemsdealwiththeorganiza5onofinforma5oninawaythatmakessenseforpeople,sothatitcouldbelocated.Languageisambiguousanddifferentwordscouldbeunderstoodindifferentways,whichiswhytherearevariouswaysoforganizinginforma5ontoeasethesearchprocessfortheuser(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thetypesofcontentcouldbeheterogeneous(objectswhicharenotrelatedtoeachother),orhomogenous(relatediden5calelements)(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Theviewofhowcontentshouldbeorganizeddiffersdependingontheonewhoorganizestheinforma5onenvironment.Forthisreasontheinforma5onarchitecthastocreateanarchitecturethatmakessensetotheusersofthatenvironment.

Organiza5onsystemsarebuildbyorganiza2onschemesandorganiza2onstructures.Theorganiza5onschemesdeterminethetypicalcharacteris5csofcontentandlooksathowtheycouldbegroupedlogically(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Theorganiza5onstructureofadigitalsystemismainlyassociatedwiththewayuserswouldnavigatethroughthecontentandhowitislinked.

Ononehandorganiza2onschemescharacterizeeitherasexactorambiguous.Theexactschemesaredis5nc5vewiththeinforma5onbeingmutuallyexclusive,whichcouldberepresentedbyalphabe5cal,chronologicalandgeographicalorderofcontent(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Andambiguousschemesdis5nguishbyorganizinginforma5onbytopic,task-oriented,withaudience-specificcategoriesetc(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Ontheotherhandorganiza2onstructuresvisualizethehierarchystructureoftheinforma5onenvironment,whereatop-downapproachisappliedforvisualizinghowvarietyofcontentisconnected

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(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Incontrast,thebobom-upapproachrelatestothedatabasemodel,wherecontentanditsrela5oncanberepresentedingreatdetailindatabases.Finally,theorganiza5onstructuresindigitalinforma5onenvironmentscanlinkcontentandchunksofinforma5ontogether,throughtheuseofhypertext,whichistypicallyusedasasupplementalstructurebasedonhierarchyanddatabasemodel(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Thewayorganiza5onsystemshavecontributedtothisprojectwasbyiden5fyingthecurrentinforma5onenvironmentashomogenous,wherethecontentwasbuiltaroundinforma5onrelatedtotheconferenceevent.Furthermore,theorganiza2onschemedis5nguishedasambiguous,wherecontentwasorganizedbytopic.Finally,theprojectusedorganiza5onsystemstotakeatop-downlookoftheorganiza2onstructuretovisualizethewaycontentwasgroupedtogether.

2.4.2LabellingSystems

Labellingsystemsrepresentthecomponentusedtodescribethecontentoftheinforma5onenvironment.Labelsareneededsopeoplecanrecognizetheinforma5on,whichisbeingpresentedtothem.Thegoaloflabellingistodisplayinforma5onefficiently,whilenotrequiringtoomucheffortfortheuserstorecognizeit(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thelabelling,however,shouldalsoconsidertheuser’slanguageinorderforthemtosuccessfullyreadandunderstandtheinforma5onenvironment.Forinstance,whenusersvisitawebsiteorapplica5on,thelabellingoftheglobalnaviga5onmenushouldbeclearenoughforthemtoan5cipatewhatinforma5oncouldbefoundwhenselec5ngacertainareatoexplore.

Therearetwolabeltypes-textualandiconic.Thetextuallabelscouldbefoundinheadings,contextuallinks(hyperlinks),op5onsofnaviga5onsystems,keywords,andmore(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Moreover,theselabelscouldbedescribingchunksofinforma5on,hierarchicalrela5onships,typeofcontentetc.Ontheotherhand,iconiclabellingu5lizesiconstodescribetheseaspectswithouttheneedfortextualdescrip5on.Theyareespeciallyusefulwhenlackingspacesuchasonmobiledevices,orwhenthereistoomuchinforma5ontolookat.

Labellingandlanguageareambiguous,justastheorganiza5onofcontentcouldbe,whichagainleadstowardsthetopicabouttheusers.Theinforma5onhastobebuiltbasedontheirunderstandingofwhattherightlanguagefordescribinginforma5onis.Inordertoensuremorerepresenta5velabels,theinforma5onenvironmentrequiresnarrowingdownthescopeandcontext,aswellasdevelopmentofconsistencyinthewaycontentisdescribed(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Onepar5cularlyusefulmethodforstudyingusers’perspec5veonlabellingiscard-sor5ng.

Thecontribu5on,whichtheprojectgotoutoflabellingwascharacterizedbybothtextualandiconiclabellingforrepresenta5onofcontent.Usingconsistenttextualandiconiclabelsallowedformoreminimalis5cdesignforthenewsystem,whichincreaseditseaseofuse.Inaddi5on,thetextuallabellinghasbeensupportedbymethods,whichhaveconsideredtheuserunderstandingofhowcontentcouldbelabeled.

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2.4.3Naviga1onSystems

Naviga2onsystemsarewhatguidestheuserthroughthedigitalinforma5onenvironment.Thiscomponentdesignsnaviga5onalpaths,whichleadtheusersthroughallthelevelsofthecontenthierarchy.Asmen5onedinsec5on2.1.4,thecommonembeddednaviga5onsystemsconsistofthreetypes:global,localandcontextualnaviga5on,whichfunc5ondifferentlyondifferentscreensizes(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Furthermore,theyhelpusersseewheretheyarelocatedinthesystem.Thenaviga5onsystemsalsoincludesupplementalnaviga5onssuchassitemaps,indexesandguides.

Globalnaviga2onsystemispresentonallthepagesofthedigitalinforma5onenvironmentandaretypicallylocatedonthetopofthepages(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Sinceglobalnaviga5onisthemainpointofnaviga5onthroughthehierarchy,forthesakeofgooduserexperience,theloca5onoftheirplacementshouldbebasedontheuserneeds.

Localnaviga2onsystemsareacomplementarynaviga5onfoundlocallyontheinterface,allowinguserstoinves5gatethesec5ontheycurrentlysee(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Unliketheglobalnaviga5on,localnaviga5onisnotconstantlyavailableontheinterface,andwouldtypicallybeavailablewhentherearemoreop5onsorinforma5ontoexplore.

Contextualnaviga2onistypicallyfoundwithinthecontextofthetopic,whereitcansupportassocia5velearning.Hyperlinksarealsotypeofcontextualnaviga5on,providingaquickwayforuserstonavigatethroughthehierarchy,buttheycouldalsobeusedtotunnelusersthroughaprocess.(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015)

Thewaynaviga5onsystemshavebeenusedinthisprojectisbyapplyingglobal,local,aswellascontextualnaviga5ononthemobileplalorm,tomaximizetheusabilityoftheprogressivewebappandallowtheeasydiscoveryofrelevantinforma5onfortheusers.Buildingthenaviga5onofthesystemhasbeenbasedonchoices,supportedbymethodsevalua5ngtheexis5nginforma5onenvironments,aswellasuserneeds.

2.4.4SearchSystems

Searchsystemsrepresentinforma5onretrievalfunc5onality,whichallowstheusertofindinforma5onbasedontheindexedterms(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Whenthereistoomuchinforma5ontobrowseinasystem,searchallowstheusertodiscoverrelevantinforma5oninaquickmanner.Searchcanbemostusefulwhentheusersknowexactlywhattheyarelookingfor,howevereventhen,thereexistsomechallenges.Oneofthechallengesinsearchsystemsistheambiguityoflanguagesincepeopleusedifferenttermstodescribethesamethings,whichmeansthatsearchisanitera5veprocessdependingonthesearchresults(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Indexinginsearchcouldbebasedontheselectedorganiza5onscheme,howeveritcouldocenaidindeterminingsearchzonesaswell.Whereforinstance,ifcontentoftheinforma5onenvironmenthasbeenorganizedbytopic,thesearchcouldretrieveinforma5onorganizedbytopic.Theinforma5onisfoundbythesearchenginebyretrievalalgorithms,whichdeterminewhattoretrievebycomparingtheuser’squerywithanindex,searchingforthesametext(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Therearedifferent

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waystoranktheretrieveditems,someofwhichcanbealphabe5cally,byrelevance,bypopularityorra5ngs.Finally,itcanofferinterac5vepabernsshowingpossiblematchesforthesearchwhileusersaretyping(autocompleteandautosuggest),whichcanhelpthesearchprocess.

Becausetheamountofcontentinthedigitalinforma5onenvironmentisnotmuchandcomplexityislow,thisprojectdidnotincludesearchsystems.However,inthecasethatmorecontentisaddedtothesystem,searchwouldbeausefulfunc5onalityfordiscoveringinforma5on.

Thissec5ondescribedthefourcomponentsofinforma5onarchitecture,whilepoin5ngouthowthreeofthemhavebeenimplementedinthenewinforma5onenvironment.Thechoicesforbuildingtheinforma5onarchitecturecomponentsinthenewsystemhavebeenbasedonmethodsevalua5ngtheexis5nginforma5onenvironments(heuris5cevalua5onandbefore-and-acerbenchmarking),aswellasmethodsexploringtheuserneedsandperspec5ves(survey,card-sor5ngandsemi-structuredinterviews).Thesemethodswillbediscussedinthefollowingchapter.

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3.Methods

Thischapteroutlinesthemethods,whichhavebeenemployedthroughouttheproject.Thefocusfallsuponclarifyingwhatthemeaningbehindeachofthemethodsis,howtheycanbeappliedintheprocess,whytheyhavebeenselected,aswellashowtheyhavecontributedtotheoveralloutcomeofthisproject.

3.1Heuris1cEvalua1onThemethodheuris2cevalua2onrepresentsaformofusabilityinspec5ontechnique,whichevaluatesasystem,productoruserinterface(UI)basedonheuris5cprinciplesofusability,inconnec5onwithitsuserexperience(UX)(Nielsen&Mack,1994;Wilson,2014).Theheuris5cevalua5onisconsideredawellestablishedmethodintheuser-centereddesignandistypicallyperformedbyasetofevaluatorswhoindividuallyevaluateasystemandthendiscusstheoutcomes.

Wilson,C.(2014)pointedoutthatthemethodconsistsofdiversecategories:object-based,task-basedandanobject-taskhybrid.Intheobject-basedapproachtheevaluatorinspectsusabilityproblemsofauserinterface(UI),whicharerelatedtotheheuris5cprinciples.Intask-basedapproachtheevaluatorinspectstheUIwiththeheuris5cprinciples,whileperformingpredeterminedtasks,duringwhichtheynotedownwhichstepofthetaskcausesaproblem.Theobject-taskhybridapproachisacombina5onofthepreviousapproaches,wheretheevaluatorlooksattheoverallusabilityofthesystemandalsofollowcertaintaskstoanalyzetheUImorein-depth(Wilson,C.,2014).Furthermore,themethodisrela5velyquickwhenusedbyexperts,andcanbeemployedwhenthereislimitedornoaccesstotheactualusersofthesystem.Themainpurposeofthemethodistodiscoverusabilityissuesofasystem’sinterface,byfindingoutmissingheuris5cprinciples.Addressingthemissingheuris5cprinciplesofthesysteminaredesignprocessprovidesanimprovementoftheusabilityandenhancestheuserexperienceoftheinterface.Themethodcouldbeusedasafirststeptoimprovingtheinterac5onbetweenanexis5ngsystemandtheuser.

Someofthestrengthswhenemployingheuris5cevalua5onisthatitisidealquickmethodwhenhavinglimitedornoaccesstousers(Wilson,C.,2014).Itservesinamannersimilartocodeinspec5onsinsocwareswhereitcouldeffec5velydetectpresenterrors.Furthermore,themethodhasnorequirementsforspecialresources,whichmakesiteasytoemployinvarietyofproducts.Ontheotherhand,themethodhasalsoweaknesses,wheredifferentevaluatorscouldhaveadifferentideaofwhatcons5tutesaprobleminthesystem.Moreover,themethoddoesnotprovidesolu5onstoproblemsanddependsen5relyontheexperienceoftheevaluator(Wilson,C.,2014).

Inthisproject,heuris5cevalua5oncontributedtoexploringtheusabilityandfunc5onalityofthePersuasiveTechnologiesconferencewebsitesonbothcomputerandmobileplalorms.Ini5ally,themethodhasbeenappliedtothepastthreewebsiteversionsoncomputerplalorm,inordertoexploremorein-depththestructureandcontentofthesystem.Inaddi5on,themethodprovidedunderstandingofthestrongandtheweaksidesoftheconferencewebsite.Asaconsequence,myknowledgein

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informa5onarchitectureandexperienceinthedesignfieldcomplementedthemethodandledtothedevelopmentofideasofhowthemissingheuris5cprinciplescouldbeimplementedinthenewsystem.

3.2BenchmarkingBenchmarkingrepresentsanexplora5onmethod,concernedwithcomparisonbetweendifferentsystems(suchascompe5tors),orpreviousandcurrentversionsofthesamesystem.Inthefirstplace,thebenchmarkingmethodismainlyemployedforevalua5onandcomparisonofsystems.Rosenfeld,L.etal.(2015)claimedthat“Weusethetermbenchmarkinformallytoindicateapointofreferencefromwhichtomakecompara2vemeasurementsorjudgments”.Thatsuggeststhatthemethodisaflexibletool,effec5veinmeasuringandcomparingperformanceofothersystemsandrecognizingopportuni5esforimprovement.

Therearetwowellknownbenchmarkingtypes:compe22vebenchmarking,andbefore-and-aberbenchmarking.Thefirsttype,compe22vebenchmarking,looksathowcompe5torsareimplemen5ngdifferentaspectstotheirbusinessorsystems.Theseaspectscanbevarious,dependingonthemainpurposeofthemethod,whereforinstanceitcanlookathowcompe5torsareimplemen5nginforma5onarchitecturefeatures,orhowtheystructuretheirwebsiteforadesignprocess.Ontheotherhand,before-and-aberbenchmarkingisemployedonasinglesystemorinforma5onenvironment,inordertooutlineimprovementsover5me.Thisapproachalsoprovidesmeanstodis5nguishandpriori5zetheinforma5onarchitectureelementsinthesystem(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Thisprojectemployedthebefore-and-aberbenchmarkingapproach,whichhasbeenusedasatoolincoopera5onwiththeheuris5cevalua5onmethod.Theapproachcontributedwithselec5ngandlearningfromthemosteffec5vestructures,featuresandfunc5onali5esfromthethreepreviouswebsiteversions.Inaddi5on,theapproachservedasaproduc5vetoolforlearningaboutthecontextoftheconference,aswellastypesofinforma5on(content)whichthenewsystemshouldinclude.Lastbutnotleast,thisapproachallowedthecarefulconsidera5onofworkingsolu5onsforthenewplalorm,whilealsotakingintoaccountthecontextandintentoftheinforma5onenvironment,inordertoensurethatsuitableideashavebeenobtained.

3.3MixedSurveySurveysrepresentaresearchmethodcommonlyemployedforthegatheringofqualita5veand/orquan5ta5veuserdatainarela5velyquickway.Theycanbeusedonlinethroughwebsites,howeveralsobyanyformofconnec5onwithuserssuchasinperson,e-mail,mailorphone(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Asadatacollec5onresearchmethod,thesurveyallowedthegatheringofinsightsfromapre-definedgroupofpeople.

Themethodhasbeenpar5cularlyusefulfordatacollec5onbothquan5ta5velyandqualita5velyfromthePersuasiveTechnologycommunity.Thesurveywasdistributedtousersdigitallythroughe-mail.Itwasbeneficialforgehngalargernumberofresponsesconsideringthatthetargetedaudiencearelocatedindifferentcountries,whichwouldotherwisemakeitdifficulttoreachpeopleindividually.Themethodappliedclose-endedques2ons,whichcharacterizeinhavingpredeterminedavailableanswersfor

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par5cipantstochoosefrom.Theclose-endedques5onsaretypicalforsurveys,sinceocenpeoplewouldnotspendmuch5mecomple5ngthemiftheyarenotabletoanswerquickly.

However,themethodalsoconsideratelyincorporatedopen-endedques2ons,sincetheyprovidearicherdatatotheresearchbylookingatthewayusersperceiveatopicwiththeirownwords.Inthiscase,theopen-endedques5onsexploredthewayuserssawtheconferenceandthemselvesasmembersofthecommunitythroughtheirownperspec5ve.Theopen-endedques5onscharacterizeasatypeofqualita5veinforma5on,sincetheyallowthepar5cipantstofreelyexpresstheirthoughts,inthiscasethroughafreewrite-inanswers,ratherthanrestric5ngtheirresponsethroughavailableanswerselec5on.Therefore,thesurveywasconsideredasmixedtypeofsurvey,wherebothqualita5veandquan5ta5vedatahasbeenextracted.

Themainpurposeofadministeringthesurveywastounderstandtheinforma5onneeds,opinionsandvaluesofthememberswhohavepreviouslyabendedtheconference,andcontributetotheconstruc5onoftheoverallcontextandstrategyoftheproject.Throughtheuseofclose-endedques5ons,thesurveyformedanunderstandingoffrequencyofuseofthesystem,aswellasuserpreferencesaboutno5fica5ons.Throughtheuseofopen-endedques5ons,themethodcontributedwithextrac5ngpersonalviewsaboutwhatmakestheconferenceinteres5ngandworthabendingforpeople,aswellastheirmaininforma5onneedsrequiredfromthesystem.Withthisinmind,thesurveyalsocontributedwiththeoverallknowledgeabouttheuserscirclefromtheinforma5onecology.

3.4Card-Sor1ngAsfurthermethodforunderstandingtheuser,card-sor2ngallowstheexplora5onofuserinforma5onneedsandperspec5vesonthesystem.Spencer,D.&Garreb,J.J.(2009)describedthemethodas“…atoolthathelpsusunderstandthepeoplewearedesigningfor”.Andsincetheusersofthesystemaretheul5matejudgesofaninforma5onenvironment(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015),theirperspec5veonwhattypeofinforma5onbelongstogetherisquitevaluable.Themethodismainlyusedforinforma5onarchitecture,whereitcontributestoorganizing,groupingandlabelingofinforma5on.Typicallythemethodinvolvespar5cipantsandasetofcardswithcontentinforma5onwribenonthem.Acerwards,par5cipantsareaskedtosortandgroupthosecardstogetheraccordingtotheirwayofthinking(Spencer,D.etal.,2009).Consequently,thedataisanalyzedandtheoutcomeisimplementedintheredesignedornewsystem.

Therearetwoapproachestocard-sor5ng:openandclosedcardsort(Spencer,D.&Garre8,J.J.,2009).Opencardsort(Figure3)allowsthepar5cipantstoproduceandlabelgroupsofcardsbytheirpreference(Spencer,D.etal.,2009).Thisapproachismorepopular,asitprovidesalotofknowledgeaboutcreatedgroupsandcontentofthosegroups,whichmightbedifferentfromtheviewofthedesigner.Incontrast,closedcardsortwouldpresentthepar5cipantswithpredefinedcategories(orgroups),whichpar5cipantshavetofillupwiththegivencards.Opencardsorthasbeenemployedinthisproject.

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� Figure3.Opencard-sor5ngprocess

Retrievedfrom(h8ps://www.flickr.com/photos/rosenfeldmedia/3344343842)

Furthermore,thecardsortcouldbeperformedongroupofpar5cipantsoronindividual(teamorindividualcardsort).Theteamcardsor5ngallowsfordiscussionbetweenthepar5cipantsandthereforegenerateideasandprovidemorein-depthinforma5on,whichmightnototherwisebetakenfromindividualcardsorts(Spencer,D.etal.,2009).Thediscussionbetweenpar5cipantscouldpoten5allybringinsightssuchaswhattheylikeanddislikeaboutthecurrentwebsite.Aweaknessoftheteamcard-sor5ngtoconsideristhattheremightbeamoredominantmemberofthegroup,whocouldaffecttheopinionofothers,whichiswhyallthepar5cipantsmustbeencouragedtosharetheirthoughtsthroughouttheprocess.Ontheotherhandtheindividualcardsortisconsideredaseasiertooperate,andtheonewhichcouldgetmoreresponsesandresultsfromindividuals.However,themaindisadvantageisthatitwouldnotallowfordiscussionsandthusreducethechancefordiscoveringbeneficialinforma5on.Moreover,theprocessisconsideredtobemuchmore5me-consuming,comparedtotheteamcard-sor5ng.(Spencer,D.etal.,2009)

Finally,theopencard-sor5ngcontributedwithvaluableinsightsabouthowthegroupofpar5cipantsperceivedinforma5on,andthewaytheyunderstandtheconferenceanditsac5vi5es,togetherwithsomeoftheirveryfirstinforma5onneedsfromthewebsite.Thisisalsowherethepreviousmethod(survey)wasconvenient,sinceitalsoiden5fiedcertainaspectsofhowpeopleusedthewebsite.Inaddi5on,thecard-sor5ngdiscussionprovidedknowledgeinsomeofthefactorswhichcouldinfluencethepar5cipants’decisiononabendingtheevent.Lastly,themethodprovidedaddi5onalcontentforconsidera5on.

3.5Semi-structuredinterviewsThelastpartofcapturingtheuserperspec5vewasemployingsemi-structuredinterviews.Thismethodisconsideredqualita5vesincetheresearcherisindirectcontactwiththeintervieweduser.Thereforeasaqualita5veapproach,itallowstheresearchtoobtainrichdataaboutthetopicofstudyseenthroughtheeyesoftheactualuser.Itaimstoexploremorein-depththeissuesorprocessesofinteresttotheresearch,whichcanbeafollow-upofotherquan5ta5vemethods,sincepar5cipantsareaskedtoelaborateontheiranswers.Whatcharacterizesthesemi-structuredinterviewsistheirwayofhavingagoaltolearnaboutanissueorprocessthroughprepara5onofanumberofques5onstofollow.Whileatthesame5me,thesemi-structureallowstheopportunitytoaskfurtherques5onsregardingwhatmight

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beconsideredassignificantrepliesbytheusers(Bryman,A.,2012).Thisisimportant,sincehavingastructuretofollowensuresthattheinterviewwillnotmissonvaluableinforma5on.

Thetypicalprocessofconduc5ngasemi-structuredinterviewstartswithplanningtheoveralltopicandgoaloftheques5onsfortheinterview.Followedbyorganizingmee5ngswiththeusers,andensuringthattheyknowthepurpose,intendeduseandcondi5onsoftheinterview,whichincludesprotec5ngtheirconfiden5alityandanonymity.Finallytheinterviewsarecarriedout,whereaudio(orvideo)recordingcouldbeincluded,astheyprovidetheopportunitytocapturemoredataforanalysis,ratherthannotestaking,whichcouldrestrictthepossibilityofaskingrelevantfollow-upques5ons.

Thistypeofinterviewsallowopen-endedques5onsforricherinsights,incontrastofclose-ended,whichwouldnotallowtheuseoffollow-upques5ons.Furthermore,theapproachhasamoderatestructuretokeeptheinterviewprocessfocusedonthegoal,ratherthanpermihngthedirec5ontogoofftopic.Finally,thesemi-structuredinterviewsarealsocau5ouslydesignedtobothacquiretheneededinforma5onthroughhavingastructure,andatthesame5meallowuserstoexpresstheiropinionsonthetopicofinterest.

Thesemi-structuredinterviewcontributedtotheoverallunderstandingofhowthesystem(website)isusedbytheusers.Togetherwithlearningabouttheirmaininforma5onneedsfromthesystem,themethodalsodiscoveredseveralphaseswheredifferentinforma5onwouldberequiredbyusers.Furthermore,theinterviewsextractedmorein-depthinsightsintothepar5cipant’sviewpointsonmobileusageandno5fica5ons,whichwasconsideredassupplementarydatatothepreviousmethods.Lastly,thesemi-structuredinterviewsprovidedaddi5onalperspec5ves,whichenhancedtheoverallknowledgeofthecontext,contentandusers.

3.6PersuasiveSystemsDesign(PSD)Model

Tou5lizetheunderstandingofpersuasionintheoryIhaveemployedthePersuasiveSystemsDesign(PSD)model.Itispredominantlyusedfortheevalua5onofasocwaresystem,throughtheimplementa5onofpersuasiveprinciples(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009),howeveritcanalsobeappliedfordesigningpersuasivesystems.

ThePSDmodelisbasedonprinciplesoriginallydefinedbyB.J.Fogg,however,themodelappliesprinciplesdirectlytothedevelopmentorevalua5onofapersuasivesystem.Whenusedasanevalua5onmethodinsystems,thePSDModelcanpredicthowasystemwouldinfluencetheusers,throughanalysisofthepersuasiveprinciples.AccordingtoOinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.(2009)beforedesignorevalua5onofasystemthroughthePSDmodel,thedesignerhastounderstandtheissuesbehindpersuasivesystems,andanalysethepersuasivecontext.

Themodelconsistsof28persuasivedesignprinciples,groupedinto4categories-primarytasksupport,dialoguesupport,systemcredibilitysupportandsocialsupport(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Theprimarytasksupportisfromthemostcommonlyappliedcategories,whichaimsathelpingtheusertoachievetheirgoalwhenusingthesystem.Thedialoguesupportprovidesfeedbackfortheusersofthesystem,whileatthesame5mesuppor5ngtheirgoalsandthebehavior.Thesystemcredibilitysupport

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representsprinciplesformakingasystemmorecredibleandtrustworthyfortheusers,thusmakingitmorepersuasive.Andfinally,thesocialsupportcategoryischaracterizedinmo5va5ngusersthroughsocialinfluence.(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009)

Finally,inthisprojectthePSDmodelhasbeenappliedasadesignmethodratherthanevalua5on,inordertosupportthepersuasivelayerofthenewsystem,theprogressivewebapp.Themethodprovidedmeansforusersofthesystemtostayengagedthroughoutthecourseofayear,aswellasincreasedthechanceforuserstoperformthetargetbehavior.

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AnalysisandDataCollec5on

4.Analysisanddatacollec5on

Thischapterdescribestheconnec5onbetweenresearchandstrategyphasesfromtheinforma5onarchitectureprocess.Moreover,informa2onecologydescribedinsec5on2.2.1,servesasaneffec5veapproachtoresearchfortheinterpreta5onofthecontext,contentandusers.Inaddi5on,thechaptercapturesthedata,gatheredduringtheresearchphase,toemploybothquan5ta5veandqualita5vemethodsforitsinterpreta5on.Theresearchfindingsleadtowardsthedevelopmentofastrategyandformula5onofdesignrequirementsservingasatransi5ontowardsthedesignphase.

4.1ContextAnalysis

Thecontextcharacterizesintheforma5onofaperspec5veonatopic,whereeverythinglearnedprovidesmeaning.Forthisreasonitwascrucialtounderstandthegoalsandenvironmentinwhichthepersuasivetechnologiescommunityfunc5ons.Understandingtheelements,whichformulatethecontextiswhatwouldaffectandshapetheinforma5onarchitecturestrategy(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thissec5onexplorestheideabehindPersuasiveTechnologiescommunity,whattheirgoalsare,theirbackgroundhistory,aswellastheirintendedaudienceandoverallprocessbeforeandduringtheconferences.Thiswouldbeachievedthroughbackgroundresearchcoupledwithinterviewswiththecaserepresenta5ve.Inaddi5on,thesec5onwouldbesupportedbyanalyzingthepersuasioncontext(Oinas-Kukkonen,etal.,2009),whichclarifieswhothepersuaderis,whatistheintentandhowthemessagewillbetransmibedtothetargetaudience.

4.1.1BackgroundResearch

“Communityofprac2cearegroupsofpeoplewhoshareaconcernorapassionforsomethingtheydoandlearnhowtodoitbe8erastheyinteractregularly”-Wenger,E.(2011).Thegroupstypicallyfollowtheirinterestinthespecificdomainandtheirrela5onshiphelpswithlearning,whereinterac5onisessen5al.Someofthevariousac5vi5esincludeproblemsolving,seekingexperience,discussingdevelopments,mappingknowledgeandiden5fyinggaps(Wenger,E.,2011).Thecommunityofprac5cealsoinnovate,solveissues,createnewknowledgeandcontributeintheirdomain.

PersuasiveTechnologiesrepresentsaresearchcommunitywhichexploredesign,developmentandevalua5onoftechnologiesthroughthelensofpersuasion.Theyaimforahtudeandbehaviorchange,withoutcoercionordecep5on.Eachyearthecommunityorganizeconferencesinterna5onally,whereresearchersgatherandpresenttheirpapersandcontribu5onstothefield.Thepapersareanonymouslyreviewedandapprovedordisapprovedbeforehand.Inaddi5on,theresearchcommunityaimsatenrichingpeople’slivesthroughassis5ngthemsetandachievetheirgoals,andasaconsequence-changetheirbehavior(hbps://www.persuasive2019.org/call-for-papers/).Onceperyeartheconferenceeventisheldinadifferentcountry,wheretheaimoftheeventistoappealtoresearchersandprac22onersfromindustryandacademia,whoseworkisrelatedwithpersuasivetechnologiestopics(hbp://www.persuasive2018.org/call-for-proposal/).Sofartheconferencehastakenplacein13differentci5esaroundtheworld.

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4.1.2Researchmee1ngs

Researchmee5ngswerethefirststeptogaininginsightsintothecontextaboutthemission,visionandeverythingelserelatedtotheresearchtopicthroughtheclients’interpreta5on.Thefollowinginforma5onhasbeenobtainedfromresearchmee5ngswithS.Gram-Hansen,whoisamemberofthePersuasivetechnologiescommunityandanorganizingchairforthenextyear’sconferenceinAalborg,Denmark.Severalmee5ngswereconductedassemi-structuredinterview,inordertobeberunderstandtheoverallcontextaboutthecommunityandtogainanaddi5onalperspec5ve.

Theinterviewmee5ngsestablishedthattheveryfirstconferencewasheldinEindhoven,Netherlandsin2006,wheretheeventhadini5allystartedasasmallworkshop.Everyyeartheconferenceisheldindifferentloca5onandinordertohaveconferenceinaspecificcity,memberswouldneedtoputtogetherabid.Thebidrepresentsapresenta5onofwhatcouldbeofferedbyhos5ngtheconference,aswellasaddi5onalinforma5onaboutplace,ac5vi5es,budget,universityandorganizers.Thatinforma5onislatersenttothesteeringcommibeeofpersuasivetechnologies,whereitisbeingdiscussedandifnecessaryavoteisini5atedinordertochoosewherethenextconferencewouldtakeplace.Thebidisalsoconsideredasaddi5onaldatatothisresearch,sinceitprovidedinsightsintosomeoftheinforma5onrelatedtotheconferencein2020.Inaddi5ontotheorganiza5onhost,partofthesteeringcommibeeisalsoinvolvedintheorganiza5onprocessoftheconferencetoensurethatallrequirementsaremet.Theorganiza5onprocessalsoincludesselec5onofreviewersforsubmibedpapersandsendingoutthepapersforreview,allofwhichisanonymized.Acceptedpapersarebeingpresentedontheconferenceandpublished.Inaddi5on,theconferencewouldalsoinvolveworkshops(whichcouldalsobepublished)andtutorials,whichallowformoresocialinterac5onsbetweenabendees.Theeventismainlyaboutnetworkingandgainingnewunderstandingofthefield.Furthermore,theabendeesincluderesearchersandprac55oners,aswellasstudentswhoseworkisrelatedtotheconferencetopic.

Finally,theinterviewmee5ngsledtotheunderstandingofaprocessthroughoutthecourseofayear,whichstartsfromtheendoftheconferencein2019andendswhenthenewconferencetakesplacein2020.Thisprocessincludestheinforma5ontheaudienceslookfor,andtheeventsoccurringthroughouttheyearun5ltheactualeventtakesplace.Forinstance,theini5alprocessstartswhenthelastconferencein2019ends(April),wheretheaudiencelookforgeneralinforma2on,suchaswhereandwhenthenextconferencewouldtakeplace,aswellaswhatthethemeoftheconferenceis.Consequently,acerthesummerperiod,thereisaprocessofwri5ng,submihngandreviewingofpapersrelatedtothetopicsoftheconference.Acerthereviewandacceptanceofpapers(aroundDecember),theprocessshicsbacktowardslookingatgeneralinforma2onabouttheconferenceandregisteringfortheevent.Lastly,aroundFebruary,peoplewouldstartgehngconferenceready,wheretheyexploremoredetailedinforma2onsuchasthecityoftheconference,placestovisitandaccommoda5on.Thisprocessincludedvariousinforma5onneeds,whileimportanttorealizewasthatdifferentinforma5onwouldberequired(andconsideredmorerelevant)atadifferentpointin5me.

Havinganideaofwhatsortofinforma5onisrequiredatagiven5meduringtheyearallowedforconsidera5onofKairos,theopportunemoment,previouslyintroducedinsec5on2.1.1.Kairosinthiscase,couldbeusedtopersuadethetargetaudiencetoabendtheconferencethroughtheuseoftechnologyprompts,whichwouldtriggerthesystemuserwiththeaimforeffec5vepersuasion.However,asstatedbyOinas-Kukkonen,etal.(2009)“Withoutcarefullyanalyzingthepersuasioncontext,itwillbe

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hardorevenimpossibletorecognizeinconsistenciesinauser’sthinking,discernopportuneand/orinopportunemomentsfordeliveringmessages,andeffec2velypersuade”.Beforeconsideringkairos,thepersuasioncontexthadtobeanalyzed.

4.1.3PersuasionContext

Thepersuasioncontextiden5fiesthepersuaderandtheirinten5on(theintent),whilealsoconsideringtheuse,userandtechnologycontexts(theevent),andfinallyaddressingthemessageandhowitwouldbetransmibed(thestrategy)(Figure4)(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).

� Figure4.Analyzingthepersuasioncontext.

(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009)

AccordingtoOinas-Kukkonen,thepersuasioncontextcharacterizesintheinterpreta5onoftherolesofthepersuader,theonesbeingpersuaded,themessage,andthelargercontext.

TheIntentThefirststepwaslookingattheintent,whereithastoberecognizedthattechnologiesdonothaveinten5onsoftheirown,andtheoneswhocreate,distributeoradoptthosetechnologiesaretheoneswiththeintent(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Moreover,persuasionrequiresinten5onality.AccordingtoFogg,B.J.(1998),therearethreetypesofintent:endogenous(peoplecrea5ngatechnology),exogenous(thosedistribu5ngthetechnology),andautogenous(whensomeonechangestheirownahtudeorbehavior).Inthiscase,thedesignerofthetechnology(theprogressivewebappinterface)characterizedastheonewiththeintenttopersuade.Asaresult,theintentdis5nguishedasendogenous,sincethetechnologywascreatedorproducedbysomeone.Furthermore,asthepersuader,myinten5onwasaimedatbehaviorchange,whichwouldinduceanac5onwiththeuservoluntarinesstowardsthatac5on.Finally,theinterviewmee5ngsnotedthatnotmanypeopleareabendingtheconferences,andsincethecommunityisrathersmall,aconsequen5alintentwastoencouragepeopleoutsideofthecommunitytoabendtheconference.

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TheEvent

Thesecondstepinvolvedtheevent,wherepar5cularaben5onwasgiventotheuse,userandtechnologycontexts.Thepersuasioneventlooksatinterpre5ngtheuserofthesystem,theirsitua5onalfactorsandtechnology(Halbu,K.&Oduor,M.&Tikka,P.&Oinas-Kukkonen,H.,2015).Firstly,thedomainspecificissueswithintheusecontextneededtobeaddressed.Contextualfactorsincludesitua5onaland/orotherenduringeffects,however,inthisproject,theusecontextwascharacterizedbythetask-relatedfactorsortheusertasksinthepersuasivesystem(Halbu,K.etal.,2015).Asnotedfromtheinterviewmee5ngs,theuserstypicallyobtainvariousinforma5onrelatedtotheevent,duringdifferent5meoftheyear.Itwasfoundthatusers-obtaingeneralinforma5onabouttheconferenceevent;theywrite,submitandreviewpapers;theyacquirefurtherinforma5onabouttheeventandalsoregistra5onprocess;andfinally,neartheevent,usersobtainmoredetailedinforma5onabouttheloca5onandac5vi5es.Thesefactorswereconsideredtask-relatedfactors,andwerethefirstinsightwhichwascrucialtoconsiderforthepersuasionprocessandforthedevelopmentofthenewplalorm.

Theusercontextisrelatedtothefactorsdescribingthedifferencesoftheusers,whichareimportanttounderstand,astheyinfluencethepersuasionstrategy.Whenitcomestothetargetaudience,ocentheconferencesincluderesearchersandprac55onerswithinthepersuasivetechnologydomain,includingthesteeringcommibee,aswellasresearcherswhovisitonceeverysecondorthirdyear.Inaddi5ontherearealsoabendees,suchasphdstudents,whovisitoneortwo5mestogetthelatestinsightswhentheirworkisconnectedwiththefield.Theinterviewsalsonotedthatmostofthe5metheconferencesincludeapproximately100people,someyearseven200,howeverother5mesthenumbershavebeendownto50andthatmightdependontheloca5on.Nevertheless,eventhoughtherewasknowledgeofthevarietyofusersabendingtheconferenceevents,itappearednecessarytoexploretheuserinterestsintheeventandtheirinforma5onneeds,whichrequiredinvolvingthemintheresearchprocess.Usersinforma5onneedsandbehaviorwouldbefurtheraddressedinsec5on4.3UserAnalysis.

Finally,thetechnologycontextcapturesthedevice(ortechnology)factors,whichalsoplayimportantroleineffec5vepersuasion(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).TheProgressiveWebApps(PWAs)outlinedinsec5on1.3servedasthetechnologyforpersuasioninthisproject.ThereasonwhyPWAsaremuchmoreefficientcomparedtonormalresponsivewebsiteonmobile,isthattheyallowforprompts.Andpromptsgreatlyincreasethepersuasivepowerforuserstoperformtheintent.Moreover,thistechnologyallowstheconsidera5onofKairos,wheretheopportunemomentscontributetotheiden5fica5onofwhenthesepromptsarerelevantfortheusers.WithouttheuseofKairossuppor5ngtheuserinforma5onneeds,thepromptswouldbeirrelevantandmaybeevencausefrustra5oninusers.

Thestrategy

Thepersuasivestrategyrepresentsthepersuasivemessage,whichthepersuaderaimstoconveytotheusersthroughtheselectedtechnology(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Inthisproject,themessageaimedtopersuadetheusersthatabendingtheeventisbeneficial,astheycanobtainthenewestknowledgeinthefield,andbenefitfromnetworkingopportuni5eswithvarietyofpeopleabendingtheconference.Thesecondsteptopersuasivestrategywasconsidera5onoftheproperroutetoreachtheuser,betweendirectandindirectroute.Directrouterequirescarefulevalua5onofthemessagebytheusers,wherethemessageshouldbeappealingtotheuser’sreasonandintelligence(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.

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etal.,2009).Whileontheotherhand,indirectroutereliesonlessinforma5onwheresimplecuesareusedtopersuade.Inthiscase,indirectroutewasconsideredmorerelevant,asitreferstothecues,orrelevantpromptsandreminders,whichcanbeusedtopersuade.Consideringthatthemobilephonesareoneofthegreatestpersuaderssincetheyareconstantlybyourside(Fogg,B.J.,2007),theindirectroutewasmoreefficient.Inaddi5on,mobileuserswouldnotfindlargetextualinforma5onappealingnorpersuasiveonthesmallscreen.Moreover,takingintoaccountthatmobileusersmightbewalkingorlocatedinanenvironmentwheretheyarenotveryaben5ve,theywouldmorelikelybepersuadedbyindirectcues.

Theoutcomeofanalyzingthecontextestablishedasolidgroundforunderstandingtheprocessupun5ltheactualconferenceeventforthepersuasivetechnologiescommunity.Asaresult,theresearchmee5ngsprovidedknowledgeofthemoduleswheredifferentinforma5onwouldberequired.Theoutcomeoftheinterviewmee5ngshowedthatoneofthemissionsoftheprojectisthestructuringofthenewinforma5onenvironment,withconsidera5onoftheuserneeds.Anotheraimwasthefurtherexplora5onoftheuserinforma5onneeds,inordertounderstandwhencertaintypeofinforma5onismorerelevantthanother.Finally,thepersuasioncontextconsideredthepersuader,theonesbeingpersuaded,aswellasthepersuasivemessage,whichwouldbetransmibedtothem,servingasaguidancetowardseffec5vepersuasion.

4.2ContentAnalysis

Thissec5oniden5fiesthecontent,alsoreferredtoasthe“stuff”intheinforma5onenvironment(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Atop-downapproachwasemployed,inordertogetanoverviewoftheinforma5onhierarchy.Theapproachisbalancedandsupportedbyabobom-upanalysis,goingthroughaprocessofstudyingtheobjectswhichshapethatinforma5on.Thishasbeenachievedbyexploringandlearningfromthreeversionsoftheinforma5onsystem,discoveringmissinginforma5on,anddifferen5a5ngoneobjectfromanothertogainanideaofallthepiecesconstruc5ngthatinforma5onenvironment.

4.2.1Heuris1cEvalua1on

Tonarrowdownthefindingsfromthecontextanalysis,ananalysisofthewebsiteplalormsfromtheprevious3yearshasbeenperformed.Themethodwasemployedforawiserandquickerideaofhowtheinforma5onhierarchyofthenewplalormhasbeenconstructed.Ratherthanstarteverythingconnectedwithstructuringofthewebsitefromscratch,heuris2cevalua2onprovidedmeansforlearningfromtheexis5nginforma5onenvironment,discoveringwhatisworthkeeping,aswellasproblemareasinneedofimprovement.

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Asanexpertmethod,whichmakesuseofdesignguidelinestoevaluateaplalorm(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015),heuris5cevalua5onisoneofthefirststepsforlookingataninforma5onenvironment.Comparedtoindividualexpertreviewmethod,heuris5cevalua5ondoesnotrequirein-depthunderstandingofthecontext,users,tasksandenvironmentinordertobeperformed.Infactthemethodhasbeenusedbeforecomprehensivereviewofbackgroundmaterials,inordertoavoidbiasandclearlyperceivehowwelltheplalormisfunc5oningagainstasetofprinciples.Forthispurpose,anobject-basedevalua5onhasbeenperformed(Wilson,C.,2014),wherethescopewasconcentratedontheuserinterfacesuchasinforma5onarchitectureelements(global,localandcontextualnaviga5on,labelling,organiza5on),aswellasaddi5onalelementssuchascontrols,errormessages,pagesandotherfeatures.

Uponapplyingthemethodonthepastthreewebsiteversions,itwasobservedthattheversionsfromtheyearsof2017and2018had2missingheuris5cprincipleseach(Appendix1),someofwhichcouldbeconsideredasmajorerrorsinthesystems.Someofthemajorerrorsincludedmissingindica5onsofcurrentloca5onoftheusers,misplacedorinvisibleglobalnaviga5onsec5ons,aswellaslinksleadingtonon-existentpages.

Thelatestwebsiteversionof2019,however,seemedtohaveconsideredandeliminatedallofthepasterrorsfrompreviousversions.Thedesignwasfocusedonthedes5na5on,relyingonplentyofspectacularviewsofsummerscenery,andgenerallyminimalis5cdesignallowingforquicklyrecognizedinforma5onthroughoutthepages.Theinterfacealsoincludedplentyofquicklinksintheformofhyperlinks,aimedatthemoreexpertusers,whichallowsforbeberuserexperience.Onthenega5veside,myini5alobserva5onasanon-memberofthecommunitywasthatthereisnoinforma5oninvi5ngnewpeopletojointheconference.Thisstatementalsoappliesforthepreviousversions.Inotherwords,informingnewaudienceswouldbeapoint,whichhasbeenoverlookedintheabovemen5onedplalorms.Furthermore,informa5onaboutthecommunityandtheirgoalscouldbefoundin“Callforpapers”inbetweentextualdescrip5ons,whichwasquitedifficulttofindunlesshavinganexploratoryapproachtosearchingforinforma5on.Evenifuserscameacrossthedescrip5onofthecommunity,its5llappearedtooconciseandgeneral.

Ontheotherhand,asestablishedduringresearchmee5ngs,oneofthemissionswouldbetheplanninganddesigningofaprogressivewebapplica5on,whichwouldsupportmobileusers.Thustheheuris5cevalua5onmethodwasalsoappliedonthemobileplalorm,wherethepictureappearedtobedifferent.Figure5representsatable,visualizingtheheuris5cprinciplesforthemobilewebsiteplalorm.

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Figure5.Heuris2cEvalua2onofPersuasiveTechnology2019mobilewebsite

Theheuris5cprincipleswhichhavebeenmarkedwitharedcrossrepresentthemissingprincipleswithinthewebsite.Boththemissingandthepresentprinciplesarediscussedinthefollowingparagraphs.

1. Theheuris5cprincipleVisibilityofsystemstatusisaimedatkeepingtheusersinformedofwheretheyarelocated,byprovidingthemwithrelevantfeedbackwithinthesystem(Nielsen,J.&Mack,R.L.,1994).Wheninterac5ngwiththeplalorm,itwasdifficulttonavigatedeeperinthehierarchicalstructureofthesystemthroughtheglobalnaviga5onmenu.Theonlywaytoexpandthemenuandviewthesub-menuop5onswasachievedthroughtheclickofthe“+”icon,whichalsolackedvisibility(Appendix2A).Thiscouldpreventusersfromreachingtheirtargetdes5na5oninthesystem.Incontrast,amoreintui5veinterac5oncouldbeachievedbyexpandingtheclickablefieldthroughthewholebubonincludingthelabelling(textualdescrip5on)oftheglobalnaviga5on.

2. Matchbetweensystemandtherealworldcouldbecharacterizedinspeakinguserfamiliarlanguage,whichtheyshouldbeabletounderstand(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Atthetophierarchylevelthesystemhastheprincipleincludedwhereevenacademia-relatedtermshavebeenexplained.

3. Usercontrolandfreedomexploredwhetherthesystemsupported“emergencyexit”whereuserscouldleaveunwantedstateinaquickmanner(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Evenifminor,anerrorwasdiscovereduponopeningimagefilesfromthesystem,wheretheexiticonwashiddenbehindtheimageframe(Appendix2B).Thiscouldaffecttheinterac5onofmorenoviceusersoftheplalorm.

4. Consistencyandstandardspreventsconfusionforusers,andisachievedwhentheinterac5onandlanguagepabernsofthesystemareconsistent.Thewebsiteappearedtofollowthe

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standardsandhadconsistencyinthelabellingofcontent,aswellasthenaviga5onanddesignofthesystem.

5. Oneofthemainfactorsforcausingdissa5sfac5oninusersiserrors.Errorpreven2onistheprinciplewhichconsiderserrorsandeliminatethemtoallowagooduserexperience(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).However,thereweretwomajorerrorspresentduringinterac5onwiththesystem,bothofwhichwererelatedtomissinginforma5ononthemobileplalorm.Uponacquiringinforma5onabouttheprogramoftheconference,onseveralplaceshalfoftheinforma5ononscreenwasmissing.Inasimilarmanneronlyhalfofthecontentregardingregistra5onfeeswasvisibleonmobiledevice(Appendix3AandB).Foreachofthetwoerrors,zoomoutorswipeinterac5onswerealsounavailable.Theseerrorsaremajorandshouldbeconsideredandremovedfromthesystem.

6. Recogni2onratherthanrecallcharacterizesinmakingtheinforma5onandfunc5onali5esofthesystemvisibleforusers,whiledesigningforrecogni5onratherthanmakingusersrememberitemsfromthebeginning(Budiu,R.,2014).Overall,itwasnotedthatboththeinterfaceandcontentofthesystemwerebuilttohelpusersreachtheirdesiredoutcome.

7. Flexibilityandefficiencyofuselooksatwhetherthesystemhasimplementedacceleratorsforaquickerinterac5onthroughtailoredac5ons(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Thisprincipletakesintoconsidera5ontheexpertusers,whohavemoreexperiencewiththeinterac5onofthesystem,astheyarelikelytouseitinadifferentmannercomparedtonoviceusers.Onthemobileplalorm,theglobalnaviga5onbarwasonlyavailableatthetopofthepageandwhenusersarelocatedfurtherdownonlongerpages,themenuwasnotavailableunlessscrollingallthewaybacktothetop.Inordertoavoidpooruserexperiencecausedbyslowinterac5onwiththesystem,thisacceleratorshouldbeconsideredforimplementa5onforbothexperiencedandnoviceusers.Lastly,thesystemlackedsupportofaccelerators,whicharewellknownbymobileusers,suchasswipingrightforgoingonestepbacktothepreviouspage.

8. Theheuris5cprincipleAesthe2candminimalistdesignrepresentsaninterfacewithminimumloadofdesignelementsandcuhngonunnecessaryitemstoallowsimplicityfortheuser,thereforemakingthedesignminimalis5c.Withtheexcep5onofonepage“Callforpapers”wheretheinforma5onlookeddisorderedduetothevolumeofinforma5on,theplalormgenerallyallowsforminimalis5cdesignwithsimple,consistentpages.Nevertheless,theprincipleshouldbeconsideredforthedevelopmentofthenewplalorm.

9. Helpusersrecognize,diagnose,andrecoverfromerrorsisaprinciplegenera5ngavisualfeedbackforuserswhohavereachedanerrorstateinthesystem,guidingthemtowardsapossiblesolu5onoftheproblem(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Nouser-causederrorswerefoundonthecurrentplalorm,however,acustomerrormessagepagewouldbeadvisedratherthantheserver’sbuilt-inmessage(Nielsen,J.,2001).

10. Helpanddocumenta2onisbeneficialinasystemtoprovideuserswithaddi5onalinforma5on,whichiseasytofollow.FrequentlyAskedQues5ons(FAQ)couldbeusedtoclarifyinforma5onabouttheconferencetonewcomers,butalsomorespecificinforma5onaboutsubmission,andothertopicswhichpeopleaskaboutfrequently.

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Themethodprovidedgroundforunderstandingthecontentandstructureoftheconferencewebsiteversionsonboththecomputerandmobileplalorms.Whilethelastwebsiteversionhadconsideredpasterrorsoncomputerplalorm,themobileplalormlackedalargenumberofheuris5cprinciples,cri5calforgooduserexperience.Furthermore,someofthemissingprinciplesweremajorerrors,whichpreventedvaluableinforma5onfromreachingtheuser.Theweaknessofheuris5cevalua5onmethodisthattherearenoguidelinesonhowthediscoverederrorscanbefixed,however,Ihavecombinedthemethodwithmyknowledgeasanexperienceddesignertoprovidesuitablesolu5onstoresolvingtheseerrors.

Apointocenoverlookedbydesignersaretheheuris5cprinciplesfoundwithinthesystem,whereonlythemissingoneswouldbeaddressedintheredesignprocess.Therefore,thedesignstagewouldalsoconsiderandimplementtheprincipleswhichwerefoundpresentinthesystem,togetherwiththemissingones,inordertodeliveragooduserexperience.

4.2.2Before-and-aderbenchmarkingandcontentmapping

Togetherwiththeheuris5cevalua5on,before-and-aberbenchmarkingwasalsoperformedonthepast3websitestolearnfromtheexis5nginforma5onenvironments.Themethodgaveanoverviewofhowinforma5onwasstructuredandused,andhowheuris5cprincipleserrorslocatedinthepreviousyearwebsites(2017and2018)havebeenconsideredforthedevelopmentofthenewwebsite2019.Before-and-acerbenchmarkingwasperformedtolearnfromtheexis5nginforma5onenvironmentsandbeberunderstandwhatkindofcontentshapedtheplalorm.Itwasalsoemployedtoevaluatetheimprovementsoftheplalormover5meandextractlargervolumeofinforma5onfrompastversions,whichmightnothavebeenconsideredinlaterversionsoftheplalorm.

Atop-downapproach

Thefirststepforunderstandingthecontentwastoemployatop-downinforma5onarchitectureapproach,wherethestructureoftheinforma5onsystemswasanalyzed.Thiswasdonetotakealook“fromabove”(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015)andvisualizethewaythepageshavebeenposi5oned.

Whatmadeanimpressionwhenlookingatthethreewebsiteswasobservingapaberninthewaywhichinforma5onwaspresented,wherethehierarchyoftheplalormsincludedverysimilarcategoriza5onofcontent(Figure2,below).Informa5onabouttheeventitselfcouldbefound,includingdates,socialevents,hotelsandvenues.Bigpartofthatinforma5onappearedashomogenous,meaningthatitwasmostlyrelatedtotheconferenceevent,however,notalltheinforma5onwasrelated.Dis5nctinforma5onaboutpapersubmissionanddeadlinesoccurringatdifferent5mesforauthorswasalsofound.Asaresult,thedigitalenvironmentwasiden5fiedasheterogeneous(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015),whereinaddi5ontovariouscategories,informa5onwasalsofoundinexternallinksleadingtootherplalorms.Figure6hasbeencreatedtoallowatop-downlook,orinthiscaselec-to-rightoverviewofthestructureofcontentforthethreepersuasiveconferencewebsiteversions.

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Figure6.Websitehierarchiesforpersuasiveconference2017,2018and2019websites.

Itcanbeseenthatthe2017versionhasmoredepthofcontent.Asaresult,informa5onsuchasthemeinfo,workshopsandtutorialsarehiddenbehindthelabel“Moreinforma5on”,whichmightbechallengingtofindforsomeusers.Havingmoredepthingeneralmakestheinforma5onsearchprocessmorecomplicated.Conversely,the2018versionappearedtohavemorewidthandlibledepthofinforma5on.Asaconsequence,whenopeningcertainsec5onstheuserswouldhavetoscrolldownalistofinforma5ontofindwhattheyarelookingfor,whichcouldalsocomplicatetheprocess.Thelatestversion(2019)hasabalanceddepthandbreadthofcontentwithlocalnaviga5onbarsallowingforeasierinterac5onanddiscoveryofinforma5on.Thevisualdesignofthewebsiteshasalsobeenperformedinaniden5calmanneraimingforconsistencyandsimplicity,whilemuchofthetextualinforma5onhasbeenreplicatedthroughouttheyears.Addi5onally,anobserva5onwasmadewherethe2019and2017versionsweremissinggeneralbutvaluableinforma5on.Ontheworkshops&tutorialspage,therewasnoclarifica5onofthepurposesoftheconferenceworkshopsandtutorials,andwhytheyshouldbevisited.However,someofthatinforma5oncouldbefoundonthesubmissioninforma5onpages,aswellasintheconferencewebsiteversionof2018.Itcouldpoten5allybeaninfluencingfactorforthedecisionofnewcomerstoabendtheconference.Thereforeitwasnecessarytoconsiderincludingitinthenewplalorm.

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Aboeom-upapproach

Thesecondstepwastoimplementbobom-upinforma5onarchitectureapproachtobreakdownthegeneralcontentintosmallerpiecesandprovidemeansforittobeanalyzedmorein-depth.

Acontentinventoryisidealwheninneedofunderstandingthecurrentcontent(Spencer,D.&Garreb,J.J.,2009).Themethodwasperformedonthelastwebsiteversion,wheretheinventoryhasbeencreatedinanExceldocument,inordertotograspallthepiecesofinforma5onthatgooneachofthepages(Appendix4).Exceptforgenera5ngacomprehensivelistofthepagesofthewebsite,thecontentinventorygrantedafulllookofthedifferenttypeofcontentandvolumeontheplalorm,allowingforeasierobserva5onsandanalysisofthedata.Theprocessinvolvedcrea5ngatablewithspecifica5onsofeachofthelevelsthroughoutthewebsitehierarchy(pagesandsub-pages),aswellasfirstlevelheadingofthespecificpagewithahyperlinktothesite.Furthermore,thedocumentincludedacolumnspecifyingdownloadablefilesontheplalormandacommentssec5onwhereobserva5onsforspecificpageshavebeenwribendown.Addi5onally,contentinventoryhasbeenoftremendoushelpforpickingoutcontentforthemethodcard-sor5ng,whichwillbediscussedin4.3.2Card-sor2ng.

Thenextpartofthebobom-upapproachwastheiden5fica5onoftheorganiza5onschemeoftheplalorm,howinforma5onhasbeengroupedtogetherandhowithasbeenpriori5zedwhenitcomestomaintopicsoftheconferencewebsite.

Thewayawebsiteisorganizedisdeterminedbyorganiza5onschemes,whichcouldbeexact(dividinginforma5onintomutuallyexclusiveparts),orambiguous(dividinginforma5onintocategories)consideredasusefulforexploratorysearchofinforma5on(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Theoverallorganiza5onofthecontentontheconferencewebsiteversionswascharacterizedasambiguous,sinceinforma5onhasbeengroupedinara5onalmeaningfulway.Furthermore,thecontenthasbeenorganizedbytopic,whichalsoindicatedambiguousorganiza5onscheme.

Theiden5fiedtopicsappearedtorepresenttheinforma5onwithhighestprioritythroughoutalltheplalorms.Forexamplethedetectedmaintopicswereinforma5onaboutconference,accommoda2on,paperssubmission,registra2onandloca2on.Eachofthemaincategoriesincludedsub-categoriesalsocommonlymetinthepreviouslyanalyzedplalorms(Figure7).

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� Figure7.Overviewoftheinforma2on.

Generaltopicsandsub-topicsfromthewebsites.

Theabovefigurevisualizesthebobom-upinforma5onarchitecturefortheinforma5onfoundthroughoutthewebsitesforthepast3years.Thisapproachrepresentedthechunksofinforma5onwhichconstructthedigitalenvironment.Theanalysiscontributedwithfirst,dis5nguishingthetopicalorganiza5on,andsecond,discoveringtheinforma5onwhichwasprac5calforinclusioninthenewdigitalenvironment(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Outcome

Thepurposeofanalyzingthecontentistoprovidethedataneededforcrea5ngagooduserexperience(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Thissec5oncombinedseveralmethodsandledtodiscoveringthetypesofinforma5onandbeberunderstandingofthecontent,whilealsopoin5ngoutseveralfindings.

First,thehierarchyofthethreewebsitesdiscoveredgapininforma5ononthelatestwebsiteversion,whichwillbeconsideredduringthedevelopmentofthenewplalorm.Second,contentinventoryprovidedagraspoftheindividualinforma5on,whileestablishingobserva5onsontheseparatepagesofthelatestplalorm.Third,theanalysiswentfromtop-downviewoftheinforma5onanddeepertowardsanalyzingthebobom-upstructure,andbacktoatop-downview,wheretheanalyzedcontentprovidedamapsummarizingallthemaininforma5on.Thisincludedthetopicsfoundontheplalorms,togetherwithallthechunksofinforma5onprovidedbythewebsites.

Finally,before-and-acerbenchmarkingwasextremelyusefulfortheunderstandingofcontextandcontent,however,toavoidriskingborrowingbadideastogetherwiththegoodones,actualusersoftheplalormhadtobeinvolvedintheprocess.

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4.3UserAnalysis

Involvingtheusersprovidestheresearchwithknowledgeoftheirinterests,needsandmo5va5onsregardingthecontextoftheconference.Users,alsoreferredtoasmembersofthecommunityandvisitorsoftheconferencewebsite,arethe“ul2matejudgesoftheinforma2onenvironment”-Rosenfeld,L.etal.(2015).

Theanalysisbeganbyacquiringinforma5onfromonlinesourcesandresearchmee5ngswiththecaserepresenta5ve,inordertounderstandwhotheuserswere.Itwasestablishedthatthetargeteduserscouldbeplacedintotwogeneralgroups:industryandacademia.Theindustryconsistedofcompanies,lookingfornetworkingandprojectcollabora5ons,whileacademiaincludedresearcherslookingforupdates,inspira5onornetworking.Whatprovidedmoreunderstandingoftheuserwasgatheringofinforma5onabouttheirac5vi5esthroughouttheyear,discussedinsec5on4.1ContextAnalysis.Accordingtotheresearch,users’ac5vi5escouldbeiden5fiedasseveralkinds:acquiringgeneralinforma5onabouttheconference;wri5ng,submission,andreviewsofpapers;obtaininginforma5onaboutprogram,hotelvenuesandsocialevents;registra5on,whichwouldbeavailablethroughoutthewholecourse;andaccesstodocumenta5onofimagesandothermediafromtheconferenceacertheevent.Theseac5vi5eshadtobefurtherexploredandseenthroughtheeyesoftheusers,inordertocompletetheopportunemomentsandformapersuasionstrategy.

Theusershavedifferentinforma5onneeds,andtheseneedsdependontheusergroup,placeand5meoftheyear.Forinstance,theauthorswhowriteandsubmitpapers(orposters)priori5zeinforma5onregardingsubmissiondeadlinesandreviewdateslongbeforetheconferenceevent.Whilecompanieslookingforprojectcollabora5onforinstance,priori5zeonthevariouseventsandprogramrelatedinforma5on,happeningneartheconferenceevent.Inorderfortheinforma5onneedstobeaddressedcorrectly,theyneedtobeselectedandfilteredbytheusersthemselves,forinstance,inthebeginningwheninterac5ngwiththeplalorm.Inaddi5on,thesystemcanexploretheuserinterac5onwiththesystemtoaddi5onallyiden5fyrelevantinforma5on.Providingtheuserswithmeansforselec5ngtheinforma5ontheyareinterestedin,wouldensurethattherightinforma5onreachesthemattheright(opportune)5me.

4.3.1Survey

Asurveywasemployedinordertofurtheraddresstheques5onofwhotheusersareandwhytheywouldbeinterestedintheevent.Thesurveywassenttoresearchersandprac55oners,whoaremembersofthepersuasivetechnologiescommunity.Theywereconsideredthemaintargetaudience,sincetheypossessknowledgeofthewholeprocessandcansharetheirexperienceswiththeconferenceeventandthesystem.Furthermore,thesurveywassentonlinebyemail,duetothefactthattheusersareaninterna5onalaudiencelocatedindifferentcountries.

Thefocusofthismethodhasbeentogetinsightsofwhatbenefitstheconferenceofferedtotheabendeesfromtheirperspec5veandalsowhatmadeitabrac5veforthem.Inaddi5onthesurveyfocusedatdiscoveringwhatinforma5onusersweremissingthroughouttheyear.Inordertoobtainthat

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informa5onIdesignedamixedsurvey,whichincludedbothopenandclose-endedques5ons.Asstatedinthemethodschapter,theopen-endedques5onsaimedatallowingtheuserstoopenlyanswertheques5onswiththeirownwords,providingaricherdata.Ontheotherhand,theclose-endedques5onsinthesurveyaimedatreducingthecomplexityofthemethodbyprovidingpredeterminedanswersfortheuserstoselectfrom.Themethodwaschoseninordertoreachahighernumberofresponsesfromcommunitymembersfromaroundtheworld,andgainvariousperspec5ves.

Thesurveyextractedinforma5onaboutthefrequencyofuseoftheconferencewebsite,whereaccordingtothesta5s5c(Appendix5A),1outof6par5cipantswereregularvisitorsofthewebsite,whiletherestvisitthewebsiteoccasionally.Asaconsequence,itwasaclearindica5onthattheplalormwasnotusedonaregularbasisbythemajorityofthepar5cipants,astheyusedthesystemwhentherewerecertaininforma5onneeds.

Thesecondstepwastodeterminethepar5cipants’needsofusingtheconferencewebsite.Itwasnotedthatalloftherespondentsanswerswererelatedtoinforma5onaboutdates,deadlinesandschedulefortheevent,asmainreasonforvisi5ngthewebsite(Figure8).

Figure8.BarChartofmaininforma2onneedswhenvisi2ngtheconferencewebsite.

Othersharedanswersincludedinforma5onaboutloca5on,traveling,venuesandgeneralconferencerelatedinforma5on.Onepar5cipantansweredthattheirreasonforusingthewebsitecouldvary-“thisdependsonmyroleeachyear,ifI'morganizingsomething,presen2ngsomething,orjustvisi2ng”(Appendix5B).Thisstatementconfirmedthatdifferentusergroupshavedifferentinforma5onneeds.

Moreover,oneoftheweaknessesoftheheuris5cevalua5onmethodisthatmostofthe5meevaluatorsarenottheactualusersoftheplalorm,whichindicatedthatwhatmightbeconsideredasaproblemfortheusers,mightnotnecessarilybeconsideredasproblemfortheevaluatorandconversely.Therefore,thequalita5vesurveyaimedatcapturingthisissuebyincludingques5onsabouttheusabilityoftheplalorm,andexploringwhetherusersweremissingorhavingdifficultyofdiscoveringinforma5on.Asaresult,itwasobservedthattwooftheresponsesaddressedaproblemofnotfindinginforma5onaboutcertaindatesoftheevent,norprogramrelatedinforma5on:“Thelast2meIchecked,abouttwoweeks

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ago,therewasnoprogram-relatedinforma2ontobefound”,anotherpar5cipantadded“inwhatdatescertaineventstakeplace”(Appendix5C).Thismightbeapointofconsidera5on,wherepreliminaryprograminforma5oncouldbeincludedearlierintheprocessratherthanneartheconferenceevent.

Thenextstepwasfindingoutwhatmakestheconferenceinteres5ngforthepar5cipantsaccordingtotheirview.Forthatpurpose,open-endedques5onswereusedtogainfeedbackandchanceforuserstodescribewhattheyexperiencewiththeirownwords,withoutplacingconstraintsontheiranswers,asitwouldhavebeenwithclose-endedapproach.Inordertoextracttheinforma5onfromthequalita5vedata,alltheindividualanswershavebeenplacedinGoogleSheets,whereresponsecategorieshavebeeniden5fied,bylookingatanswerswiththesamemeaning(Appendix5D).Asaresultthequalita5vedataturnedintoquan5ta5veone,whichallowedformeasuringthedifferentinterestsandgroupingthemaccordingtotheresponsesgiven(Figure9).

Figure9.BarChartofmostcommoninterestsofpar2cipantsattheconference.

Thefigureillustratedsomeofthereasonswhytheconferenceswereinteres5ngforthepar5cipants,wherethemostcommonanswerswerethattheconferenceisrelatedtotheirresearcharea;providesnewinsightsandknowledgeofnewtrends;andallowsfornetworking.Accordingtopar5cipants,oneofthemainbenefitsofabendingtheconferenceasanewcomeristheopportunitytogettoknowpeoplefromthefieldandbuildanetwork.Otherbenefitsincludeintroduc5ontothefield,gaininginspira5onfromothers,aswellaspresen5ngownworkandinspiringothers.

Lastly,thethemajorityofpar5cipantsindicatedthattheywouldliketoreceiveaddi5onalinforma5on,suchasconferencedatesanddeadlines,where50%choseemailaspreferredsource,33,33%chosebothemailandmobileno2fica2on(alloftheabove),and16,67%didnotneedaddi5onalinforma5on(Appendix5E).Theanswersindicatedthatthemajorityofuserswereopentoreceivingthistypeof

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informa5onthroughothersourcesthanthewebsite,asitmightbeeasierforthemtoberemindedratherthanhavingtoremember,wherepromptsmightbeuseful.

4.3.2Card-sor1ng

Acergainingquan5ta5veandqualita5veinforma5onaboutthepar5cipants’usageofthewebsiteandtheirinterestsandmo5va5ontowardstheconference,Ineededtobeberunderstandtheirinforma5onneedsinrela5ontotheconferenceplalorm.Moreover,theorganiza5onandlabellingofcontentisrelatedtotheperspec5veoftheonewhoorganizestheenvironment,andpeoplehavedifferentviewofwhatmakesperfectsense.ForthatreasonIemployedthemethodcard-sor5ng,sincewhatmadeperfectsensetotheusersmightbedifferentthanmyvisionoftheorganiza5onofcontent.

Asdefinedinsec5on3.4,card-sor5nghelpsinseeinghowusersperceiveinforma5onbyallowingthemtogroupandcategorizeinforma5onwribenoncards.Thepurposeofthemethodwastogainunderstandingofhowcontentcouldbegroupedandcategorizedinamannerthatmeetstheuserexpecta5ons.Opencard-sor2ngallowedtheuserstogroupthecontentandnamethesegroupsaccordingtotheirownviewpoint,wherethecardsconsistedofcontentfromtheexis5ngwebsites.Beforetheactualtest,apilottestwasperformedtoeliminatemajorerrorsfromoccurringontheactualsession.Incontrasttoindividualcard-sor5ng,whichwouldhavebeenperformedononepar5cipantata5me,themethodwasperformedingroupwhere3par5cipantshavehadadiscussionoverhowinforma5oncouldbestructured.Thediscussionhasbeenrecorded,whileallowingformorethoroughobserva5onsofthecard-sor5ng,andfollow-upques5onsforthepar5cipants.Adiscussionwasconsideredmorevaluable,asitcontributedtotheresearchwithinsightsonhowtheusersseetheprocessesofwri5ngpaperandinterac5ngwiththewebsiteplalorm,aswellasobtainingaddi5onalsugges5onsforconferenceac5vi5es.

Thepar5cipantswereactualmembersofthecommunity,whotosomeextentcouldbeconsideredasdomainexperts,sincetheyknowtheworkenvironmentandhavedetailedknowledgeofthetasksandprocessesoftheevent.Withthisinmind,thepar5cipantswouldhavegoodunderstandingofhowtheinforma5onenvironmentforconferenceeventmightbestructuredaccordingtotheirinforma5onneeds.

Severalobserva5onsweremadeduringthesor5nganddiscussionprocess.Accordingtothepar5cipantsoneofthestrongsidesoftheconferenceisthenetworkingopportuni5es.Someofthemoreeffec5vesocialac5vi5esallowingfornetworking,asstatedbythepar5cipants,aretheposterandworkshopsessions,astheyenablepeopletodiscusstopicsofcommoninterest.Duringthediscussion,thepar5cipantscameupwithaddi5onalideaforsocialac5vity(projectspeedda5ng),whichallowsformorenetworkingopportuni5essuchasprojectcollabora5onsorfindingofconsor5ummembersforprojects.Thismightalsobeappealingfortheindustryaudience,astheywouldtypicallybelookingforprac55onerswithideas.However,theprojectspeedda5ngwouldalsobeappealingforacademia,whomightbecurioustocomeevenwithouthavingwribenapaper.Furthermore,newcomerswouldbenefitfromthatac5vityasitmightbeawayforthemtopresentthemselvesintopicstheyfindinteres5ng.Asanaddi5ontothenetworkingac5vi5es,demosessionswasadifferenttopicthatarouseduringthediscussion,asanotherprocessforabrac5ngindustrypeopletoabendtheconferenceevent.Thesenew

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ac5vi5eswerediscussedbythepar5cipantsasawaytoincreasethesocialinterac5onandnetworkingattheevent.

Duringthesession,someofthepar5cipantssharedtheirveryfirstinforma5onneeds,whentheinforma5onaboutfutureconferenceappears.“ThefirstthingIwouldlookatis,firstofallwhereisit,isitataniceplace,atanice2meoftheyear.Thesecondthing,whatisthetheme…“.Allthepar5cipantscouldagreethatoneofthefirstthings,especiallyfornewcomers,wouldbetolookatthethemeoftheconference.However,thisinforma5ondidnotappeartobeofpriorityforthepastthreeconferencewebsiteversions,andratherthanmakingtheinforma5onascentral,ithasbeenplacedfurtherintothehierarchyofthewebsite.Moreover,thelastwebsitehasnospecifica5onoftheselectedtheme,inotherwords,thatinforma5onismissing.Inordertodrawnewaudiencestowardstheconference,thiskindofinforma5onwouldneedtobemoreaccessible.

Ithasbeennotedthattheprocessofaccep5ngpapersfortheconferenceisratherstrict,sincetheselectedsubmissionsarebeingpublishedinahighlyregardedpublishingagency.Thismeantthatmanypapersarebeingrejected,andoneofthepar5cipantsmen5onedthatthiscouldbeafactor,whichpreventspeoplefromabendingtheconference.However,thediscussionalsoprovidedknowledgethatthereisapossibilityfortheauthors,whosepaperhasgobenrejected,tosubmitasaposter.Thatinforma5onwassomethingthatpastwebsiteversionsweremissingaswell,andanaddi5onalfactorforinvi5ngpeople,eventheoneswhosepaperhasbeenrejected,tojointheconference.

Duringthecard-sor5ngsession,thepar5cipantsprovidedvaluableinsightsintomissinginforma5onandalsoadded12morecardstothediscussion,markedingreen(Appendix6).Asanexample,“Publica2onop2ons”wouldprovidetheinforma5onthat,exceptforbeingabletogetapublica5onthroughpapers,peoplecouldalsopublishthroughhavingworkshopsontheevent.Anothercard“Studentsubmissions”hasbeencreatedinordertomaketheconferencemoreappealingtostudents,whomightotherwisenothavetheknowledgeormo5va5onwhenlookingatthewebsite.

Thecard-sor5ngoutcomefromdiscussiononlyconfirmsthatthereismissinginforma5oninthepreviouswebsites.Byincludingallthemissinginforma5onfromthediscussion,thenewplalormwouldbemoreinforma5veandinvi5ngtowardsthedifferentaudiences.

4.3.3Semi-structuredinterview

Inasimilarmannertothediscussionbythepar5cipantsinthecard-sor5ng,thesemi-structuredinterviewwasaudio-recorded,transcribedandanalyzed.Inordertomakesenseofthedatainamorethoroughmanner,theanalysisoccurredbyfamiliariza5onwiththedata,genera5onofcodes(briefdescrip5ons)oftextualdata,andiden5fica5onofmainthemesandsignificantfactsfoundinthetranscribedtext(Mortensen,D.,2019).Thisprocesswasinspiredfromthema5canalysis,whichcharacterizesinoutliningideasandloca5ngmeaningwithinthedata.Theseideasareturnedintothemesthroughrepresenta5vecodes(descrip5ons)servingassummariesofinforma5on(Guest,G.,MacQueen,K.M.&Namey,E.E.,2012).Themethodisconsideredasoneofthemostcommoninqualita5veanalysis,andasstatedbyGuest,G.,etal.(2012)-“...iss2llthemostusefulincapturingthecomplexi2esofmeaningwithinatextualdataset”.Theanalysishasbeeninspiredbythismethodinordertoobtaina

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morestructuredandsystema5capproachtoanalyzingthedataandpresen5ngitinamoreefficientmanner.

Thefirststepconsistedofexploringthedataindetailbylisteningtotheaudiorecordingandtranscribingitintoatextdocument.Bydoingso,itwaseasiertogetanoverviewofalltheinforma5on,whichallowedformakingnotesandextrac5ngini5alobserva5onsofreadingthedata.Sincethemethodwassemi-structuredinterview,therealreadywasanideaofwhatkindofinforma5ontheinterviewneededtoextract.Howevertheapproachwasalsoexploratoryinareas,whichhavenotbeentackledbythepar5cipantsbackinthecard-sor5ngdiscussion.Aspectsofthemobileplalormsandno5fica5onshavealsobeenexplored.Acerthedatawasinspectedingreaterdetail,ini5alideashavebeennoteddown.Theywereconsideredrelevantfortheforma5onofcodesandcrea5onofthemes.Thesecondstepconsistedofgenera5ngini5alcodes,inordertosummarizewhathasbeensaidontheinterview.Thecodesrepresentdescrip5ons,whichcouldbegroupedbysimilarity,astheyarethecomponentsformingatheme(Guest,G.,etal.,2012).Consequently,thethirdstepinvolvedgenera5onofthemes,bygroupingofcodestogether,andlabelingofthegroupstodevelopbroaderinterpreta5onoftopics(Mortensen,D.,2019).Thefourmainthemesfoundintheinterviewtranscrip5onwere:

- personalmo2veswithsub-categoryaddi2onalmo2va2onfactors- maintasksonthewebsite- mobileplaqorm- no2fica2ons

Star5ngwiththefirsttheme,someofthemainpersonalmo5vesforthepar5cipanttoabendtheconferencewereinrela5ontotheirresearch,asamasterandlaterasPhDstudent.Thepar5cipantfurtherclarifiedthatmo5vesforabendingtheeventswerethecommunityandpublishingresearch:“Sointhebeginningthatwasmymainmo2va2ontogothere,wassortofthecommunity,tobepartofthat.Andthenthelast2meIwastheretopublish”(Appendix7,Q.3).Followingthecurrentthemethepar5cipantwasaskedforexampleofcriteriafornotabendingtheconference.“FormeIguess,that’sveryindividual,butformeit’salsoaboutdistance.Soitdoesmovearoundabitandsome2mesit’sintheUSandIhavetopriori2zewheretogobecauseoffundingetc.”(Appendix7,Q.4).Asaresult,itwasnotedthatdistance,andmoreimportantlyfunding,weretwoaspectsplayingamajorroleinthedecision-makingprocessforabendingtheconferenceeventfortheinterviewee.Anotherobserva5onwasthatthepar5cipantconsideredtheconferencemostappealingbecauseofitssmallcommunityandthefactthateveryonewasspeaking“thesamelanguage”andhaving“sharedunderstandingofthefield”.Accordingtotherespondent,mo5va5onalfactorsweremainlythefundingandeventac5vi5es,whereespeciallyforstudents,thesefactorswerethedoctoralconsor5umandpublishingoftheirpaper.

Whenitcomestotheconferencewebsite,thesecondthemewasrepresentedbythetasks,whichtheusernormallyperformedontheplalorm.Uponinspec5onofthedata,coupleofobserva5onsweremadewhendefiningthetheme.Ononehandtherewerevarietyoftaskstheuserperformedontheplalorm,whileontheotherhand,thesedifferenttaskswereperformedatdifferent5mesoftheyear.Thisobserva5onledtothecrea5onofsub-themes,consideredas“phases”,whichwerehappeningbeforesubmissionofpapers,aceracceptanceofpapersandaroundthe5mewhenthepeoplewouldbegoingtotheevent.

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Accordingtotheinterview,inphaseone(decisionphase)thepar5cipantlooksforgeneralinforma5onsuchastheconferencetheme,thevenue,loca5on,submissioninforma5onandpoten5alworkshopstovisit.Thisphaseisalsowhenstudentslookforbenefitsofabendingandsubmihngpapers.Inaddi5on,thedecisionphaseincludesthesearchforinforma5onrelatedtofunding,sinceithasbeenstatedbothinthecard-sor5ngdiscussionandintheinterview,asoneofthemo5va5onalfactorsforabendingtheevent.

Phasetwo(planningphase)thepar5cipanttypicallyexplorestheprac5calinforma5onabouttheconference.Forinstance-detailsabouttheloca5on/city,bookingofflightsandhotels,selec5onofrelevantpresenta5ons,workshopsandtutorialstoabend,aswellasdetailsaboutsocialeventsandplacestosee,inordertoplantheindividualdays.

Finallyphasethree(conferenceevent/abendingphase),whichwouldoccuraroundthe5meoftheevent,involvesscheduleplanningforwheretogoandwhotomeet.Addi5onally,checkingprogramdetailsandfindingspecificloca5ons(suchasmee5ngroomsandtheplaceswheresocialac5vi5esoccur)isanothertaskfortheuseroftheplalorm.Thepar5cipantalsocharacterizedtheirfrequencyofvisitsonthewebsiteas“Oben,foraveryshort2me”(Appendix7,Q.7),whichmeantthatinforma5onforthemhadtobewellstructured,butalsominimalis5c,includingthemostrelevantinforma5on.

Thethirdtheme,mobileplaqorm,lookedattheexperiencestheuserhadwhenaccessingthepersuasivetechnologiesconferenceoranysimilarconferenceeventthroughtheirmobiledevice.Itwasnotedthattheusermostlikelyaccessedtheinforma5onthroughtheirsmartphoneduringthe5metheytravel“...that’susuallymymainplaqormwhenI’mtraveling,becauseit’ssomucheasier…”(Appendix7,Q.11),orwhentheywerenotintheprocessofworking,sinceworkingwouldusuallybecarriedoutontheircomputer.Iden5cally,thepar5cipantpreferredtousemobileaccesswhentheywerelocatedattheevent,whichwasalsotheresponsefromtheresearchmee5ngsconductedwiththecaserepresenta5ve,confirmingthatitwouldbealoteasiertoquicklycheckrelevantinforma5ononthespot,ratherthandoingsooncomputer.And,asfoundintheheuris5cevalua5on,thecurrentwebsitehadmajorerrorsanddidnotsupportthemobileplalorm,whichpreventsusersfromseeingthefullprogramrelatedinforma5on.Thesefindingsledtothebeliefthatmobileaccesswouldbecrucialforusers.Furthermore,accordingtothepar5cipant,oneofthemaintraitsforusingmobiledevicehasbeentheeasyaccessofinforma5on,asthatwouldmostcommonlybewhenlocatedattheevent.Asstatedbytheinterviewee,theappshouldincludeathoughlulfunc5oningdesign-“Soifitlooksreallynicebutitdoesnotwork,thenIwillnotuseitatall.Sofunc2onali2esoveraesthe2csforsure”(Appendix7,Q.15).

Oneoftheques5onsaddressedthetopicofmissingordifficulttofindinforma5onforthepar5cipant.Aclearimpressionthattheyrememberedhaving,wasaboutfindingtheexactloca5onsofeventsontheprogram,sincesomeofthemhavebeenatdifferentphysicalloca5ons.“Thatwasverydifficultactually,tofindouthowtogettothatotherplace…andhowtogetaroundthereandsoon.SoIrememberthat,s2ll…”(Appendix7,Q.9).Withthisinmind,visi5ngthecurrentprogrampageonthewebsite,onlythenamesofthemee5ngroomshavebeenprovided,withnoaddi5onalinforma5onaboutexactloca5on.Accordingtotheinterviewee,oneofthethingsthatwouldbeveryusefulwouldbehavingtheexactloca5onsofeachsessionoftheconferencespecified,whilealsomen5oningwhattheywouldmainlyusethemobileaccessfor:“Somethingthathelpsyounavigatewhenyou’reattheconference,IthinkisthemainthingthatIwoulduseitfor”(Appendix7,Q.16).

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Thefourththemeiden5fiedfromtheinterviewwasno2fica2onsanditexploredtheuser’sopiniononreceivingmobileno5fica5onsandinteres5ngfortheminforma5oninrela5ontothistopic.Atfirstitwasstatedthatno5fica5onswereusuallyignoredbytheuser,however,itwasalsoclaimedthattheywereusefulfornewcomersforannouncementsorinvita5onstojoinac5vi5es.Thepar5cipantsharedthattheyusuallyallowedno5fica5ons,however,iftheseno5fica5onsweretoomuchorirrelevant,theywouldturnthemoff,whileonthecontrary“...ifthefirstfewno2fica2onsthatIgetarethingsthatIappreciateknowingandthatarerelevant,thenIwouldbemore,sortof,inclinedtokeepitlikethat.”(Appendix7,Q.19).Followingupontheanswer,thepar5cipantwasaskediftheycouldprovideexamplesofsuchinforma5on,whichwouldberelevantforthem.Severalindividualinforma5onneedswererevealed,allofwhichwererelatedtoupdatesofcertaininforma5on.

Oneofthemwasneedinthedecisionphase,suchasreceivingno5fica5onwhenpapershavebeenreviewed.Otherswererelatedtotheplanningphase,suchaswhentheprogramhasbeenuploaded,oriftherewerechanges,orifhotelswerefullybooked.Andothersduringtheconferenceeventphase,suchaschangesintheprogram,cancella5ons,andsocialac5vi5esforpeoplewhoabendtheconferencealone.Thepar5cipantconsideredthesetypesofno5fica5onsontheirmobiledeviceasrelevantandusefultoknow,asitwoulddirectlyaddressmostoftheirinforma5onneeds.Importanttonotewasalsothatsomeoftheseno5fica5onswouldbeexpectedasane-mailno5fica5onaswell,sincenotalluserswouldallowthemontheirdevices.

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4.4OutcomesThissec5oncombinesthefindingsfromtheanalysisandserveasanoverviewofthemethodsappliedthroughouttheresearch.ThecontextanalysisprovidedunderstandingofthemeaningbehindPersuasiveTechnologiescommunityandtheirprocessesthroughouttheyear.Togetherwithanalyzingthepersuasioncontext,theanalysisdeliveredtheintent,audienceforpersuasionandthepersuasivemessagewhichwouldbetransmibed.Thecontentanalysiscapturedalltheinforma5onfromthepastwebsiteversionsandiden5fiederrorsinthecurrentmobilesystem,whichrequirereconstruc5onforthenewplalorm.Theuseranalysisinvolvedtheactualusersofthesystem,andiden5fiedtheirperspec5veonstructure,informa5onneedsandmaininterestsintheevent.Finally,alltheoutcomescontributetotheprogressionofastrategyintheformofrequirementsforthedevelopmentanddesignofstructureandinterfaceofthenewdigitalsystemforpersuasivetechnology2020.

4.4.1Methodoutcomes

Theoutcomeoftheheuris2cevalua2onestablishedthatthelatestwebsiteplalorm(2019)includedalltheheuris5cprinciplesandhadconsideredpastmistakesfrompreviousversions.Inordertomeetthegoalofexpandingthecommunity,however,theplalormneededaddi5onalinforma5onwhichaddressedthenewvisitorsaswell.However,whenitcomestothemobiledeviceaccess,themethodiden5fiedmajorerrors,where5outof10heuris5cprinciplesweremissing.Asstatedintheuseranalysis,mobileaccesswascrucial,especiallynearthe5meoftheconferenceevent.Thereforethesemajorerrorshadtobeconsideredinthenewplalorm,inordertomakethesystemmorefriendlyandaccessibleforusers,andthus,allowforpersuasion.

Consequently,before-and-aberbenchmarkingallowedforbeberunderstandingofthecontext,contentandstructureoftheexis5nginforma5onenvironmentsfortheconferencewebsitesinthepastthreeyears.Thiswassupportedthroughapplyingatop-downandbobom-upinforma5onarchitectureapproaches,seeingthewayinforma5onisorganizedfromthetoptobobomlevelofthehierarchy.Themethoddiscoveredthattheplalormwasnotinforma5veenoughfornewcomers.Addi5onally,itprovidedgroundtolearnfrompastsuccessesanderrors,makingthemethodagreatpointofreferencefortheorganiza5onofastructureanddesigningofthenewinterface.

Thelastpieceoftheresearchpuzzlewasinvolvingtheactualusersofthesystemandexploringbothquan5ta5velyandqualita5velytheirpersonalinterests,informa5onneedsandmo5va5onsinabendingtheconferenceevent.

Theoutcomeofthesurveyledtodiscoveringofseveralfindings.Firstly,themajorityofthepar5cipantswerenotusingthesystemonaregularbasis,indica5ngthattheyuseitonlywhenhavingcertaininforma5onneeds,thusthesystemrequiredpersuasionforengagingusersandinspiringthemtoabend.Secondly,usingopen-endedques5ons,themethoddiscoveredsomeofthemaininforma5onuserslookforwhenbrowsingthesystem.Inaddi5on,theapproachexploredtheusers’maininterestsregardingtheconferenceandgroupedthefindingsintosimilarcategories,illustra5ngsomeofthereasonswhypeoplewouldbeinterestedinabending.Finally,itwasnotedthatthemajorityofthepar5cipantswerepronetoreceivingaddi5onalinforma5on,suchasimportantdatesanddeadlines,intheformofe-mailandmobileno5fica5ons.Togetherwiththeknowledgeofcertaininforma5onneededatcertain5mesoftheyear,theuseofno5fica5onsallowedforconsidera5onoftheopportunemomentstopersuadeusersinfulfillingtheintent.

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Thecard-sor2ngexploredmorein-depththeinforma5onneedsofusers,byallowingthemtoopenlydiscusswhilegroupingandlabelingcontentaccordingtotheirownpercep5ons.Duringthediscussion,thepar5cipantsaddressedanissuewithnetworkingpar5cularlyfornewcomers,whowereabendingtheeventalone.Sincenetworkingisoneofthemaintraitsoftheevent,thecommunityneededtoaddressnewcomersinordertoexpandandgrow-notonlyontheirdigitalplalorm,butalsotheevent.Asaconsequence,addi5onalnetworkingac5vityhasbeenincludedintheprogram.Furthermore,par5cipantssharedtheirveryfirstinforma5onneedsforthenextconferenceeventandsomeofthefactorswhichinfluencedtheirdecisiononwhetherornottheywouldabend.Itwasnotedthatinforma5on,suchasconferencetheme,shouldbemorecentralandaccessibleintheplalorm.Exceptfordeliveringaclearimageofhowtheuserswouldgrouptheinforma5onofthesystem,thepar5cipantsalsoadded12morecardsofcontent,whichwereconsideredinthecontentorganiza5onprocessinthedesignstage.

Finally,thesemi-structuredinterviewssupportedtheprevioususerresearch,byqualita5velyexploringtheuserneedsmorein-depthandobtaininganaddi5onalperspec5vetotheresearch.Themethodprovidedinsightsintoinforma5on,importanttoconsiderwhenaimingformo5va5ngpeopletogototheevent.Accordingtotheinterview,someofthemo5va5onalfactorsforvarioususerstoabendincludedfundingandeventac5vi5es.Moreover,forstudents,mainmo5va5onrepresentedthedoctoralconsor5umandsubmihngandpublishingpapers.Thistypeofinforma5onwasessen5alforthepersuasionplan.

Theinterviewedalsoaddressedaproblemtheyhadwithfindingspecificloca5onsofeventac5vi5es.Thiswasalsoobservedonthecurrentmobileplalormof“Persuasive2019”,wheresomeofthemee5ngroomsintheprogramwerenotvisiblewhenaccessedthroughmobile.Therefore,naviga5onhelpwasnecessaryinthenewplalorm.Thesemi-structuredinterviewalsoledtodiscoveryofinforma5on,whichthepar5cipantconsideredrelevanttobeno5fiedfor.

Lastly,themethodconfirmedthreedifferentphasesoccurringatdifferent5mesbeforeandduringtheevent,closelyrelatedtotheac5vityprocessintroducedinthecontextanalysis-decision,planninganda8endingphases.Thesethreephasesrepresentedtaskstheuserperformsinthesystemandthe5mewhentheyexecutethesetasks.Thesedetailsreinforcedtheknowledgeabouttheopportunemoment,byallowingthedeliveryofrelevantinforma5ontotheuser.Thecontentofthesethreephraseswouldalsobeincludedinthefollowingsec5on.

4.4.2YearWheelInforma1onProcess

Anyearwheelwasbuilt,basedonthecombinedfindingsoftheresearchinterviewsfromthecontextanalysis,thecard-sor2ngdiscussion,aswellasthesemi-structureduserinterview.Theyearwheeldemonstratestheimportanteventsofdifferentac5vi5esandprocessesthroughouttheyear,wherethestar5ngpointisApril2019,acerthelastconferencehasended.Inaddi5on,thewheelservesasapointofreferenceforthedesignstage,asitconsidersthetypeofinforma5onmostrelevantforusersforspecific5meoftheyear(Figure10).

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Figure10.YearwheelofPersuasiveTechnologiescommunity

Thestar5ngpointiswherethewebsiteforthenextyear’sconferencewouldbeupandrunningandprovidegeneralinforma5on(firstpointofinforma5on)abouttheupcomingconferencein2020.Thatinforma5onincludesthecity,loca5ons,themeoftheconference,andtheaimistoappealtotheuser’sinterest,inspiringthemtoabendtheevent.Registra5onwouldbeavailableallthewayfromthestar5ngpointoftheplalorm.Thesecondpointofinforma5oniswhenauthorsarewri5ngusuallyacerthesummer,andsubmihngandreviewingpapersaroundtheNovember,whichusuallyoccurswhenthepapersubmissiondeadlinetakesplace.Acerwards,aroundFebruary,comesthethirdpointofinforma5onwhereinforma5onisshicedmoretowardstheeventitself.Thisincludesvenues,dinners,programsandsimilarinforma5onwhicharisesinterest.Finally,theyearwheelcapturesthedecisionandtheplanningphasesfoundinthesemi-structuredinterview,whichoccupythewheelallthewayuptoMarch.Whilethethirdphase(a8ending)isatthe5meoftheevent(April).

Asaconclusion,dependingonwheretheyearwheelislocated,people’sinforma5onneedschange.Thatmeansthattheinforma5onneededtoadaptandbecommunicatedtotheusersattheiden5fiedpointsof5mefromtheyearwheel.Moreover,asitwaspointedoutinsec5on2.1TheCross-field,inordertoiden5fykairos,theresearchrequiredrecogni5onofwhenthe5mingwasright.Theyear-wheelwas

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developedtoaddresstheright5me,whichallowedtheconsidera5onoftheopportunemomentstoapplypersuasion.

4.4.3DesignRequirements

Asahuman-centeredprocess,requirementsengineering(RE)hasbeenleadingthewayofiden5fyingusersandtheirneeds(Nuseibeh,B.etal.,2000).REhasalsobeenappliedinordertoaddresstheproblem,anddeliverdocumenteddesignrequirementsfortheplanninganddevelopmentofthenewplalorm.Thefollowingfigure(Figure11)representsastrategytable,whichincludesanoverviewofdesignrequirementsbasedonalltheoutcomestakenfromtheanalysis.Inaddi5on,thefirstrowofthetablealsospecifieswhichmethodwasresponsibleforeachspecificfinding.

Finding Conclusion Implementa1on

Oneofthefirstthingsuserslookforonthenewplalormisthethemeoftheconference.Yetthethemewasnotfoundonthecurrentwebsite.(Card-sor2ng,Benchmarking)

Informa5onthatuserslookforini5allyshouldbemorecentralandaccessibleontheplalorm.

Ashortdescrip5onofthethemeonthehomepageofthesystem.

Missinginforma5onfornewcomers

(Before-and-aberBenchmarking,Card-sor2ng)

Theplalormrequiresaddi5onalinforma5on,whichismoreinforma5veandinvi5ngfornewaudiences.

Implementa5onofsec5oninformingtheusersabouttheconference,community,andpurposeoftheevent.

Globalnaviga5onmenudoesnotexpandunlessuserstaponthe“+”bubon(mobileversion).

(Before-and-aberBenchmarking,Heuris2cEvalua2on)

Someusersmightnotbeabletoopenthesubmenuwhentappingonthetextualdescrip5on,asthe“+”iconisverysmall.Theymightnotreachthetargetdes5na5oninthesystem.

Implementa5onofglobalnaviga5on,whichismoreintui5veforusers.

Onlyhalfoftheprogrampageisvisible.Addi5onally,halfofthepageforregisterfeesisalsomissing(mobileversion).


Abendeesoftheconferenceeventwouldbeunabletocheckfullprogramandpaymentrelatedinforma5onfromtheirmobiledevice,unlesstheyuseacomputerdevice.

Considercurrenterrorsofthesysteminthedevelopmentprocessofthenewsystemandpreventthemfromoccurring.

Usersharedtheirexperienceofhavingdifficul5esfindingloca5onofac5vi5es.Inaddi5on,thesystemdidnotindicatehowpeoplecanreachthespecificloca5onofevents.

(Semi-structuredinterview,Heuris2cEvalua2on)

Userswillbenefitfromnaviga5onhelparoundthe5meoftheevent.

Theloca5onscouldbein-texthyperlinks,whichdisplayamapoftheexactloca5onofthechosenevent.

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Figure11.Designrequirementstable

Thissec5onservedasanoverviewoftheappliedresearchmethodsandoutcomes,togetherwithprovidingastrategyforthenewplalormofpersuasivetechnology2020.Thestrategictableframedtherequireddesigndeliverables,buildingthebridge(strategy)betweentheresearchanddesignstagesoftheinforma5onarchitectureprocess.

Globalnaviga5oniconisnotavailablewhenscrollingdownonpages.Backtotopbubonisonlylocatedatthebobomofthepage(mobileversion).


Usersneedtoscrollallthewaybacktothetop,inordertoopentheglobalnaviga5onmenu.Inaddi5on,backtotopiconisanotheraccelerator,whichcouldbeusedbymoreexperiencedusers.

S5ckyglobalnaviga5onbar,whichwouldbeavailableevenwhenusersarelocatedfurtherdownonthepage.

Thesystemdoesnotsupporthelpanddocumenta5on.

(Heuris2cEvalua2on)

Helpanddocumenta5oncanbehelpfulforuserswhoneedmoredetailedinforma5on.

FrequentlyAskedQues5ons(FAQ)sec5oncanan5cipaterelevantinforma5onandprovidedescrip5oningreaterdetail.

Usersareopentoreceiveaddi5onalinforma5onandpromptsatcertain5mebeforeandduringtheconferenceevent.

(Researchmee2ngs,Survey,Semi-structuredinterview)

Promptsforvaluableinforma5onservesasreminders,butcouldalsobeusedasmo5va5onfactor.Moreover,itprovidesawindowforthesystemtobemorepersuasive.

Informa5oncommunicatedtousersthroughtheuseofmobileno5fica5ons(ifallowedbytheuser).

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DesignProposal

5.DesignProposal

Movingtowardsthedesignphaserequiredcon5nuousjourneybackandforthbetweenresearchanddesign,inordertobeabletoaddressandintegrateallofthefindingsfromtheanalysisofquan5ta5veandqualita5vedata.Thischapteroutlinestheplannedstructureofcontentforthenewplalorm,togetherwiththedevelopmentofuserinterfaceformobiledevice,whichreflectstheresearchoutcomes.Thedesignedinterfaceemploysvariousdesignmethodsfortheprogressivewebappdevelopmentstages,makinguseoftheinforma5onarchitecturecomponentsasagroundbasisforimplementa5onofthedesignrequirementsfromthestrategyphase.Finally,thenewsystememploysthePersuasiveSystemsDesign(PSD)modelincombina5onwiththeknowledgegainedfromtheresearch,inordertobuildonapersuasivelayerandtherefore,makethedesignpersuasive.

5.1Sitemap

Asitemapisavisualrepresenta5onofhowthetoplevelinforma5oncomponents(pages)areconnectedinthesystem,consideringthenaviga5on,labellingandorganiza5onsystems(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Themapalsoservedasthefinalingredientofthestrategyphase,wherestructuralideaswereshapedbasedonresearchoutcomes.

Inaccordancewiththeresearchandanalysisoutcomes,thisstagebeganwiththefounda5onofgoodinforma5onarchitecture(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015),representedbythedesignedhierarchicalstructureofthenewsystem(Figure12).Inthiscase,thetop-downapproachservedastheguidefordesigningtheprototype,byallowingacompleteviewofthetoptwolevelsofcontent.

Figure12.Sitemapofthenewstructure.

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DesignProposal

Theorganiza5onschemeconsideredforthestructureisambiguous,meaningthatinforma5onisdividedintocategoriesdefyingexactdefini5on(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Unlikeitsoppositetype(exactschemes)whoorganizecontentalphabe5cally,chronologicallyorgeographically,ambiguousschemeshelpusersnavigatewhentheyareexploringcontentorareunsureofthecorrectlabeling.Backinsec5on4.2.2thetypeofambiguousschemewasiden5fiedastopical,andthenewprototypestructurefollowedthatexample,sinceitwasconsideredasmostrelevantforthevarietyofusers.

Thehighesthierarchylevelrepresentedtheglobalnaviga2on(alsocalledmenu)oftheprototype,whichcanbeaccessedthroughanypageofthesystem.Ithelpsusersunderstandtheirloca5onandwheretheycouldgofromthere.Thesecondarylevelofhierarchyprovidedthesub-topics.Theaimwastobalancethebreadth(numberofop5onsavailable)anddepth(numberoflevels)ofthestructure,whichpreventsoverloadinguserswithtoomuchinforma5onata5me(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).

Threemethods,previouslyappliedduringtheresearchphase,hadastronginfluenceonthisoutcome:heuris5cevalua5on,before-and-acerbenchmarkingandcard-sor5ng.Thefirsttwomethodsevaluatedandlearnedfromtheexis5nginforma5onenvironmentsquan5ta5vely,whereallthethreepastwebsiteversionshavebeenanalyzed.Thedevelopedstructurewasalsosupplementedbythequalita5vemethodcard-sor5ng,whichcontributedwithbringingtheuserperspec5veintheprocess,wherethepar5cipants’ideasofgroupingsimilarcontentwasconsidered.Furthermore,card-sor5nginfluencedthelabellingoftheboxesofcontent.Allthreemethodsdiscoveredmissinginforma5oninthesystem,wheresomeexamplesofnewlyincludedinforma5onwereStudentPar2cipa2on(relevantinforma5onforstudents)andAboutUs(backgroundinforma5onaboutthecommunity)pages.Amoreinforma5vemaphasbeencreatedtovisualizewhattypeofinforma5oncouldgoineachofthosepages(Figure13)below.Missinginforma5ondiscoveredduringtheresearchhasalsobeenaddedtothemap.

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DesignProposal

Figure13.Sitemapofthenewstructure,

togetherwiththeinforma2onplanforthepages.

Themapdemonstratesthenewstructureofthesystemandthekindofinforma5on,whichcanbefoundoneachofthepages,togetherwiththenewinforma5ondiscoveredduringtheresearchphase.Thenewinforma5onhasbeenmarkedingreen,whilethegreenmarkeralsoincludedtwoofthesecondaryhierarchylevelpages(Postersessions&Projectspeedda5ng,aswellasStudentSubmissions).Thesevisualiza5ons,andmoreimportantlythegreenmarkersofnewcontent,weretheoutcomeofthediscussioncarriedoutinthecard-sor5ngsession.

Asaconsequence,thestructurehasastrongpoten5altoboosttheinterac5onwiththesystemtakingintoaccountpreviousstructuresanduserneeds.Finally,thesitemaphelpedinaddressingthedesignrequirementforimplementa5onofmissinginforma5onrelevantfornewcomers.Thenextstepinvolvedthecrea5onofamobileinterface,wherethenewstructurecouldbeintegrated.

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5.2WireframesWhilethesitemapsprovidestructureandrepresenta5onofhowcontentshouldbestructuredandwhereitshouldgo,wireframesallowvisualiza5onofthewayindividualpagesshouldlooklike,andwherestructureandcontentshouldbeincluded(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Averycommonprac5ceinthebackstageprocessofdesigningaproduct,istotaketheresearchinsightsandstrategyoutcomesonpaper,beforetheintegra5onofideasinadesignprogram.Thisisbecausetheideagenera5onprocessismuchquickertoworkwith,whensketching(orwire-framing)isinvolved,ratherthanitiswhenstrivingforperfec5onearlyintheprocesswithdesignelementsandfontsontheprograminterface.

Thisstagewasusedasanideagenera5onprocess,whereini5alinterfacesofthemobilesystemwerecreated.Inthecurrentcase,thegoalofthewireframeshasbeenusedto1)quicklygenerateideasofthedesignelementsandstructureoftheinterface,and2)addressthedesignrequirementsdevelopedinthestrategyphaseinsec2on4.4.3.Thisapproachallowedtheconsidera5onofmistakesearlyintheprocess,ratherthanhavingtodealwiththemlaterwhenamorefinallookhasbeencreated.Thisisduetothefactthatstabilizingdesignflawsatalaterstageofthedesignprocessrequiresmore5me.Inaddi5on,thewireframesallowedthegroupingofcontent,priori5zingandmovingofinforma5oninaquickandefficientmanner,whicharethecharacteris5csofalowfidelitydesign.

Ini5ally,thewire-framingprocessincludedthesketchingofideasonpaper,andlookinghowinforma5oncouldbeintegratedontheHomeandglobalnaviga5on(menu)pages,whereimagesofmobilephonehavebeenprintedandusedasaframetodrawon(Figure14a).Inaddi5on,theprocessbetweenthesketchandthedigitalwireframewentthroughseveralchanges,theoutcomeofwhichreflectedonthedigitalwireframeversions(Figure14b).

Figure14.a)PaperWireframesofHomeandMenupages.b)DigitalWireframesofHomeandMenupages.

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Duringthewire-framing,itwasimportanttobalancetheamountofinforma5ongiventotheuseratonce,whichwaswhytheprototypeaimedatprovidingsimplicityandvariety.Theini5alsketchesmostlyconsistedoftextualboxes,whilethedigitalwireframecombinedtextualdescrip5onandvisualelements.Thedigitalwireframeendedupwithextendedboxes(incontrastofthesketch)andvisuals,inordertokeepacleaninterfaceandmaketheinforma5oneasiertograspforusers.Theseoutcomeswerealsoimplementedintherestofthedesignedpages,andservedasatemplatewhichprovidedconsistencyandstandardsintheinterface.

Duringtheresearchphase,card-sor5ngpointedoutthatoneofthefirstthingsuserslookforinthenewsystemisthethemeoftheconference,however,before-and-acerbenchmarkingestablishedthatthisinforma5onwasmissingfromthelastversion,butpresentinthepreviousversions.Thewireframesincludedthe“Theme”asoneofthefirstsec5onsofthehomepage,thereforecomple5ngthefirstdesignrequirement(in4.4.3DesignRequirements).Moreover,the“Theme”boxalsoservedascontextualnaviga2onlinktopage,wherefurtherinforma5oncouldbeacquired.Itwasveryimportanttoprovidethehomepagewithquickhyperlinks,andallowtunnelingforuserstoreachtopicsofinterestmoreeasily,aswellasprovidetheopportunitytopersuade.ApplyinghyperlinksonthehomepageoftheappwaswhereIalsono5cedoverlapbetweencontextualnaviga2on(informa5onarchitecturenaviga5oncomponent)andtunneling(persuasivedesignprinciple).Astheybothallowtheuserstomovethroughcontentandprovideopportuni5esforac5onsfromtheuser.

Inaddi5on,bothbenchmarkingandlatercard-sor5ngmethodsconfirmedthatthesystemwasmissinginforma5on,morespecificallyinaddressingnewaudiences.Forthisreason,thewireframesincludeda“Welcome”box,whichhastheaimofintroducingnewcomerstotheconferenceandprovidebackgroundinforma5on.Havingthisinforma5onascentralonthestar5ngpagewashowthewireframeimplementedtheseconddesignrequirement.

Theglobalnaviga5onhasbeensimplifiedinthedigitalwireframe,wherefullscreenmenuhasbeenselectedinordertoavoidtoomanyelementsandallowforsimplicity.Thelocalnaviga2onexpandsunderthemaintopics(Figure15)andvisualizesthesecondaryhierarchylevelofwhereuserscouldgofromthatpoint.

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� Figure15.WireframeofGlobalandLocalnaviga2on.

Aspreviouslyfoundthroughtheheuris5cevalua5onandbefore-and-acerbenchmarkingmethods,theglobalnaviga5onofthe2019websiteversiononmobilewouldexpandonlywhenuserstappedonthe“+”icon(Appendix2A).Inthecasewhentheuserisnotanexpertonmobileplalorm,theymightnotbeabletoopenthelocalnaviga5onandtherefore,notreachtheirdes5na5on.Thisisaseriouserror,especiallysincetheiconwasbarelyvisibleonthescreen.Inthenewversion,theareawhereuserscouldtapislinearfromoneedgetotheother,whilethearrowsarejustindicatorsthattheglobalnaviga5oncouldexpand.Thiswaythesystemenhancesusabilityandallowsforeasierinterac5onfortheuser,thusaddressingthethirddesignrequirement.

Thelabelsofthestructureandcontentwerealsoinspiredbythecard-sor5ngoutcome,however,someofthemwerefurthersimplifiedsothattheywerelessaudience-specificandmoreuserscouldrecognizetheirmeaning.

Inconclusion,thewireframesprovidedexemplifica5onoftheloca5onofcontentonthemainpageoftheprogressivewebapp.Oneofthemainideasforthehomepagewastoincludecontentabouttheconference,communityandpurposeoftheevent,inordertobemoreinforma5vefornewaudiences.Thus,fromaprac5calperspec5ve,thewireframesensuredthatcontentwascorrectlyposi5onedontheinterfacebasedontheneedsoftheusers.Inaddi5on,thewireframespresentedasimpleandmoreintui5veglobalnaviga5on,wherethelocalnaviga5oncouldeasilybeaccessed.Asaresult,thesec5ondemonstratedhowthefirst3ofthedesignrequirementshavebeenappliedintheprogressivewebapp.

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5.3MockupsThewireframesproduceda“template”fortheinterface,givingarawideaofwhatthePWAshouldlooklike.Thissavedconsiderableamountof5mebyallowingforquickchangesandadjustmentsontheinterface.However,wireframesdidnotincludedesignelementsoractualamountofcontent,whichmadeitdifficulttocapturetheoverallconcept.Underthosecircumstances,theprojecttookamorerealis5cperspec5veonthevisualofthePWAthroughthedesignofmockups.

Mockupsillustratethelayout,colors,typography,designelementsandcontentwithintheinterfaceofthesystem.Typicallymockupsaredesignedtovisualizehowtheproductisgoingtolooklike,whichiswhatcharacterizesthemasmidfidelitydesign.Inaddi5on,mockupshelpedindemonstra5ngtheresolu5onofproblemsdiscoveredduringtheevalua5onprocess,whichwouldbehardertodoonpaperorthroughdemonstra5onoflowfidelitydesigns.Inthisproject,theprogramsAdobePhotoshopandIllustratorwereusedforthecrea5onofmidfidelitydesignsoftheprogressivewebapp.Themockupsincludedtextualdescrip5onfromtheoldsystem,aswellasfillertextsinsomeplaces,whichisnottheactualcontentbutsimplyusedasanexample.

Duringtheresearchphase,before-and-acerbenchmarkingandheuris5cevalua5ondiscoveredamajorerrorinthecurrentwebsiteonmobileplalorm(Figure16a).Theinterfacewouldnotdisplaythefullprogram-relatedinforma5on,whichaspointedduringtheuserinterview,wasoneofthethingsusedfortheplanningphase.Thisistosaythatwhenpeopleareattheconference,theywouldnotbeabletoseethefullprogramontheirmobiledevice.Thenewdesignoftheprogrampage(Figure16b)hassuccessfullyresolvedthisissue,whilealsoprovidingamoreapp-likestyleandinterac5onoftheconferenceprogram.

Figure16.a) Currentwebsite

programonmobile

b) Newversionofprogramonmobile

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Asaconsequence,thepageaddressedthe4thdesignrequirementfromthestrategytable,bycrea5ngafullyvisibleprogramforthesmallscreen.Furthermore,themockupsprovidedbreadcrumbsfoundinthetopoftheinterface,whichalwaysvisualizewheretheusersarelocatedinthesystemhierarchy.Thebreadcrumbsalsocomplementtheresolu5onofthefirstheuris5cprinciplevisibilityofsystemstatus.

Theapproachtakenforthespecificdesignofthecontentofthepagewasbo8om-upinforma2onarchitecture(Rosenfeld,L.etal.,2015).Ratherthanhavingasinglelongdescrip5ontoreadthrough,thebobom-upapproachhaschunkedtheinforma5onsothatusersknowwhatspecificpartsoftheinforma5onmean.Asanexample,Figure16bprovidedaheading,loca5onoftheac5vity(alsovisualizedthroughanicon),aswellasthetypeofac5vity(workshoportutorial)dis5nguishedbycolor.Theloca5onindicatorsarealsoconsiderediconiclabellingwherestandardiconscouldberecognizedevenwithouttheneedoftextualdescrip5on.Underthosecircumstancestheuserscouldeasilydis5nguishthedifferentelementsincontrastofhavinglongmonotonoustexttoreadthrough.Moreover,thetypeofac5vitywasnottheonlyelementonthispage,whichcouldbedis5nguishedbycolor.

Themockupsincludedthedifferentdaysoftheconferenceprogram(Figure17),whichuserscanbrowseintwoways.Theycaneitherselectthedayfromthedrop-downmenunexttothedate(localnaviga5on),orsimplymovedownthecon5nuouspagewhichchangesthedatesautoma5cally.

Figure17.Mockupoftheconferenceprogramdays.

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Hence,thetwowaysofbrowsingthistypeofinforma5onconsideredbothnoviceandexpertusers,wheretheexpertuserscouldusethelocalnaviga5onofthepagetoquicklynavigatetothespecificprogramday.

Thispageoftheinterfacealsoconsideredonemoredesignrequirement,acquiredfromtheuserinterview.Accordingtotheresearch,thePWAshouldprovidemeansforuserstofindtheloca5onofspecificeventac5vi5es.Whilethecurrentwebsiteversionprovidedonlythenamesoftherooms,thenewsystemalloweduserstoseetherooms,howeveralsotapontheloca5oniconordescrip5onfromtheProgrammepage,andpinpointtheloca5ononthemap(Figure18).

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Figure18.Loca2onoftheselectedac2vity.

Thisallowstheusertoaccesstheloca5ononmapsandfindthebestroutetogetthere.Furthermore,addi5onallocalnaviga2onbarhasbeenincludedin“Workshops&Tutorials”page,wherefurtherinforma5onaboutthepurposeoftheworkshopsandtutorialscouldbediscovered(Figure19)below.

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Figure19.MockupsofWorkshops&Tutorialspages.

Thecontentwasacquiredfromolderwebsiteversions,sincetheresearchfoundthatthelatestversiondidnotincludedescrip5onofpurposebehindthetwotopicsintheirwebsite.However,thistypeofinforma5onwouldbeveryvaluablefornewaudiences,sincetheytakemoreexploratoryapproachduringinterac5onwiththesystem,thereforeincludingitwasnecessary.Iconiclabellingcanalsobefoundaboveeachofthecontenttopics,whereworkshopsincludealightbulbicon,andtutorialsarerepresentedbyahaticon.

Anotherdesignrequirementfromsec2on4.4.3wastheabilityfortheuserstobeabletooperatewithaccelerators,wherebothheuris5cevalua5onandbenchmarkingmethodsfoundnumberofacceleratorsmissing.Acceleratorsarethe7thheuris5cprincipleflexibilityandefficiencyofusewhichallowsforquickerinterac5onwiththesystemthroughtailoredac5on.Oneofthoseacceleratorshavingatremendousimpactontheflexibilityofthesystemistheglobalnaviga2on,whichcouldnotbeaccessedintheoldsystem,unlesstheuserwaslocatedinthetopsec5onofthepage.Thesolu5oninthenewversionwastodesigna“s5cky”naviga5onbar,whichwouldbeavailablefortheusertoaccessfromanyloca5oninthesystem(Figure20).

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Figure20.Registra2onpageoftheprogressivewebapp.

Otheracceleratorsincluded“goback”,aswellas“back-to-top”bubons.Thesystemprovidedthepossibilityforuserstogobacktopreviouspagequicklyandefficiently,throughthearrowiconlocatedonthetoplecofthepage.Whileinaddi5on,back-to-topbubonlocatedonthebobomrightofthepage,allowsuserstoreachthetopofthepagewithouttheneedforthemtoswipeallthewayup.Moreover,theRegistra5onpageisanotherexampleofthepersuasiveprincipletunneling,incontrastofthehomepagehyperlinksmen5onedearlierin5.2Wireframes.Ascanbeseenonthefigureabove,thedesignisguidingtheuserthroughtheprocessofregisteringfortheconference,byprovidinganoverviewofthesimplestepsrequiredtoregister.

The7thdesignrequirementwasdeliveredbythemockupbelow(Figure21),whichallowsuserstoacquireaddi5onalinforma5onthroughthepage“FrequentlyAskedQues5ons”or“FAQs”.Themockupprovidedexamplesofthesetypeofques5onsandusedafillertextasdescrip5on,inordertoillustratetheexpandinglocalnaviga2onofthepage.

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Figure21.MockupofFrequentlyAskedQues2onspage.

Theheuris5cevalua5onestablishedthatsofarthepreviouswebsiteversiondidnotincludehelporguidanceforitsusers.Thepageillustratedbythemockupalsoconsideredtheheuris5cprincipleHelpanddocumenta2on,whichispar5cularlyusefulfornewaudiences,butalsocurrentmembersofthecommunity.Ineithercase,theFAQspagecouldsave5meandeffortforboththesystemusersandtheconferenceorganizersbyan5cipa5ngques5onswhichareaskedfrequently.

Finallytheresearchmee5ngs,surveyandsemi-structuredinterviewconcludedthatusersareopentoreceiveaddi5onalinforma5onregardingtheconference.Thelastdesignrequirementconsistedoftheuseofmobileno5fica5ons,whichcouldno5fytheuseraboutrelevantinforma5on.Exceptforinformingtheusers,no5fica5onsalsoprovidetheopportunitytoinspirethemtovisittheconferenceeventthroughprompts.ThiswasoneofthemainreasonswhythePWAwasselectedforthemobileplalorm,sinceunlikeregularresponsivewebsite,PWAsenableuserstobenefitfromno5fica5onsandseeeverythingintheirmobilebrowser,withouttheneedtosearchanddownloadana5veappfromGoogle,WindowsorAppstores.Theimplementa5onofthisdesignrequirementinthePWAwouldhoweverrequiretheapprovaloftheuserswhentheyaccessthesystem.Moreaboutno5fica5onswillbediscussedinthenextsec5on5.4TheKairosFactor.

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Tosummarize,themockupswereemployedtovisuallydemonstratehowtherestoftheremainingdesignrequirementshavebeenappliedinthenewsystem.Thedemonstra5onincludedtheapplica5onofbobom-upinforma5onarchitecture,whereinforma5oninthePWAwasseparatedintochunks,whichmadethepageseasiertoreadthroughonthesmallscreen.Moreover,themockupsvisualizedamoreinterac5veinterface,byincludingelementssuchasbreadcrumbs,icons(iconiclabelling),localnaviga5onsonpageswithmorecontent,aswellasaccelerators.Allofwhichallowforquickerinterac5onwiththesystemandenhancedusability.Finally,thesitemapstructure,wireframesandmockupsallprovidedtheorganiza5onofcontent,whichhasbeenbasedonresearchfindingsontheuser’sneedsandinterests.

5.4TheKairosFactorThisprojectconsidered5mingandthepersuasioncontextascrucialfactors,whichplayamajorroleinthepersuasionevent.Aspreviouslystated,asamodeofpersuasion,Kairosconcernsitselfwithiden5fica5onoftheopportunemomentsforsendingouttherightmessagesinordertoreachpersuasion.Ontheotherhand,persuasioncontextprovidedthepersuasiveintentandmessage,requiredtou5lizekairos.Toassistinachievingpersuasion,exceptkairosandtheoutlinedpersuasioncontext,IhaveemployedthePersuasiveSystemsDesignmodel,whichreliesonprinciplesofpersuasiontoeffec5velyinspireuserstocarryouttheintent.Thewaythemethodcontributedwasbyapplyingthemostrelevantpersuasiveprinciplesfromthesupportcategories,describedinsec2on3.6,andimplemen5ngthemintheiden5fiedopportunemomentsfromtheyearwheel.

Theresearchdiscoveredthat83,33%ofthesurveypar5cipantswouldliketoreceiveaddi5onalinforma5onregardingdatesanddeadlinesrelatedtotheconference.Furthermore,theinterviewestablishedthatusersmightbeinclinedtoreceivingmobileno5fica5onsrelatedtorelevantinforma5on,suchasupdatesofinforma5on,changesorcancella5ons.Atthepresent5me,kairosisrepresentedbytheresearchoutcomeinsec5on4.4.2whichillustratedayearwheelcontainingimportantintervalsof5meduringtheyear,wherecertaininforma5ontypeisrequiredfromthesystembyitsusers.Theiden5fiedstar5ngpointsofcertaininforma5onrepresenttheopportunemomentswhereelementsofpersuasionmaycomein,throughtheapplica5onofmobileno5fica5ons.Inaddi5on,theuserinterviewalsocontributedwiththeforma5onofthreephases(decision,planningandabendingphase),whichadjuncttotheyearwheel.Thehighestpriorityhoweverfallsonthedecisionphase,sincethisisthephasewhichdetermineswhetherornottheusersperformtheintent.Andthisisthephasewherepersuasionmuststepinthestrongest,byappealingtotheuserinterestsandinforma5onneeds.

Asastart,theprogressivewebapprequirestheusertoselectwhetherornottheyallowreceivingofno5fica5ons,andno5fica5onsarethedirectroutetotheuser.Thepushno5fica5onsarebasicallymessagesfromthesystemandtheyprovidetwotypesofcommunica5onabout:informa5onandtasks(Ganai,O.&Ledbeber,S.,2018).Thepromptscanonlybeemployediftheusershavevoluntarilyapprovedtheno5fica5onsfromthesystemwheninterac5ngwithit.Unfortunately,ocen5mesinterac5vesystemsmisusepushno5fica5ons,wheretheyappearaspushy.Theydemandandtelluserswhattodo,makingthemfeelcontrolledorpushedtodosomething,whichiswhatmakesusersturnthemoff(Ganai,O.etal.,2018).Forthisreason,theaimoftheno5fica5onsinthePWAistobe

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mo5va5ngforusers,toguidethemandhelpthemachievetheirgoals.Inordertoaccomplishthisoutcomeandavoidcomingas“pushy”,theno5fica5onsneedtoberelevant,contextualandcommunicatedattheright5me.Theyprovideachoicefortheuserstoperformthebehavior,ratherthandemandorinsist.Furthermore,userswhohaveapprovedno5fica5onsarehopeful.“Theyarealreadymo2vatedandwanttobesupported.”-Ganai,O.&Ledbeber,S.(2018).Therefore,beingmo5vated,usersneedthefacilita5ontoperformthebehavior,whereno5fica5onsarecarefullyconsideringrelevanceand5me.“Thekeytosuccessofsuchtechnologyapplica2onsiscrea2ngadecisionpointatornearthe2mewhenit’sappropriatetotakeac2on”-Fogg,B.J.(2003,p.44).

Inordertoensurethatrelevantno5fica5onsaredisplayedtorelevantusers,thePWAwouldallowtheusertoselectwhattypeofinforma5ontheyareinterestedinwhileusingthethesystem.Thisop5onalac5vityalsotookintoconsidera5onthepersuasiveprincipleSurfaceCredibility,whichallowsuserstoassessthecredibilityofthePWAbasedonini5aluseofthesystem(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Theprinciplealsoprovidedthesystemwithamorecompetentlookandfeel,byallowinguserstoselectcontentofinterestandaimingtosupplyonlyrelevantinforma5ontothem.Below(Figure22)isanexampleoftheop5onalselec5onofinteres5nginforma5onfortheuser,withtheprinciplesurfacecredibility.

Figure22.MockupofRelevantNo2fica2onsselec2on.

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Inaddi5ontothecompetentlookandfeelrepresentedbytheprinciplesurfacecredibility,thePWAalsoprovidedTrustworthinessinasensethattheno5fica5onsaimatinformingusersofrelevantinforma5on,relatedtothecommunityandtheirprac5ce.Thismeansthattheinforma5onistruthfulandunbiased,makingthesystemmorereliable.

Basedontheresearchoutcomes,thereare4typesofinforma5onconsideredrelevantforthetargetaudience,whichoccursduringthedecisionphase:

● whenusersini5allyacquiregeneralinforma5onfromthesystemsuchastheconferencetheme,venue,loca5on,poten5alworkshopsandtutorialstoabend

● whenauthorsareintheprocessofwri5ngpapersorothermaterialsandinforma5onrelatedtosubmissionsalsointervenes

● whenthepapersarebeingreviewedandadecisionisexpected● andfinally,thelastmomentfordecisionwhereusersacquiremoredetailed/prac5calinforma5on

Thefollowing(Figure23)demonstratestheDecisionphase,whichincludedalsotheYearWheelprocesses,wherethe5minghaspreviouslybeenspecified.Furthermore,persuasiveprinciplesextractedfromthePSDModelarealsoillustrated.Onlytheprinciplesseenasmostsuitablefordeliveringrelevantno5fica5onshavebeenconsidered,sincetheno5fica5onsshouldnotbetoomany,ortheywouldcauseinconvenience.Theirpurposeistomo5vateandguidetheusersattheiden5fiedopportunemoments,byremindingthemofthetargetbehaviorandmakingthebehaviorsimplertoaccomplish.

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Figure23.Decisionphaseandpersuasiveprinciples

Generalinforma1onThepersuasiveprincipleTailoringensuresthatinforma5onprovidedbythesystemistailoredtotheuserinterestsandneeds(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Inthiscase,bothquan5ta5veandqualita5veinquirydiscoveredthattheuser’smaininterestintheeventrevolvesaroundgehngnewinsightsintheirareaofresearch,aswellasnetworkingwithotherpeoplewithsimilarinterests.Therefore,tailoringcanprovideusersinterestedinnetworkingwithpromptsaboutspecialguestsandsocialac5vi5eshappeningattheconference.Inaddi5on,theinterviewpointedthatthiswouldalsoappealtonewcomersortheonesabendingtheeventalone.Ontheotherhand,userswhowouldliketogetnewinsightsinthefieldarepromptedwithinforma5onaboutinteres5ngworkshopsandtutorialswhichwouldbepresentedontheupcomingconference.

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Atthesame5me,Reduc2onprovideseasingofcomplexbehaviorintosimplerstepsforcarryingoutthedesiredbehavior(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Theresearchdiscoveredthatsomeofthemaininforma5onneedsforusersareregardingtheme,informa5onaboutprogramoftheconference,deadlinesforsubmissions,travelandaccommoda5onrelatedinforma5on.Thus,thepersuasiveprinciplereduc2onwasemployedtoleaduserstosuchinforma5onwithouttheneedforthemtolookforitinthesystem.Obviouslynotallofthesetopicsaresuitableforbeingano5fica5onoftheirown.However,iftheuserhasselectedthattheyareinterestedininforma5onregardingupdates,datesanddeadlines,thentheywillbeno5fiedwhenthenewprogramoftheconferencedayshasbeenuploaded,orchangesofsubmissiondeadlinehavebeenmadeforinstance.

Wri1ngprocessThisprocessinvolvesthewri5ngorpreparingofdifferentmaterialsforsubmission.Therefore,thisstageisalsotheonethathastobetheleast“invasive”sincesomeuserswouldbeconcentratedonworking.However,includingthepersuasiveprincipleSugges2oninthebeginningoftheprocesscanactuallypromptmoreuserstothinkaboutpar5cipa5ngintheconference.Sugges2onisconcernedwithprovidingsuitablerecommenda5ons,whichalsoincreasesthepersuasivepowerofthesystem(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Moreover,byaddingtheprincipleSocialfacilita2ontothisno5fica5onmessage,thesystemincreasesthelikelihoodofpersuasion,byoutliningthatotherusersareperformingthisprocess(orbehavior)aswell(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Therefore,thesystemsuggeststheusertopar5cipate,byalsopoin5ngoutthatthatotherpeopleareonthesametrack,withoutbeinginvasiveandpushy,butratherencouragingandmo5va5onal.

ReviewprocessThisisthestagewhenusers,whohavesubmibedtheirmaterials,expectthenewsaboutwhethertheirpapershavebeenaccepted.Thesysteminformstheuserswhenthereviewingprocesshasended.TheprincipleRemindersisu5lizedforremindingusersoftheirtargetbehavior(Oinas-Kukkonen,H.etal.,2009).Furthermore,theprincipleSugges2onwasemployedincombina5onwithreminderstoempowerandfurthermo5vateauthorstoabendtheconference,incasetheirpaperhasbeenrejected.Rejectedpapersareareasonfornotabendingtheconference.However,theresearchfoundthatrejectedpaperscouldbesubmibedas“posters”,whichwouldsuggestauthorstotaketheopportunityands5llcomeandpresenttheirideasontheconference.Thisinforma5onwasalsomissingfromthecurrentsystem,howeveritwasemployedasno5fica5onsandusedasaddi5onalmo5va5onforuserstoabendtheevent.

Detailed/prac1calinforma1onDuringthisstageusersacquiremoredetailedinforma5onabouttheconferenceevent,andwhilecapturingthe“planning”stagefromtheuserinterview,itisalsoconsideredthelastpossibilityforpersuadinguserstoabend.Asaresult,thepersuasiveprinciplesTailoringandSimula2oncanbeemployedtoinspireusersbyappealingtotheirinterestsandalsoprovidingthemwiththevisionoftheoutcomeandwhattheeventmightbringthem.Boththeinterviewandthesurveydiscoveredthemaininterestsinabendingtheconferencefortheusergroup.Withthisinmind,theno5fica5onmo5vatestheuserwithamessageaboutobtainingknowledgeregardingthenewesttrendswithinthefield,orseizingthenetworkingopportuni5estheylookforatthesocialac5vi5esoftheevent.

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Ofcourseno5fica5onsinformingaboutimportantchangesintheprogram,datesorloca5ons,andsimilarinforma5onwouldalsobeincludedintheno5fica5onprocess,sincethistypeofinforma5onisconsideredhighlyrelevantaspointedoutinthesemi-structuredinterview.ThisisalsothecaseintheA8endingphase(sec2on4.3.3)whereusersarealreadyatornearthe5meoftheconferenceevent.Infact,oneofthethingsthattheinterviewedusersharedbeingpartoftheorganizingcommibeeforadifferentconference,wasthatitwouldhavebeennicetohaveadirectwaytocontacttheabendeeswhentherehavebeenlastmomentprogramchangesorcancella5ons.Andno5fica5onscanbequiteprac5calinthissitua5onforusersofthesystem.

Ascanbeseen,thissec5onexemplifiedthewayKairosisu5lizedthroughtheintegra5onofPSDprinciplesintotheiden5fiedopportunemomentsforpersuasionfromtheyearwheelac5vi5esofusers.Withconsidera5ontothepersuasivecontext,theappliedpersuasiveprinciplesincreasethechancesthatuserswillperformthetargetbehavior,andnamely,abendtheconferenceevent.Thisisalsoachievedbyprovidingrelevantand5melyno5fica5onstotheuser.Atthesame5metheno5fica5onsenhancetheinterac5vitybetweenthesystemandtheuser,increasethepersuasivepowerofthesystem,andprovidemeanstokeepmembersengagedthroughouttheyear.

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6.Reflec5ons

Theevalua5onmethodsintheresearchstagewereextremelyvaluableforbuildingcontextandunderstandingofcontenttypesinthepreviousconferencewebsitesofthePersuasiveTechnologiescommunity.Nevertheless,accesstodatavisualizingthenumberofconferenceabendeesforthepastthreeconferencescouldhavegivenaddi5onalvaluableinsights.Thisdatacouldmeasurethedifferentvariablesanddeterminethemostsuccessfulandinforma5vewebsites.Furthermore,providedthatthelastwebsiteversionsupportedwebsiteanaly5cs,accesstowebsiteusage(suchasGoogleAnaly5cs)wouldhavesuppliedtheresearchwithinsightsintocontentperformance,visitorinforma5on,analy5csofsessionsand5meofvisi5ngtheplalorm,whichcouldalsoimprovetheaccuracyoftheyearwheel5minginforma5on.Nevertheless,involvingtheactualusersofthesystemhelpedindiscoveringmuchoftheneededfactsregardingusage,informa5onneedsand5ming.

Ihaveperformedtheheuris5cevalua5onmethodindividually,althoughitusuallyinvolvesmorethanoneexpert,whichcouldpoten5allylocatemoreordifferentdesignissuesinthesystemandleadtoaddi5onaloutcomes(Wilson,C.,2014).Furthermore,heuris5cevalua5oncameshortinareawhereknowledgeofthecontextandcontentofthesystemdiscoveredaproblem.Certaininforma5onaddressingnewaudienceswasmissingfromthecurrentsystem,andthisissuewasdetectedthroughu5lizingthemethodbenchmarking.Theheuris5cevalua5onwouldnotdiscoversuchissueunlesstherewasalreadyexis5ngknowledgeofthatinforma5on.

AfurtherstepwouldbetoaddtheSearchcomponenttothedesign,assomeusersespeciallytheoneswhoaremembers,couldusethesearchbartolocatetheinforma5ontheyneed,ratherthanhavingtobrowseforit.Itwasstatedinthecard-sor5ngthattheusersalreadyknewtheprocessforsubmission,butiftheyneededtorecallsmalldetailsaboutit,searchcouldbequiteprac5calforthemoreexperiencedusers.

Time-wiseitwasextremelyusefultoemploywireframesasastar5ngprocessofthedesignstage,sinceitallowedthecrea5onofideaswhilealsosaving5mewhenchangeswererequired.Themockupsaddedtheactuallookandfeel,howevertheydidnotincludeinterac5vity.Therefore,thePWAwasalsoturnedintohighfidelityinterac5veprototypewithintheprogramAdobeExperienceDesign.Atypicalformofhighfidelityarethedigitalprototypes,whichincludehighlevelofinterac5vity,designdetails,andeffects(Babich,N.2017).Theprogramallowedtheconver5ngofmockupsintointerac5veprototype,whichbehavedliketherealproductwithouttheneedofcoding.Thiswaytheprototypebecamehighlyfunc5onal,simula5ngalmostallofthecapabili5es,whichthefinalproductprovides.

Thehighfidelityprototypewaspreparedfortes5ngthebuiltinforma5onhierarchystructureoftheprogressivewebappandhowintui5vethenaviga5onpathswere.Theprototypecanalsovalidatetheusabilityandthedesignoftheproduct.Theactualtes5nghasnotbeenperformedinthe5melineofthisproject,sincethemainfocushasbeencombiningthetwoknowledgefieldsandexploringtheirmutualbenefits.However,theprototypeisavailableasafurthersteptowardstheImplementa2onphaseoftheinforma5onarchitectureprocessoutlinedinsec5on2.2ProcessOverview,wherethedesignwouldrequiretes5ngbeforelaunchingthesystem.

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Conclusion

7.Conclusion

Thisprojectlookedcloselyatthewaytwoknowledgefieldsworktogether,byemployingthemintheprocessofevalua5ngexis5ngsystemsanddevelopinganewone.Theprocessincludedthreephasesresearch,strategyanddesign.Theresearchphaseanalyzedthecontext,contentandusersofasystembyemployingquan5ta5veandqualita5vemethods.Thiswasachievedbyevalua5ngthecurrentcontentandstructureoftheinforma5onenvironment,andiden5fyingsuccessfulandunsuccessfulcharacteris5csfromthesystems.Theresearchalsoexploredtheuserinterests,viewpoints,behaviorsandexperienceswiththesystem,whichledtocrea5ngastructureforcontentaccordingtotheirneeds.Thisledtothestrategyphase,wherestrategicaldesignrequirementsweregeneratedbasedontheresearchoutcomes.Aspartofthestrategywasalsoconsideredthepersuasioncontextusedduringtheresearchphase,servingasguidancetowardseffec5vepersuasion.Finally,thedesignphasedevelopedfromlow-tohighfidelitydesigns,inordertodemonstratehowallthedesignrequirementshavebeenimplementedinthenewsystem,aswellasthewaytheIAandPDfieldsmutuallybenefittheprocess.Theprojectconcludedbyexemplifyinghowthesystemcankeepusersengagedandincreasepersuasionthroughoutthecourseofayear,basedoniden5fiedopportunemomentsforpersuasion.

Asdescribedintheintroduc5onmyresearchprocesshasbeendrivenbyamoredis5nctfocusonexploringthefollowingques5on.

● HowcanInforma5onArchitectureandPersuasivedesignbecombinedandwhatarethemutualbenefitsintheoryaswellasinprac5cewhendesigninginterac5vesystems?

Thefollowingparagraphscontributetotheclarifica5onofhowthemutualbenefitofthetwoknowledgefieldshasbeenseenintheory,methodandprac5ceinthisproject.

1. HowdoPDandIAfacilitateeachotherintheory?

Informa5onarchitecturehasbeenthebasiswhichwasusedintheplanninganddesignofthenewsystem.Itprovidedastructuredprocessandanapproachtounderstandingthecontext,contentandusersofthesystem,whilealsou5lizingthecomponentsneededfororganiza5onandstructuringofinforma5on.Inaddi5on,thefieldprovidedtheabilityforcrea5onofnaviga5onalpathsandlabellingofcontent,whichenhancedtheusabilityofthesystemandfindabilityofinforma5onfortheuser.

Ontheotherhand,persuasivedesigntakesoverwhereinforma5onarchitecturestops.Whenthereisaneedtoreachtheusersandmo5vatethemtotakeanac5on,wellstructuredandeasilyaccessedinforma5onisnotenough.Persuasivedesigniswhatpromptspeopletotakeanac5on.WhileIAprovidedgroundforthedevelopmentandstructuringofthenewinforma5onenvironment,itstayedinthedigitalrealmofthesystemandlackedreachinthephysicalrealmofusers.Persuasivedesigntookitastepfurther,bybridgingthetworealmsandprovidingadirectroutetotheuserswiththeassistanceofthePWAtechnology.Furthermore,italsou5lizedprinciplesofpersuasion,whichfacilitatetheusersto

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Conclusion

performthetargetbehavior.Inaddi5on,PDmadeuseofkairoswithinthepersuasioncontext,whichiden5fiedtheappropriate5mefortakinganac5ontoeffec5velypersuadeusers.Andthisiswherethesystemmovedfrominforma5vetoalsobeinginfluen5al.

2. Howdothetwofieldsfacilitateeachotherinmethod?

Bothknowledgefieldsprovidedtheprojectwithprac5calmethods,whichcomplementedtheprocess.Forinstance,thedifferentmethodsemployedforunderstandingthebackgroundandcircumstancesensurednuancedinsightsregardingtheintendedcontext.Thiswaswherethecontextofinforma5onecologywasmixedinwiththepersuasioncontextfromthePersuasiveSystemsDesignmodelandbothelementswereintegratedinthecontextanalysisoftheproject.

Informa5onarchitectureexploredthecontextbylookingatthecommunitygoals,mo5ves,historicalbackgroundinforma5on,system,aimingforunderstandingtheenvironmentandtheirtechnologicalneeds.Whereas,persuasivedesignhadadifferentlook-analyzingthepersuasioncontext,whichbroughtintheinterpreta5onofwhothepersuaderwas,theirintent,intendedaudience(persuadee),persuasivemessage,technologycontextandstrategyonhowthemessagewouldbetransmibed.Therefore,bothfieldsmutuallycontributedwithtwodifferentperspec5vesonthecontext,bothunderstandingthecommunity,theirvalues,theirprocessesandthemission,howeveralsothepersuasivenessofthesystem,theinten5onbehinditandtheplantoeffec5velypersuadeusersofthesystem.Thisresultedinabroaderandmorenuancedunderstandingofthecontext.

3. Howdotheyfacilitateeachotherinprac1ce?

ThedevelopedPWAprototyperepresentsagreyareaofoverlapsbetweenIAandPD.Forinstance,thenaviga2oncomponentrepresen5ngthenaviga5onalpathsandhierarchyofIAguidestheuserthroughanexperience,justlikethepersuasiveprincipletunnelingdoes.ThesamewaycontentiscarefullyselectedinIAbasedontheuserinterestsandneeds,theprincipleofpersuasiontailoringalsoprovidesappealinginforma5ontotheusergroupsofthesystem.IAaddressedtheusabilityofthesystem,whilePDalsocarriedthepersuasiveintentofthesystem.However,anextralayerwasaddedtothesystemwhenthePDfieldu5lizedthepersuasioncontext,kairosandthePSDmodel,allowingforpromp5nguserstoacttowardstheintendedbehavior.Andthemutualbenefitinprac5ceismoreclearlyexpressedintheno5fica5onsofthePWA,wherethelayerofpersuasionwasincluded.

Acondi5onforthesethreemutualbenefitsisthatdesignersareworkingonplalorms,whichallowthepoten5alofpersuasivetechnologiestobereached,suchasthecaseiswithPWAs.

Theprojectnotonlyresolvedthecase,butalsocontributedtotheIAandPDfieldswiththefollowingfindings:

- IAstaysinthedigitalrealmofsystems,whilePDbridgesthedigitalandphysicalrealms,allowingthetechnologytoreachandprompttheuserstotakeanac5on.

- Thecontextcanbelookedatfromdifferentangles,wherecombiningIAandPDmethodsforcontextanalysisprovidesbroaderandmorenuancedinsightsintotheresearch.

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Conclusion

- BothIAandPDoverlapwhereprinciplesofpersuasioncanbefoundwithinIAelementsandconversely.However,IAaimsateasingtheusabilityforusers,whilePDappliesprincipleswithanintenttopersuadepeopletocarryoutabehavior.

- Exceptinadesigninterface,principlesofpersuasioncanbeappliedalsoiniden5fiedopportunemoments,inordertoenhancethepossibilityforuserstoperformthetargetbehavior.

Giventhesepoints,informa5onarchitecturecontributeswiththebasisandstructureofthesystem,holdingtheinforma5onenvironmenttogether,whilepersuasivedesigncontributeswithanextensiontothephysicalrealmoftheuserandtheopportunitytoinfluencethem.AsTheCross-fieldsec5onpointedout,verylibleresearchhaslookedintocombiningthetwofields,andnoneoftheminprac5ce.Exploringthesepointsevenfurthercouldbearecommenda5onforfutureresearch,andanargumentregardingwhyitmaybebeneficialtoexploretherela5onbetweenIAandPDevenfurther.

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Links

ContentInventory.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhbp://maadmob.com.au/resources/content_inventory

PersuasiveTechnology2019.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhbps://www.persuasive2019.org

PersuasiveTechnology2018.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhbp://www.persuasive2018.org

PersuasiveTechnology2017.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhbp://persuasivetechnology.eu

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http://maadmob.com.au/resources/content_inventory

https://www.persuasive2019.org

http://www.persuasive2018.org

http://persuasivetechnology.eu

Appendix1:Heuris5cEvalua5onThefollowingtablehasbeencreatedtoillustratethemissingheuris5cprinciplesfromthedifferentconferencewebsitesforthepastthreeyears.Themissingprincipleshavebeenmarkedanddiscussedinthefollowingparagraphs.

� Heuris5cevalua5onofPersuasiveTechnologies

conferencewebsitesforthepast3years

Whenlookingattheglobalnaviga5onofthewebsiteversionfrom2017(AppendixA)therewasnoindica5onofcurrentloca5onontheplalorm,whenselec5ngpagestobrowse.Instead,theindica5oncouldbefoundintheuppermiddleofthepageintheformofabigheadline,howevertheindica5onofloca5onismissingwhengoingdeeperintothehierarchy.Theheuris5cprincipleVisibilityofsystemstatusisaimedatkeepingtheusersinformedofwheretheyarebyprovidingrelevantfeedbacktotheusers(Nielsen,J.&Mack,R.L.,1994).Alterna5vely,theglobalnaviga5oncouldusecoloredtextorgraphicelementasanindicatortheselectedcategoryofthenaviga5onbarandcombineitwithsmallbreadcrumbstoretracethestepstaken,forthepurposeofindica5ngmorespecificallywheretheusersarelocated.Consistencyandstandardswouldbeemployedforpreven5ngusersfromconfusion(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Howevertheplalormhasvaluableinforma5onsuchas“conferencetheme”hiddenunderthelabel“moreinforma5on”withinthetopcategoryoftheglobalnaviga5on“program”,whichcouldbeaconfusingplacetolookforthethemeoftheconference.Finally,lookingthroughthelensesofsomeonewhoisnotpartofthePTcommunity,thereisverylibleinforma5on(deeperinthehierarchy)aboutwhattheeventstandsfor.

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Thewebsiteversionof2018(AppendixB)appearedtorelyheavilyonimagesandgraphicelements.However,incaseswherethenetworkconnec5onisnotfastenough,thewebsitecouldbedifficulttonavigatethrough.Errorpreven2onwouldfocusonelimina5ngerrorsintheplalorm,however,whenitcomestotheglobalnaviga5onmenu,thelastbubon“contact”couldbefoundmisplacedunderthemenubar,whichindicatedanerror,makingthebuboninvisibleoncertainplaces.TheprincipleHelpusersrecognize,diagnose,andrecoverfromerrorswouldprovidevisualfeedbackforusersoftheplalorminanerrorstate(Nielsen,J.etal.,1994).Anothererrorwasno5cedinthesec5on“Forauthors”fromtheglobalnaviga5on,whichon-clickwouldleadtoanemptypage.Thatcouldbealteredbyhelpingusersrecognizetheerrorandsugges5ngac5onstorecover.Lastly,eventhoughtheplalormincludedbreadcrumbsindicators,itwasnotedthatsomeofthepagesdisplayedmorebreadcrumbsthannecessaryleadingtowardsnon-existentpages.

Thelatestversionof2019hadconsideredthepastmistakesoncomputerplalorm.

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Appendix2:ScreenshotofmobileplalormA:Globalnaviga1onmenuofPersuasive2019mobilewebsite.

B:“Close”Imageicon

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Appendix3:Screenshotsofmobileplalorm

Onlytwoofthethreecolumnsofinforma5onwasvisibleonthosepagesandtheycouldnotbezoomedoutormovedtothelecinordertoseetherestofthetables.

A:Programinforma1on

B:Feeinforma1on

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Appendix4:ContentInventory

ContentinventoryofPersuasiveTechnologies2019website,containingallofthepagesofthesystem.

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Appendix5:OnlineSurveyResultsA:Donutchartofwebsiteusers

� Donutchartdisplayingfrequencyofuse

oftheconferencewebsiteaccordingtousers.

B:Whydoyouusethepersuasiveconferencewebsite?P.1Togetschedules,conferenceinfo,travelP.2Checkoutvenue,datesetP.3WhenIneedtoseethedetailsofanup-comingconference(suchasexact5me,whereitis/howtogetthere,possiblycontactdetailstooneormorechairs--thisdependsonmyroleeachyear,ifI'morganisingsomething,presen5ngsomething,orjustvisi5ng).Registra5onandhotelrecommenda5onsareanotherreason.P.4Tochecktheprogram/schedule,selectahotelP.5tocheckcri5caldatesP.6Iamaregularabendeeoftheconferenceandvisitittostayupdatedondeadlines,programs,venuesandeverythingelserelatedtotheconference.

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C:Wasthereanykindofinforma1on,whichwasmissingordifficulttofindthroughouttheyear?

P.1nothingcomestomindP.2Don’tknowP.3Notreally.P.4Thelast5meIchecked,abouttwoweeksago,therewasnoprogram-relatedinforma5ontobefound.P.5InwhatdatescertaineventstakeplaceP.6Itdiffers.Iusuallyfindalltheinforma5onIneed,butmostofthestuffaboutsubmissionandreviewsIalreadyknowasIhavedoneitbefore.Iusuallyspend5mebrowsinggoogletolearnmoreaboutthehostcity,andhowtogetaroundandsoon.

D:Categorizingpar1cipantresponsesfromthesurvey:Whatmakestheconferenceinteres1ng?

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E:Userpreferencetoreceiveaddi1onalinforma1on

Overall,83,33%ofuserswouldliketoreceiveaddi5onalinforma5onaboutconferencedatesordeadlines.50%wouldratherreceiveemails,33%chosemobileno5fica5on/e-mail,while16,67%donotneedthatinforma5on.

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Appendix6:Card-sor5ng

ThefollowingimagerepresentsthedigitallyrecreatedoutcomeoftheCard-sor5ngmethod.Thepar5cipantswereaskedtothinkofthesor5ngasgroupingsimilarcontenttogether,ratherthanthinkinghowthewebsiteshouldbestructured.

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Appendix7:Semi-structuredinterviewtranscrip5on

I=InterviewerP=Par1cipant

1. Whatisyourroleintheconference?● P:…Rightnowmostlyjustapar5cipant(Ithink).Yes.

2.HowodendoyouaeendPTconferences?

● P:I’vebeentwice,Ithink.I’mjustthinking…● I:Sowhenwasthelast5me?● P:Thelast5mewasinAustria?It’sbeenawhilebecauseI’vekindofmovedinadifferent

direc5on…● I:Mhm…● P:…inmyresearchso…I’vebeentotheoneinCopenhagenandtheoneinAustria.● I:Thatwashowlong5meago?● P:I’llhavetolookthatupactually…It’sbeenawhile.● I:Andyousaidyou’vebeenthereforresearchpurpose?● P:Yes.Uh,Iwasthereas,both5mes,asamasterstudentatPersuasivedesignmaster’sprogram.

AndthatwasinCopenhagen.AndinthesecondIwasaPhdstudent.● I:Okay.

3.Couldyoumen1ononeormorecriteriathatmo1vatedyoutogototheseconferences?Maybeforexamplethelastone?

● P:Um,well,Imean,formeitwasnaturaltogotherebecauseIwasdoingmasterprograminPersuasivedesignandthisissortofthemainconferenceforthat,andit’salsoin,Imeanthepeoplewhowereinvolvedatthatprogramofthe5mewerealsoinvolvedin,sortof,buildingupthatcommunity.

● I:Yes.● P:Sointhebeginningthatwasmymainmo5va5ontogothere,wassortofthecommunity,tobe

partofthat.Andthenthelast5meIwastheretopublish…ImeanIwastheretopublishmyresearchandtomeetpeoplefrompoten5al,alsofindingpoten5alPhd…

● I:Likecollabora5on?● P:Wellyescollabora5on,butalsoinmyPhddefense…SoIwasalsotheretosortof,Imean,

meetthepeoplewhoareworkingspecificallywithaspecifictopicforpersuasivedesign,whichisfewpeople.Sotheywerethere.It’sverymuchthecommunitything,andofcoursepublishing.

● I:Yeah.Sothefirst5meyouwentmoreforintroduc5ontothefieldor?

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● P:Yes.Ithinkthefirst5meIthinkIwasinmy…Mysecondyearofmymastersoitwassortofintheendofmymaster.

● I:Okay.

4.Couldyoucomeupwithacriteriafornotaeendingtheconference?

● P:Yes,Imean,umm,formeIguessthat’sveryindividual,butformeit’salsoaboutdistance.Soitdoesmovearoundabitandsome5mesit’sintheUSanduhIhavetopriori5zewheretogobecauseoffundingandstuff.

● I:Yes.● P:SoIwouldpriori5zegoingtotheonesthatarecloser.

5.Whatdoyoulikeabouttheconferencethemost?Andtheleastabouttheconference?

● P:Ilikethatit’saonetrackconferenceactually.Thatyougettoseeeveryoneinthefieldandit’sasmallconference,incomparisontomanyofthebiggerones.Umm,andIlikethatit’sverydiverse,intermsofdomains,butthatweallspeaksortofthesamelanguageinaway.

● I:Mhm…● P:Ifyougoto(otherconferences)conferencesit’sveryverydiverseandyouwillhavepeople

whobarelyunderstandeachother.● I:Okay.● P:Ah,andyouwon’treallyseethatinapersuasivedesignconferencebecausetherewillbelike

termsandunderstandingsthatweshareandhaveincommonandalsoinmanycasessortofvaluesassociatedwiththat.Whichweshare,soit’sasmallcommunityandmorelike,Idon’tknow,closeinawaycommunity,um,notthatIknoweveryoneatall,butwehavesortofasharedunderstandingofthefield.Um,sothat’sanicethingabouttheconference.

6.Wheredoyoulookforinforma1onabouttheconference?

● P:Iwouldprobablygoonthewebsiteforinforma5on,thatwouldbethemaingo-toplace.● I:Noemailsoranythinglikethat?● P:Um,Idon’tthinkIamsubscribingtoanymailinglists..Iwilljustlookuptheinforma5on

online.Butofcourseinthiscaseifit’sherethenIwillalsoknowpeopleherewhowouldprobablyencouragemetolookformoreinforma5onormaybetellmeaboutitso..

● I:Okay,sothat’sthemainsource?● P:Rightnowitis.● I:Becausethewebsiteschangeevery5me,andyouhavetotypeinadifferentway,becauseit’s

differentyearsevery5me.● P:Yeah,it’snotoneplace,Iwouldgoogleitactually.IthinkI’velookedituplast5me,because

someonewasgoingandIthinkIwaslookingforinforma5onaboutthethemeandstuff,andIwasjustgooglingpersuasivedesign2019so…

I:Okay,soaliblebitaboutthewebsite…

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7.Intheyearthatyouaeendedtheconference,howodenwereyouvisi1ngtheconferencewebsite?Itdoesn’thavetobeexactnumberofcourse,butwasitveryobenorwasitrarelyor…?

● P:Ithinkitvaries,dependingonwheninrela5ontotheconference.Soaroundsubmissionoftheabstractofpapers….

● I:Acerthesummer?● P:Aroundthe5mewhensubmissionsare,usuallytheearlyfall.Foraconferencethatisverylike

usuallythesamedates,youdon’thavetocheckuponeverythingveryearlyon,soyeahsome5mearoundsummerandfall.

● I:Sothat’swhenyouvisitthemostocenthewebsiteor?● P:Then..yeah,andthenumonceyouknowthatyourpaperisaccepted,thentoseetheprogram

andschedulingandplanningandstuff.So,beforesubmissionandaceracceptanceofpaperand,ofcourse,aroundthe5meyou’regoing.Butwhenyougetyourpaperacceptedthatshouldbewhenyoubookflightsandstuff.Sothenyouneedallthatprac5calinforma5onaboutwhereitisandyeah…

● I:Sohowwouldyoucategorizeit,doyouvisititocenornotsoocenconsideringwhatyoujustmen5oned?

● P:Ocen,foraveryshort5me(laughs).

8.Whattasksdoyoumostodendoontheirwebsite?

● I:Youalreadymen5onedsomethingaboutbooking?● P:Yes,sobeforesubmissionofcourseit’saboutlikelookingupthethemesandpoten5al

workshops…Alsoifthere’ssomethingyouwantedtosubmitsomethingfor…AndalsoImeanthevenuedoesmeansomething…ThenIwouldalsolookwhereitis…

● I:Sowhywouldyouconsiderthevenueas(somethingimportant)?● P:Um,wellit’sIthinkitwasdowntofundingactually.Ifyouareaphdstudentyouhavealimited

amountoffundingandthenyouneedtosortofplanmoreaheadthanifyouhadunlimitedfundingIguessso…

● I:Yes…● P:SoifI…um…getapaperacceptedhere,willIgetpoints,willitbeaccepted…youknow…

that’ssortofthethingsyouwouldconsiderasaphdstudentIthinkinmanycases.● I:Okay.● P:Andthatwouldbebeforeyoustarteventhinkingaboutsubmihng.Becauseotherwiseyou

wouldsenditsomewhereelse…Um,soyeahIthinkthatwouldbesomeofthethingsIwouldlookforbeforesubmihng.Andthenaceracceptanceit’smoreaboutseeing,sortof,whenismy,ummm,talkinthescheduleandwhendoIwanttobethereforthefullconferenceandalsotheworkshopsandsoon…

● I:Sowheredoyouseethatinforma5on,forexamplewhenyouaresupposedtotalk?Becausethewebsitedoesn’treallyshowthatinforma5on,exceptwhentheprogramcomesout.It’skindofinthelastmoment.

● P:Yes,Iwouldn’tknow.Butusuallysayifthere’slikeadoctoralconsor5umbeforeorifthereisworkshops…

● I:Okay,yes.

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● P:Soyouwouldseewhenisthemainprogram.WhenIgoforworkshops,arethereanyworkshopsthatarerelevantformeandthenplanaccordingtothat.Andthenofcourseifit’ssummerwhereyouplantodosomesightseeingaswell,canIspendanextradaythatwillalsobeaboutthat5meand…considerthat.

● I:Yeah,soisthereanythingthat..backtothesameques5on…thetasksthatyoudomostocen.Whentheactualeventcomes,doyoualsovisititthen(thewebsite)?

● P:Yeah,Ido.Um,butmostlytoseetheprogrammingdetailsandplantheindividualdays.AndmaybealsoImeanifthere’sanyac5vitygoingonIwouldalsogotheretosortofplanaheadmaybeifIneededto,ifthereissomeoneIwantedtogetintouchbeforetheconferenceIcouldseeifthereisworkshoporsomething…

9.Wasthereanyinforma1onmissingordifficulttofind?Ifyoucouldremember…

● P:Hmm,it’sbeenawhile(laughs)● I:Ifanythingmadealas5ngimpression…● P:Yeah,IcanrememberfromCopenhagen.Therewasathingaboutsomeoftheprogrambeing

atdifferentloca5ons.Ithinksomewasinthelibraryandsomewas…● I:Oh,sophysical?● P:Yeah,physicalloca5on.Thatwasverydifficultactually,tofindouthowtogettothatother

place.Andhowtogetaroundthereandsoon.SoIrememberthat,s5ll,thatthatwasdifficult.Alsowhengehngthere…Ican’tremember…

I:Haveyoucheckedthecurrentwebsiteor?P:Iactuallyhaven’t…10.Ifyoucouldchangeonethingaboutthecurrentsystemoraddonething,whatwoulditbe?

I:NowI’mgoingtogotowardstheques5onsaboutmobileplalorm.11.Haveyoueveraccessedthewebsitethroughyourmobiledevice?

● P:Yes.● I:Couldyoutellmewhatwasthecase?(12.Couldyoutellmemoreaboutyourexperience

withit)● P:Thatwasback…Imean…● I:Let’ssay…whydidyouaccessitthroughyourmobileandnotthroughyourcomputer?● P:IthinkthatwasbecauseIwasthereattheconference.Um,andinthehotel,andlikewi-fiwas

easieronthephone…Sothatwas,Imean,that’susuallymymainplalormwhenI’mtraveling,becauseit’ssomucheasierexceptifI’mworking.Sihngandworking,thenofcourseI’musingmylaptop,butifjustcheckingforinforma5onIusuallydoitonthephone.

● I:Okay.

13.Underwhatcircumstanceswouldyounormallyaccessthewebsitethroughyourmobilephone?

14.Let’ssaythatyouhaveanapplica1onwhatwouldmakeyouuseit?

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● P:Um,Imean,ofcoursetheeasyaccesswouldbeimportant.ThatIcouldaccessinforma5onveryquicklyandIwouldn’thaveto…likeifit’sanappIguessIwouldknowthatIhaveitinstalledandit’stherightinforma5onandI’montherightpageandsoon…andnotsomerandompage.AndIthinkIwoulduseitmostlyduringorjustclosetotheconferenceandnot…Idon’tknow,dependsondifferentum,whateverfunc5onsithas…

● I:Mhm…● P:…butusuallywhenIuseappsforconferencesit’swhenI’mthere.Sotoplanortofind

loca5onsorsomethinglikethat.

15.Accordingtoyou,whatquali1esmusttheapphavetobegood?

● P:Obviouslyforpersuasivedesignconference,Iguess,youexpectsomesortofumm,wellfunc5oningdesignthatiswellthoughtthroughandthatwillhaveallthesefeaturesthatyouusuallyexpectfromsomethingthatissupposedtobeumm,useful(laughs).Idon’tthinknecessarilythattheaesthe5csareveryimportant,Imeanit’sfine,butnoton,like…themainfunc5onali5eshavetobethere,that’sthemainthing.Andthenaesthe5csformeit’ssecond.Soifitlooksreallynicebutitdoesnotwork,thenIwillnotuseitatall.Sofunc5onali5esoveraesthe5csforsure.

16.Whatisthemostimportantfeatureyouthinktheappshouldhave?Whydoyouthinkthisisthemostimportant?

● P:Ithinkitwouldbereallyniceifitwasveryeasytoseetheexactloca5onsofeachtalk.Becausethat’ssomethingthatis,Imeanwiththeprogramyouhavetoscrollthroughtheprogramtofindorlookuppaperorwhatever..andfindtheloca5ons,thatwouldbeveryannoying.Andalsoifit’saplacewhereitcanbealiblebitdifficulttofindyourwayandmapofsorts…couldbereallynice.Somethingthathelpsyounavigatewhenyou’reattheconferenceIthinkisthemainthingthatIwoulduseitfor.

● I:Sowhataboutsubmissionsforexampleorbackbeforetheactualevent?● P:Itwouldbeniceofcoursetoseeyourstatusorsomething.Whendoweexpecttohaveyour

reviewreadyorifyouhadsomethingyouneedtoreviewyourself,ifthat’sapartofit.Um,itwouldbenicetoaccessthisbutIs5llthinkthatinmanycasesifIwasreviewing,Iwoulddothatonmylaptop.SoIwouldalreadybeonmylaptopforthatspecificpurpose.Soit’smorelikeforaquickinforma5onabout…Isitacceptedornot,wouldbenicetoseeif…ButImeanIwouldalsoexpecttogetsomesortofe-mailno5fica5onIthink,whenisthereviewsreadyor…

● I:Wouldyouthinkitwouldbeeasiertogetallthatinforma5ononyourphone(appno5fica5on)insteadofyouremail?Imeanlet’ssaysomethingisdone,thereviewsaredoneorstar5ng…Wouldyouthinkthatwouldbemoreusefulor…?

● P:Ithinkthereisdefinitelysomegenera5ongapsthere,thatformygenera5onIwouldexpecttogetanemail.IthinkIwouldbequiteupsetactuallyforinstanceIwasassignedpaperstoreviewandIwouldnotgetanyemailaboutit.AndIonlygotanappno5fica5on.I’ms5llstrugglingwithcheckingno5fica5ons..WhenIgetno5fica5onsItendtoignoreit.Unlessit’ssomethinglike…I’malreadyinaconversa5onandthere’sno5fica5onokaythen…Soifit’sjustarandomno5fica5onfromyoutubeorsomethingIdon’tgotocheckwhatitis.SoIhaveappsno5fica5onsthatarejust

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sihngthere,andthat’swhyIcouldmaybeoverlookthis.UnlessIknowthatthereissomethingimportantcoming.ButIthinkIwouldbe,atleastformeandpeoplewhoareolder,IthinkIwouldexpectsomesortofane-mailno5fica5onaswell,inaddi5onmaybetoano5fica5onontheapp.

17.Howdoyouthinkanappcouldbehelpfulforthepersuasivetechnologiescommunity?

● P:Mmmm.ImeanI’vetriedafewappsnowforconferences.AndIreallylikethefactthatyoucanmakeyourindividualscheduleforyourday.Becausethatissomethingthatyouspendquitealotof5medoingmanuallybefore.Likeonpaperorwhatever.Iusuallyputitinmyoutlookcalendarlikefrom10to11IhavetodothistalkandthenIhaveremembertogotothisandsoon.Sothatwouldbenicetojustsortofdothatinamoreintui5veway.SoIthinkthatwouldbethemainthing.Iknowthatsomeappssupportsomesortofcommunitywithintheapp,Ihaven’treallyseenitworkyet.IdiduseitlikeforthelastconferenceIwasat,theyusedanappfortheconference.AndIdidintroducemyselfonthereaswewereencouragedtodo,butIdidn’t,Imean,somepeopledidandno-oneusedit.Itwasnotsomethingweused.Whereas,Ididusetheschedulingalotandtheplanningtoseewhenarethebussesleavingandstufflikethat,itwasverynicetohave.Yeah,soImeanintheorythecommunitypartcouldbenice,butIthinkithastobereallythoughtthrough,otherwiseit’sjustannoyingthatyougetalltheseno5fica5ons“pleaseintroduceyourself”andnothinghappens.SomeoneneedstosortoffacilitateitinawayIthink…

18.Wouldyouconsiderno1fica1onsasausefultoolforthecommunity?Why?

● P:Ontheapp?Oringeneral?YeahImean…● I:Ifforexampleyou’reabletoselectwhatyou’reinterestedin.BecauseIknowthatthereare

differentgroups..somearegoingthereforresearch,othersaregoingthereforcollabora5onsforprojectsorsomethingsoifyouwereabletoselectyourinterests..?Wouldyouconsiderthemasausefultool?

● P:Maybe.Umm,Iamjusttryingtothinkof..ImeanIwouldlikeiftherewassomesortofdirectcommunica5onintheappIwouldlikeano5fica5onifsomeonehadcontactedme.Butifitsmoregeneralinforma5onIamnotsureIwouldactually…Iwouldprobablyturnitoff…Ifit’sjustlikethesepeople..BecauseIagreealotofpeoplearegoingtherefordifferentreasons,butIthinktheyalsoknowwhothey’regoingtotalktoalreadyorwherethey’regoingintermsofwhattypesofac5vi5es.Sounlessyoucould,Imeanmaybefornewcomersitcouldbenicetohavesomesortoflike,announcementofac5vi5esor…invita5onsinawaylikeifyouwanttojoin…Ithinksomeoneactuallydidthatonthelastconference,gosomewherewithpeopleifyou’renew.

● I:Ontheplalormor?● P:No,itwasadifferentconference,IthinkontheappIgotano5fica5onaboutnewcomers.● I:Mhm.Sowhatkindofno5fica5onwasit?● P:Mmm,Ican’tremember.ImeanyoucanseeIhave223no5fica5ons…● I:Thisisno5fica5onsor…?● P:Imeanformethisisano5fica5on.

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● I:Oh,that’salot.● P:Okaysowemeandifferentthings.YeahbutIwouldn’t,Imean,Ihaven’tcheckeditso…Soit’s

notsomethingthatIuse.ButIdidremembergoingintointroducemyselfandthennotdoinganythingelseacer.

● I:Okay.● P:…Ifyoucansortoffilterthis,soyoudon’tgeteverything,thenthatmight…Imeansoyouonly

getlikeorganizersinforma5onor…whatever,studentinforma5on.● I:Soit’smorelikepushno5fica5onswhatwearediscussing.ButIknowthatforalotofpeople,

evenformyself,it’sveryannoyingtohavealotofno5fica5ons,sowhatI’mthinkingforthecurrentprojectwouldbesomethingthat’snotmanyno5fica5onswhicharegoingtoannoypeople,butno5fica5onswhicharekindofgoingtomo5vatethemtogoontheconference,soitcouldbesomethinginspira5onalfornewcomers.

● P:Yeah…Ithinkit’simportanttoknowformostpeoplegoingIthinkfundingisthemainmo5vator.Soifyouhaveapaperthere,chancesthatyou’llgoaremuchhigherthanifyou’rejust…notalotofpeoplearegoingjusttobrowseorlikemeetpeople.Ofcoursepeopleherearemaybedifferentbecausetheydon’thavealotofcostrelatedtogoing,butinterna5onalpeoplethenIthinkthemo5va5onalpartshouldbebeforesubmissionandthenobviouslyforpeoplehereitcouldbesomeotherac5vi5es.Likethisisabigconference,alotofpeoplearegoinghere,soifyouwanttoseesometalksandsoon…ButIthinkthatissortofthemainthingfortheconferenceis…usuallythesamepeoplegoingfromaninterna5onalgroup.Andthenalotofpeoplefromthelocalcommunityandthenpeoplewhoarealreadyhavesortofschedule,okaytheyknowthatthereisadeadlinecominginthefallandmaybetheyarealreadywri5ngapapernow,becausetheyknowitwillcomeso…they’reinthatsortofcycleofpublishing.Andthatisjusthowitworksformanyresearchers.AndofcoursetherewillbePhdstudentsbuttheywouldusuallybemo5vatedbythedoctoralconsor5umandthenummhopefullyalsopaperiftheyhavesomethingtopublish.SoIthinkalotofthatac5vitymo5va5ngwouldbeverydifficultifyoudon’thaveapaperactually.Imeanfortheinterna5onalgroup.

● I:Yeah,sowhydoyouthinkthatthedoctoralconsor5umwouldbemo5va5onal?● P:Uh,well,um,forafewdifferentreasons.Oneisobviouslythatalotofphdstudentshaveto

gatherECTS,justlikeregularstudents,andummyoucoulddothatondoctoralconsor5umsinmanycases.Andalsoofcoursephdcourses,butdoctoralconsor5umisawaytodothat.Andalsocombineitwithmaybepublishingapaper.SoIthink,Iactuallyneverabendedone,becausetheoneIappliedforwasaverypopularoneinadifferentcommunitybutithadlikeanacceptancerangeof20%orsomethingsoitwasverydifficulttogetin.ButIthinkthereasonIdidn’tdothedoctoralconsor5umthelast5mewasbecauseIwashandinginmythesislike14dayslatersoIdidn’tneedtheECTS.SoIthinkthatisthemainmo5va5onforstudents,theECTS.ButalsoofcoursethecommunityandthesearethepeoplewhowillbethefamousPersuasiveDesignresearchersofthefuture.SoIcansaytheyneedeachotherandexchangeexperiencesandstuff.Ithinkitisanicecommunitytobepartof.

● I:Okay.AndIhaveonelastques5on,whichisagainbacktono5fica5ons…

19.Saythatthereisanappwhichisintendedfortheconferencebutalsobefore…Wouldyouallowno1fica1ons?

● P:Ithinkso,Iusuallydoandthenifitgetstoomuch,Iturnitoff.Iusuallygiveitthebenefitofthedoubtandthenwiththis(app)oneIcanseeIturnitoff.AndIthinkitwasbecauseitgottoo

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much.AndbecauseI’musually,I’mverylikeumm,likeapersonwhowould,ifIfeelobligatedtodoitthenIwillandtheninthebeginning,youknow,gehngno5fica5oninitselfissortofpressuresosomethingishereyoushouldlookatit,youshouldlookatit…Umm,andthenifyoudon’tthenyoujustfeelbadaboutnotdoingthatandthenyoujustturnitoffandthenitdisappears(laughs).Umm…soIthinkifIfind,Ithinkwe’requiteprebycoolwiththesensethatifIfindveryquicklythatthisisnotveryrelevantinforma5onformethenIwouldturnitoffveryquickly.Whereasifthefirstfewno5fica5onsthatIgetarethingsthatIappreciateknowingandthatarerelevant,thenIwouldbemoresortofinclinedtokeepitlikethat.ButifIhave230somethingno5fica5onsthen…yeah.

● I:Okayandafollowuptothat.Couldyougiveanexampleofwhatyouwouldliketobeno5fiedfor?Becauseyousaythatifyouseesomethinginteres5ngthenofcourseyouwouldn’tturnitoff.

● P:YeahImean,likebeforetheconferenceitcouldbenicetoknowwhenallthepapershavebeenreviewed,maybetheacceptancerate.Umm,whentheprogramisfinished,wouldalsobeonethatcouldbenice.Whenimportantinforma5onisupdatedaboutthevenueoraboutthehotels…IthinkthelastconferenceIwasatmanyofthehotelsthatwerebookedfortheconferencegotactuallyfullquitequicklyandthatwouldhavebeennicetoknow…SoIthinkthat,soinforma5onlikethatintheplanningphasewouldbereallynice.UmmandthenduringtheconferenceIthinkthatwouldbemorelikesocialuhac5vi5esorumm,changesintheprogramofcoursewouldbeverynicetoknowalso.SoimportantstuffandIthinkifthesocialpartcouldbesomethingthatyoucan5ckoffthen…becauseitisanicethingifyou’realoneattheconference,IthinkIwoulduseitmore,butIjustnever,I’venevergonetoconferencecompletelybymyself.There’salwaysbeenoneortwopeoplethatIknewbeforeoreithertravelwithmeorIammee5ngthere.SoIhaven’treallyexperiencedthat.ButIdoactuallythissummerplantogoonaconferenceonmyown,soIthinkIwouldbemo5vatedtoseekthattypeofinforma5onmore.

● I:Okay.Umm,youmen5onedaboutprogramchanges.Hasiteverhappenedwhenyouwereatanyconference?

● P:Ithinktherehasbeen,yes,acancella5onofaKeyNote,becauseofsomethingurgent.● I:Andyougotonthelastmomentor…?● P:Yes.Ithinktheyjustitwasn’tinthemorningsotherewassortofalikeavoidintheprogram,

butifitwasamorningthingthenitcouldhavebeennicetoknow…● I:Soyoucouldre-adjustyourprogram?● P:Yes!Yes,Ithinktheykindofshicsomethingsaroundorsomething,butsoalsothatwas

becauseof,therewereactuallyafewchangesintheprogrambecausepeoplehadissueswithvisa…Sosomepeoplecouldn’tgetinsothereweresomequitealotofprogramchangesactually…SoIthinkthatis,andIwaspartoftheorganizingpeoplethere,soI’mnew,butIthinkthatalotofpeople…It’sisdifficulttogetinforma5on…thatwouldhavebeennice-tohaveawaytocontactallthepar5cipantsinawayorgivetheminforma5onmoredirectly.

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