The Project receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement n 693055

INFOGRAPHICS

The Project receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programmefor Research and Innovation under grant agreement n 693055

MEDRESETInfographics

Published in January 2019.

Learn more at medreset.eu

MEDRESET is a consortium of research and academic institutions focusing on different disciplines from the Mediterranean region to develop alternative visions for a new Mediterranean partnership and corresponding EU policies. It aims at designing an inclusive, flexible, and responsive future role for the EU in the region based on the multiple perspectives of local and bottom-up actors.

Surv

ey

SAUDI ARABIA

EGYPTMOROCCO

IRAN

TURKEY

TUNISIA

ISRAELLEBANON

QATAR

169 Interviews

9 Countries

ELITE SURVEYMEDRESET’s Elite Survey in numbers

Aimed to Assess the perception of EU, and the e�ectiveness and potential of EU policies in the Mediterranean region from the perspective of local elites

For more information:www.medreset.eu

9 Country Reports1 Policy Report1 Policy Brief

Our partner institutions conducted a regional survey between July 2017 & May 2018

Decision makersBureaucratsBusiness peopleAcademicsCSO and media representativesYoung professionalsAged between 20-70 years113 men, 53 women &3 unidenti�ed

Which are the mostpressing policy issues in the countries and in the Mediterranean

Which are the majorgeopolitical challenges

Perception of the EU policy in the Mediterranean and how it has evolved

Particular areas where enhanced cooperation with the EU could prove bene�cial?

Target pro�les Asking about Outputs

Surveyed countries

Number of People Interviewedby Country and Gender distribution

SAUDI ARABIA8 M4 F

MOROCCO15 M15 F

IRAN10 M2 F

TUNISIA9 M2 F

ISRAEL10 M10 F

LEBANON15 M15 F

QATAR11 M1 F

TURKEY15 M4 F

EGYPT15 M15 F

F: FemaleSurveyed countries

M: Male

SAUDI ARABIA

EGYPTMOROCCO

IRAN

TURKEY

TUNISIA

ISRAELLEBANON

QATAR

169 Interviews

9 Countries

ELITE SURVEYMEDRESET’s Elite Survey in numbers

Aimed to Assess the perception of EU, and the e�ectiveness and potential of EU policies in the Mediterranean region from the perspective of local elites

For more information:www.medreset.eu

9 Country Reports1 Policy Report1 Policy Brief

Our partner institutions conducted a regional survey between July 2017 & May 2018

Decision makersBureaucratsBusiness peopleAcademicsCSO and media representativesYoung professionalsAged between 20-70 years113 men, 53 women &3 unidenti�ed

Which are the mostpressing policy issues in the countries and in the Mediterranean

Which are the majorgeopolitical challenges

Perception of the EU policy in the Mediterranean and how it has evolved

Particular areas where enhanced cooperation with the EU could prove bene�cial?

Target pro�les Asking about Outputs

Surveyed countries

Number of People Interviewedby Country and Gender distribution

SAUDI ARABIA8 M4 F

MOROCCO15 M15 F

IRAN10 M2 F

TUNISIA9 M2 F

ISRAEL10 M10 F

LEBANON15 M15 F

QATAR11 M1 F

TURKEY15 M4 F

EGYPT15 M15 F

F: FemaleSurveyed countries

M: MaleFi

ndin

gs

The

Med

iterr

anan

is in

crea

singl

y

perc

eive

d as

a

bord

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spac

e

of d

ivisi

on,

disp

arity

and

sepa

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regi

onN

OR

THER

N M

EDIT

ERR

AN

EAN

Perc

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d as

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UTH

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& E

AS

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EDIT

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AN

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OPE

N

Perc

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d as

an

regi

on

MU

TUA

L PE

RCEP

TIO

NS

BETW

EEN

TH

E N

ORT

H A

ND

TH

E SO

UTH

OF

THE

MED

ITER

RAN

EAN

For m

ore

info

rmat

ion:

ww

w.m

edre

set.e

u

WP4

poi

nts t

o th

e ur

gent

impe

rativ

e fo

r the

EU

to p

ress

the

rese

t bu

tton

in E

uro-

Med

iterr

anea

n re

latio

ns b

y pu

ttin

g hu

man

righ

ts a

nd

soci

al ju

stic

e up

front

, rat

her t

han

secu

rity

and

stab

ility

For m

ore

info

rmat

ion:

w

ww

.med

rese

t.eu/

med

iterr

anea

n-sp

ace-

divi

sion

-dis

parit

y-se

para

tion/

Dom

inan

t nar

rativ

e S-

N:

Sout

h M

edite

rran

ean

civi

l soc

iety

pe

rspe

ctiv

e:

The

Med

iterr

anea

n is

per

ceiv

ed a

s a

spac

e:

- ope

n to

the

Nor

th a

nd c

lose

d to

the

Sout

h- e

cono

mic

ally

dom

inan

ted

by th

e N

orth

- in

whi

ch th

e ke

y is

sues

are

incl

u-si

on, s

ocia

l jus

tice,

and

ed

ucat

ion,

not

terr

oris

m o

r m

igra

tion

EU in

e�ec

tiven

ess i

s dri

ven

by:

• Inv

isib

ility

: EU

pol

icie

s ar

e fr

eque

ntly

unk

now

n or

ov

ersh

adow

ed b

y th

e po

licie

s of

the

mem

ber s

tate

s.

• Lac

k of

coh

eren

ce: T

here

are

pe

rcei

ved

cont

radi

ctio

ns b

etw

een

the

posi

tion

of th

e EU

(spe

ci�c

ally

its

agen

da o

f dem

ocra

cy, h

uman

righ

ts

and

soci

al e

qual

ity) a

nd th

ose

of

indi

vidu

al m

embe

r sta

tes.

• Sub

stan

tial

gap

bet

wee

n ex

pect

atio

ns in

th

e So

uth

and

actu

al E

U p

olic

y ou

tput

: Th

is a

pplie

s sp

eci�

cally

to th

e ar

ea

of h

uman

righ

ts a

nd s

ocia

l jus

tice.

Whi

le E

U a

id is

see

n m

ore

posi

tivel

y th

an th

e ai

d of

oth

er a

ctor

s,

assi

stan

ce to

civ

il so

ciet

y is

not

eno

ugh

whe

n no

t bac

ked

up

by p

oliti

cal p

ress

ure.

A c

ivili

zing

rhet

oric

on

the

part

of t

he

EU w

hich

repr

esen

ts u

nive

rsal

righ

ts a

s Eu

rope

an is

reje

cted

, as

it d

enie

s lo

cal a

ctor

s th

eir a

genc

y in

�gh

ting

for t

heir

right

s.

Dom

inan

t nar

rati

ves

N-S

:

EU in

stitu

tiona

l per

spec

tive:

The

Med

iterr

anea

n is

pe

rcei

ved

as:

- a s

pace

cru

cial

for E

U

inte

rest

s- a

geo

polit

ical

ly d

iver

se s

pace

,- a

nd a

dan

gero

us s

pace

, whi

le

the

EU is

see

n as

sec

ure,

sta

ble

and

peac

eful

.

EU c

ivil

soci

ety

pers

petiv

e:

The

Med

iterr

anea

n is

per

ceiv

ed a

s a

spac

e:-in

whi

ch a

ll ty

pes

of u

nive

rsal

rig

hts

(civ

il, p

oliti

cal a

nd

soci

o-ec

onom

ic ri

ghts

; the

righ

ts

of m

igra

nts

and

refu

gees

; the

rig

hts

of c

ivili

ans

unde

r war

and

oc

cupa

tion;

and

the

right

s of

w

omen

) are

bei

ng v

iola

ted;

- t

hat i

s ec

onom

ical

ly, b

ut n

ot

geop

oliti

cally

or i

deat

iona

lly,

dom

inat

ed b

y th

e EU

; - w

here

civ

ic s

pace

is s

hrin

king

and

xe

noph

obia

, aut

horit

aria

nism

and

“wal

l po

litic

s” a

re p

reva

iling

.

EU POLICIES ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT For more information:

www.medreset.eu

TOP-DOWN APPROACHImposing policies or programmes in an unilateral manner, without considering the bene�ciaries’ opinions and needs. The EU should embrace a wider stratey, covering: - Sustainability & Climate Change - Better working conditions for agricultural workers - More attention to local production for food security - A gender perspective at the policy level (and not only through projects or speci�c programs) - New strategies to increase the EU’s visibility

MOROCCOMoroccan Green Plan

TUNISIA LEBANON

Funding Funding FundingLocal demandson prioritarian issues

remain ignored by the EU

Local demandson prioritarianissues remain ignored by the EU

EU POLICIES ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Divergence between EU’s instruments and local needs

NATIONAL STRATEGIES OF THE RECIPIENT COUNTRIESEU’s funds are increasingly transefered to the Local Governments

and then distributed to selected programs

LOCAL RECIPENTS /PRODUCERS

Clim

ate

chan

ge

Acc

ess

to la

nd a

nd p

rope

rty

Exce

ss o

f che

mic

al fe

rtili

zers

and

pes

tici

des

Dep

leit

ion

of s

oils

and

wat

er

A s

usta

inab

le a

nd e

quit

able

mod

el

Sust

aini

ng lo

cal p

rodu

ctio

n to

ens

ure

food

sec

urit

y

Tari

�s

LOCA

L D

EMA

ND

S

MAIN PROBLEMS &POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Main problems at the National level:- No attention paid to food security, inequalities and poverty in rural areas- Corruption & clientelism- Bene�ts large-scale holdings and ignores small producers

Main problems at the Grassroots level:- Lack of information on how to reach the EU funding and market- Unable to meet EU’s regulations and standards- If the aid is not balanced or well targeted, it widens unbalances and makes small-producers less competitive

Main problems at the EU Level:- Underperformance - Lack of local knowledge- Lack of monitoring/follow-up- In�exibility- Increasing securitization of EU Policies

Bett

er w

orki

ng c

ondi

tion

s

Farmers in the Mediterranean countries of the EU worry about the competition they must face in their trade in fruit, vegetables, olive oil and wine, while SEM farmers

would like to have more access to EU markets

For more information: www.medreset.eu/eu-policies-agriculture-rural-development-mena/

EU LEVELAID-FOR-TRADE PARADIGM

EU’s trade policies rely stronglyon trade liberalization of

industrial sectors excluding agriculture and services where

SEM could have advantages

LOCAL GOVERNMENTSFocused on regulation

but do not have an industrial strategy that the EU can

clearly support and engage with in terms of

priorities and realistic schedules.

North

South/South

South

INDUSTRIAL AND ENERGY DYNAMICSChallenges and opportunities for the EU and SEM countries

For more information:www.medreset.eu

The challenge of South/South trade

The regions experiments very low intraregional trade,

and remains as one of the least integrated in the world

It would be a very positive move to allocate FDI to clusters of SME that would produce synergies and industrialization hubs.

- Corruption and clientelism are stillperceived as main challenges- Under the investment current scheme, Small and Medium Enterprises are out of the equation.

1. MAJOR PERCEPTIONS ON THE ACTORS 2. MAJOR PERCEPTION ON THE INSTRUMENTS & DYNAMICS

- Top down policies, that do not bring in local actors- Not speci�cally oriented to industrial development nor job creation, but to trade- Very complicated process to apply and ful�l the administrative procedures& product standards- Small network of stakeholders, often limited to the government and public administration- Lack of coordination between international organizations or even within the EU agencies- The establishment of free trade areas accompanied by high social costs

EU remains invisible

Since most of the EU’s funding is channeled through the nationalgovernment agencies, its role as donor remains quite invisible and unknown to the private sector and the civil society.

Most of the EU’s policy instruments are not speci�cally targeted to industry development.

The main impacts are indirect,and through projects that supportinfrastructures, capacity-buildingand the bussiness climate.

ON THE EU POLICIES:

There is a lack of social assessment of EU trade and energy policies and programmes

The EU should be more committed by undertaking systematic investigations and consultations with di�erent stakeholders (not only state organizations, ministries and think tanks) but also civil society, local communities and workers.

Trade policies do not consider people’s welfare and their needs

EU trade and energy policies in the Mediterranean appear not to comply with people’s expecta-tions for better wages and creation of good quality jobs and environmental justice. There is need of a EU-wide, long-term strategic plan including both shores of the Mediterranean

The gender issue is absent in both EU trade policy and the di�erent bilateral and multilateral EU energy-related projects

This is in spite of the fact that women in Tunisia and Morocco, for example, are likely to su�er from bad working conditions in the export-oriented sector and as entrepreneurs are met with di�culties.

The EU has not foreign direct investment scheme

FDI is mainly invested bilaterally by the member States and focuses on low-labor intensive sectors, such as banking , oil and real state. Energy accounts for a peripheral part of European aid

ON THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:

Energy cooperation between the EU and the SEM countries is mainly

market-oriented and fragmented, based on a

member state basis.

There is a lack of regional integration both in trade and energy: the region

remains one of the least integrated in the world and

the national grids of the SMCs are hardly connected

RESETTING

THE M

EDITERRA

NEA

N(S)

Migration and m

obility issues: perceptions and challengesFor m

ore information:

ww

w.m

edreset.eu

In the migration policy �eld, the M

editerranean appears as a netw

ork of multiple bilateral relations

between sending, transit and receiving countries.

Each country has its own interests and speci�cities,

but as a result of our research, we have identi�ed

two m

ain approaches to migration policies in the

region: the Northern A

frica and Maghreb one, and

the Middle East one.

NO

RTHERN

AFRICA

AN

D

MA

GH

REB POLICY A

GEN

DA

Morocco and Tunisia

Di�

erentiated and comprehensive

Considers three migratory dim

ensions:- O

wn nationals’ m

igration to Europe- Sub-Saharan m

igration (not only transit)- Refugee issues

PERCEPTION

OF TH

E EU’S RO

LE:

In the countries researched, civil society organizations (CSO

s) do not perceive the M

editerranean as a single, uni�ed space encom

passing European, North African and

Middle East countries, but as a dividing space betw

een one’s country and the Southern shores of Europe.

IT IS MARE... BU

T NO

STRUM

?

HA

RDEN

ING

BORD

ERS, VISA

REQU

IREMEN

TS A

ND

READ

MISSIO

NEU

’s policy instruments are not focused on

tackling the root causes of migration, such as

socio-economic problem

s in origin and transit countries

MID

DLE EA

ST AG

END

ATurkey and Lebanon

As a result of the Syrian War,

the agenda is dominated by

refugee issues

Other dim

ensions of the m

igratory phenomenon (ow

n nationals’ em

igration, transit m

igration, labour migration to

Middle East) are relatively

deprioritized.

PERCEPTION

OF TH

E EU’S RO

LE:

The EU is shifting the responsibility

on its neighbours

- EU’s agenda alw

ays comes �rst:

keeping refugees out of Europe instead of protecting them- Lim

ited e�ectiveness and sustainability of funded projects- Insu�

cient knowledge of local

needs and political contexts/dynamics

- Lack of coordination with other

donors (governments and N

GO

s)- N

o long term/sustainable strategy

- Insu�cient m

onitoring and assessm

ent mechanism

s- U

nbalanced distribution of funds (geographic, by sectors, by bene�ciaries).

Eurocentric and security-oriented approach - Civil society actors from

North and

South Mediterranean agree that all

policy instruments adopted so far are

focused on irregular migration,

border control and e�ective returns.

- This approach is short-sighted and does not broaden regular w

ays to m

igrate to Europe.- A

fter the Arab Spring, the EU

launched a M

obility Partnership w

ith the two countries that is

perceived more positively and to

be strengthening civil society organizations in both countries.

The Project receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation

under grant agreement n 693055

The Project’s Consortium: