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Item type Presentation
Format Text-based Document
Title Influence of Early Language Exposure on Children'sCognitive and Language Development
Authors Head, Lauren M.; Darcy Mahoney, Ashley
Downloaded 5-Feb-2018 22:30:52
Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10755/602027
Influence of early language
exposure on children’s cognitive
and language development:
a review
Lauren M. Head, BSN, RN1, Ashley Darcy Mahoney, PhD, NNP-BC1, Jennifer Stapel-Wax, PsyD2,
1 Emory University School of Nursing, Atlanta, GA, USA2 Marcus Autism Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
INTRODUCTION
Early childhood
National Scientific Council for the Developing Child, 2007; National Research Council, 2000
Language learning
Dickinson & Porche, 2011; Forget-Dubois et al., 2009; Hoff, 2013; Rowe, Raudenbush, & Goldin-Meadow, 2012;
Childhood literacy in the
United States
Not Reading
Proficiently
Reading
Proficiently
National Center for Education Statistics, 2013
PURPOSE
Objective
• Investigate the effect of early language
exposure (talking, reading, or parent-child
interactions) in the first three years of life
on children’s cognitive and language
outcomes by examining available literature
METHODS
Search strategySearch terms
Infant OR baby OR toddler
Infant-directed speech OR child-directed speech OR talk* OR read* OR interact* or engagement
Parent OR caregiver
Literacy OR language acquisition OR vocabulary OR cognition OR language development OR neurodevelopmental outcomes
Databases searched
PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL
Limiters
Published between 1990-2015, English language
Identification of articles
Eligibility
RESULTS
EFFECT OF TALKING
Quantity of Words
• Improves expressive and
receptive language skills
• Correlates with language
processing
• Promotes
neurodevelopmental
outcomes in very preterm
infants
Lexical Diversity
• Predicts vocabulary
production
• May mediate the
association between
cognitive outcomes and
social risks
• Frequency of exposure to
a word predicted
knowledge of word
Word Counts
Burchinal, Vernon-Feagans, & Cox, 2008; Caskey et al., 2014; Hoff & Naigles, 2002; Hurtado, Marchman, & Fernald, 2008; Huttenlocher et al., 1991; Huttenlocher et al., 2010; Majorano, Rainieri, & Corsano, 2013; Pan et al., 2005; Rollins, 2003; Rowe, 2008, 2012; Shneidman & Goldin-Meadow, 2012; Weisleder & Fernald, 2013; Zimmerman, et al., 2009
Grammatical Complexity
• Mean length of utterance
(MLU) is associated with
verbal comprehension
and expression.
• Children who hear
sentences with a greater
MLU produce sentences
with a greater MLU.
Syntax
• Imitations, interpretations,
expansions, descriptions,
interrogatives, and
repetition of phrases are
positive predictors of
lexical development.
• Location of words in
sentences influence
language learning
Grammar and Syntax
Bornstein et al., 1998; Cruz et al., 2013; Girolametto et al., 2002; Hampson & Nelson, 1993; Hoff, 2006; Hoff & Naigles, 2002; Hoff, 2003; Levickis et al., 2014; Majorano et al., 2013; Naigles & Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998; Rowe, 2012; Szagun & Stumper, 2012
Conversational turns
• Back and forth communication
• Associated with greater expressive and receptivevocabulary skills
• Mediate the adverse effects associated with media exposure
– For every 1% increase in media, conversational turns decreased by 2.44%
Ambrose, VanDam, & Moeller, 2014; Zimmerman et al. 2009
Infant-directed speech• Melodic tone with
elongated syllables
• Facilitates syllabic discrimination
• Assists in word segmentation and recognition
• Overheard speech not related to vocabulary skills
Saint-Georges et al., 2013; Song, Demuth, & Morgan, 2010
EFFECT OF READING
Frequency of Reading• Being read to >4 days/week significantly
decreased odds of a language delay (OR: 0.16)
• Frequency of being read to accounted for 7% of
variance in 2 year old expressive vocabulary
• Greater reading frequency positively influences:
– Vocabulary
– Language
complexity
– Language
comprehension
Deckner, Adamson, & Bakeman, 2006; Karrass & Braungart-Rieker, 2005; Lyytinen, Laasko, & Poikkeus, 1998; Raikes et al., 2006; Schmitt, Simpson, & Friend, 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Tomopoulos et al., 2006
Quality of reading• Joint attention
– Affects how frequency of reading influences vocabulary development
• Extra-textual talk– Invites the child
into the story-telling and encourages verbal responses
– Associated with greater vocabulary acquisition and syntactic complexity
Cronan, Cruz, Arriaga, & Sarkin, 1996; Farrant & Zubrick, 2013; Topping et al., 2013; Tsybina & Eriks-Brophy, 2010; Westerlund & Lagerberg, 2008
EFFECT OF PARENT ENGAGEMENT
Supportiveness
• Predicts timing of language
milestones achievements
• Enhances infant’s ability to
process language
• Associated with school
readiness at age 3
• Mediates effect of family
economic resources on
language and cognitive
outcomes
Adi-Japha & Klein, 2009; Arevalo et al, 2014; Dodici, Draper, & Peterson, 2003; Dunphy-Lelii et al., 2014; Hirsh-Pasek & Burchinal, 2006; Karass & Braungart-Rieker, 2003; Lugo-Gil & Tamis-LeMonda, 2008; Magil-Evans & Harrison, 1999; Martoccio et al., 2014; Masur, Flynn, & Eichorst, 2005; Nicely et al., 1999; Poehlmann & Fiese, 2001; Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein & Baumwell, 2001; Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2004
Contingent speech
• Predicts language milestones
achievements, vocabulary production
• Advances grammar and syntax
development
• Promotes language and cognitive ability in
children with autism spectrum disorder
and who were born preterm
Goldstein & Schwade, 2008; Haebig et al., 2013; Hoff, 2006; Landry, Smith, & Swank, 2003; Majorano et al., 2013; Rollins, 2003; Taylor et al., 2008; Topping, Dekhinet, & Zeedyk, 2013; Trautman & Rollins, 2006
Joint attention• Shared focus
– Establishes references for words
• More interactions with joint attention promote:– Language processing
– Language comprehension and production
– School readiness at kindergarten
• Gestures that focus attention contribute to vocabulary development
Dodici et al., 2003; Dunphy-Lelii et al., 2014; Hoff, 2006; Martoccio et al., 2014; Rollins, 2003; Schmidt & Lawson, 2002; Smith et al., 1996
CONCLUSIONS
Early language exposure
• The acquisition, comprehension, and production
of language is advanced through early language
exposure that is characterized by:
High quantities of words
Variety of words
Grammatical complexity
Conversational turns
Varied syntaxInfant-directed
speechPositive affect
Contingent actions
Power of Interactions• Conversational turns, contingent comments, and
asking questions promote cognitive and
language development by:
– Helping to scaffold language learning
– Supporting the child’s use of their existing knowledge
– Helping the child attend to their environment
Power of Interactions• Media exposure and overheard speech do not
confer any benefits
• Language in the context of an engaged infant-
adult social relationship is necessary for the
development of language competence.
• Positive affect, emotional tone, praise, and
responsiveness enhance language and
cognitive development.
IMPLICATIONS
Implications• Findings that demonstrate early language
exposure as a mediator between child
development and social risk factors have
important implications for addressing low levels
of academic achievement.
Implications
• Parents and caregivers are powerful agents of change
• Families need to be a key target for teaching about the importance of language-rich interactions
Implications• Engaging professionals
who interact with and
educate families with
babies may prove to be
a strategy to teach
families about the
importance and skills of
early language
exposure.
Thank you!
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