Influence of Climate on Vernacular Architecture

8/18/2019 Influence of Climate on Vernacular Architecture

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INFLUENCE OFCLIMATE

ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE


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Responsiveness of VernacularArchitecture to the ClimateOne of the most sini!cant in"uences on vernacular architecture is the macro clithe area in #hich the $uil%in is constructe%& Vernacular architecture is climaticresponsive&

Climate responsive %esin is $ase% on the #a' a $uil%in form an% structure mothe climate for human oo% an% #ell $ein&

Climate responsive %esin in $uil%ins ta(es into account the follo#in climatic p#hich have %irect in"uence on in%oor thermal comfort an% ener' consumption $uil%ins)

• The air temperature

• The humi%it'

• The prevailin #in% %irection an% spee%

• The amount of solar ra%iation an% the solar path

• Lon #ave ra%iation $et#een other $uil%ins an% the surroun%in environmen

also pla's a ma*or role in $uil%in performance&


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+ ,uil%ins in col% climates invaria$l' have hih thermal mass or sini!amounts of insulation& The' are usuall' seale% in or%er to prevent hean% openins such as #in%o#s ten% to $e small or non.e/istent&

+ ,uil%ins in #arm climates- $' contrast- ten% to $e constructe% of limaterials an% to allo# sini!cant cross.ventilation throuh openins fa$ric of the $uil%in&

+ ,uil%ins for a continental climate must $e a$le to cope #ith sini!cavariations in temperature- an% ma' even $e altere% $' their occupanaccor%in to the seasons&

+ ,uil%ins ta(e %i0erent forms %epen%in on precipitation levels in thelea%in to %#ellins on stilts in man' reions #ith fre2uent "oo%in omonsoon seasons&

+ Flat roofs are rare in areas #ith hih levels of precipitation& 3imilarl'-#ith hih #in%s #ill lea% to specialise% $uil%ins a$le to cope #ith th$uil%ins #ill $e oriente% to present minimal area to the %irection ofprevailin #in%s&

3uch speciali4ations are not %esine%- $ut learn $' trial an% error overenerations of $uil%in construction- often e/istin lon $efore the scientheories #hich e/plain #h' the' #or(&


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The follo#in Locations have$een stu%ie% in the presentation)

Himachal 5ra%esh

Assam

Ma%h'a 5ra%esh

Maharashtra

6erala


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Himachal 5ra%esh+ The Tra%itional Architecture of Himachal

5ra%esh is the outcome of the prevailintoporaph'- e/tremes of the climate an%other natural forces&

+ 7urin hun%re%s of 'ears man has%evelope% some constructive techni2ues too$tain the internal comfort consi%erin thelocal climatic con%ition&

+ The character an% forms are %i0erent fromone climatic an% eoraphic 4one to other#hich can $e i%enti!e% in three separate4ones- i&e&- upto 8999 ft& :;999 ft& :


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Foot Hills or The Lo#er .Himala'an Reion

+ In the !rst climatic 4one i&e&- up to heihtof 8-999 ft& :;


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Mountains Of Me%ium Heiht@Mi% HOr The Mi%%le . Himala'an Reion

+ The climate throuhout the 'ear is mil% to chill'

in comparison to planes- i&e&- cool in summer an%rain' season #ith heav' rain fall& 7urin #interthere is al#a's sno# fall an% temperature oes%o#n $elo# 4ero&

+ The %esin of $uil%ins in this 4one is in"uence%$' the elements of sno# fall- chill' #inter an%heav' rain fall&

+ Floors are ma%e of #oo% not more than


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Hiher Mountains or the HihHimala'an Reion+ The climatic con%itions (eep on chanin

#ith the altitu%e- i&e&- from >999 ft& to ;;999ft& :


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+ The metho% of construction use% isramme% earth $loc( for #alls $eatenearth for "oorin an% "at roofconsistin earth la'er over D.? la'ersof ,itula $ar(s #hich are place% over#oo%en plan(s supporte% $' #oo%en

*oists+ There is 9&;9 m la'er of san% in

$et#een t#o la'ers of ,itula $ar(s& Toconserve ener' the heiht of roomsare con!ne% to


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6erala

+ 6erala Architecture is one of the most e/citine/amples of preservation of vernacular st'les&

+ The evolution of %omestic architecture of6erala follo#e% closel' the tren% of%evelopment in temple architecture&

+ The primitive mo%els of circular- s2uare orrectanular plain shapes #ith a ri$$e% roofevolve% from functional consi%eration&

+ The climate of 6erala reatl' in"uence% thetra%itional architecture&

+ The natural $uil%in materials availa$le forconstruction in 6erala i&e& stones- tim$er- cla'an% palm leaves have anchore% an% ui%e%the acceptance or re*ection of outsi%ein"uences


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In"uence of Climate+ 6erala has a #arm humi% climate&

+ The rainfall is ver' heav' from south #est an% north eastmonsoons

+ To (eep the rain an% sun a#a' from the #alls the roofs of

the $uil%in come %o#n ver' lo#&+ The' have veran%ah all roun% the $uil%in protectin the

e/ternal #alls from sun an% rain&

+ The #i%th of the veran%ah varies from < ft& to ;


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Roo!n 3'stem+ The ri%e% roof pitche% at anles $et#een 9%eree to

89%eree&

+ The roof #ith intricatel' carve% a$les protru%in from theroof #ith overhans supporte% $' #oo%en $rac(ets&

+ The roof is prefa$ricate% that is %i0erent mem$ers are !/e%on the roun% an% assem$le% at the top& No nails are use%&

+ The roof is (ept in position $' interloc(in #ith the hole inthe rafters&

+ alls ma%e of tim$er or earth an% roof of coconut leaves ortiles are common in man' parts of 6erala&

+ 3tructurall' the roof frame is supporte% on the pillars on#alls erecte% on a plinth raise% from the roun% forprotection aainst %ampness an% insects in the tropicalclimate& The roofs are steep an% pointe%- an% covere% #ithcopper sheets&

+ The 6erala roof resem$les those foun% in the Himala'anreions an% those in East Asia&

+ The shape of the roof is in accor%ance #ith the plan of thespace $elo#& ith a circular plan- one sees a conical roof-#hile #ith a s2uare plan the roof is p'rami%al&


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AssamIn Assam- ,ritish starte% their (in%om in ;


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Climate of Assam

+ In Assam- pleasant su$.alpine climate prevails in the

hills&Ho#ever- the plains e/perience tropical climate %urinthe rain' seasons&

+ inter starts from aroun% the en% of the month of Octo$eran% lasts till the mi% of march& The temperature %rops to aminimum of D to o Celsius- the nihts an% earl' morninsare fo'&

+ 3ummer arrives in the mi%%le of Ma' accompanie% $' hih

humi%it' an% rainfall&The temperature reaches a ma/imumof to o Celsius&

+ Ho#ever The fre2uent rains push the mercur' level%o#n&The Monsoons $lo# full $last %urin the month of Aprilan% is (no#n as ,or%oichilla


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,uil%in T'pe

+ The $uil%in is of t#o storie% house&

+ ,uil%in is s'metrical on $oth si%e&

+ ;st "oor is connecte% #ith a tim$er stair case&

+ Open spaces in front :chotal= an% $ac( si%e :$ari= ofthe house&

+ alls are of tim$er frame #or(- insi%e those panelsi(ara use% to !ll&

+ These i(aras are cut in si4e of the panel an% lai%verticall'&

+ The hori4ontal mem$ers usuall' $am$oo&

+ After puttin the i(ara it is left to %r' for fe# %a's&

+ Then it is plastere% in $oth si%e #ith mu% mortar&

+ la'ers of plaster are %one alternativel' after %'inof each coat&

+ Finishe% coat is of li2ui% mi/ of mu% an% co# %un&

The plinth is ma%e of

From !nishe% "oor level

thic( $ric( #alls up to a


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Roof

+ Roof la'out is ver' critical&

+ It is in various level an% multi.cornere%&

+ ,ut the anle of inclination is same&

+ Roof is of corruate% iron sheet&

+ 3heets are !/e% in tim$er purlin $' nail&

+ Ru$$er #asher is use% to protect the rain %roppenetration throuh the si%e of the nail&

Ceiling

+ Ma%e of #oo%en $eams&

+ oo%en mem$ers are stic( ver' close to each other&

+ 3upporte% $' vertical #oo%en @steel column&

+ A full' #oo%en structure&

Flooring

+ Flooring is of cement flooring.+ Accommodation of dust coming from the street in all rooms in

the front side

SPECIAL FEATURES


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SPECIAL FEATURES

Front facade

As the site is compact #ith so man' houses- so as to provi%e $etter

ventilation- front faJa%e is ver' important&

+ Contains lare no of openins&

+ 3he%s are provi%e%- restrict rain fall&

+ Arrane in %i0erent level&+ ,etter ventilation in front rooms&

+ 3ill level of the #in%o# is a$out D9 cm onl'

+ Roof is of slopin from to provi%e she% %urn rain

High plinth leel

5linth is of a$out D9.?9 cm&

+ To provi%e foun%ation&

+ Re%uce %ust an% smo(e of roa%s to enter insi%e the house&

+ To provi%e $etter air circulation for liht insi%e&

Entrance

+ T#o entrances&

+ 7irectl' open to the street&

+ I%eall' $uilt accor%in to their nee%s&

+;9 mts of open space infront of the house&


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Kon%ia- Maharashtra+ Kon%ia %istrict :almost on Maharashtra an%

M5 $or%er= is locate% near Napur in

Mahrashtra&

+ The tra%itional %#ellins situate% there- aret'pical for that reion&

+ The houses varie% from small sinle storie%mu% structures to three or even more- insimilar pattern&

+ This is a stu%' of a three storie% haveli$elonin to a 4amin%ar&

+ 3paces are arrane% a$out a central space#hich is the main $e%room&

+ The plan is a rouh ?/? ri%&

+ The #all thic(nesses var' from ;m an%%o#n#ar%s&


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+ The $uil%in seems to $e $uilt (eepinin min% all the seasons&

+ Thouh it is $est suite% for summers&

+ The upper "oors act as false ceilin&

+ The si%e passae rooms act as #in%

channels&+ A$sence of openins re%uces the heat

e/chane to the minimum&

+ The roof e/ten%s almost a meter$e'on% the #alls- pro$a$l' to protectthe heav' rain#ater from soa(in the#alls&

+ As #ell as to provi%e sha%e from thesun an% prevent heatin up of the$uil%in&

+ Front court'ar% faces the north-preventin %irect solar ra's on the mostuse% part&

+ The rear veran%ah can $e use% muchmore in #inter %ue to suns southern

inclination&


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3peci!c Features 6eepin In Min% TheClimatic Con%itionsTo resist heat gain

+ Increase of thermal resistance an% capacit' $' ma/imi4in the$uil%in %epth&:The thic( #alls increase the time la=

+ Increase of $u0er spaces+ :Lo# utilit' areas li(e veran%ahs- court'ar%s- storaes-

etc&=Lo# utilit' upper "oors act as false ceilins&

+ Liht colourin to minimi4e heat a$sorption $' the #alls&

+ 5romote heat loss

+ Veetation outsi%e to %ecrease lare

Others

+ Overhanin roof to the north an% south to provi%e protection

from sun an% rain an% lare from the $riht overcast s('

+ 5lantin an% la'out provi%e protection from hot %r' an% col%#in%s

+ alls to provi%e some sha%e to e/ternal spaces

+ Main ha$ita$le rooms facin north an% south

+ Main openins to the north an% south

+ 7#ellins facin onto fairl' enerousl' proportionalcourt'ar%s


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Ma%h'a 5ra%esh+ The climate of central In%ia is tropical&

Ho#ever for thermal comfort- climatean% microclimate pla's a sini!cant role&

+ T'picall' thermal comfort re2uires lo#solar ain- ventilation an% a%e2uatenatural liht in %a' time&

+ 7urin the niht time in #inters the heatain insi%e the house nee%s to $e

retaine%& In monsoon protection for%#ellers as #ell as the cattle is re2uire%&

+ The ha$itats on plains have mo%erateclimate as compare% to the hill' reions&In hill' reions the %a's are #armer an%the nihts are cooler&

M % l ;


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Mo%el ; This is essentiall' the house of farmer an% not the house of tri$es- #ho inhi$itsthem& It is the richest in terms of si4e- hierarch' of spaces an% use of material&

This house has an enclosure for protection& It has a formal open court'ar% use% forsocial activities- semi enclose% private space #hich is use% for uests- a covere%livin space #hich is sometimes t#o storie% an% coo(in space #ith rearcourt'ar%&

The roof t'pe is lean to for semi open space an% %ou$le lean to for covere% an%private spaces&

The #alls are D9 to >9 cm thic( mu% #alls& The roo!n is %one #ith earthen tilessupporte% $' tim$er frame#or(& For supportin roof of semi open spaces tim$ercolumns are use%& The openins have %oor panels onl' on the e/ternal #alls& Forventilation small vents are provi%e% on the e/ternal #alls&

Mo%el <

The secon% t'pe of house Mo%el.II is foun% in linear pattern an% follo#s thehierarch' of semi open- covere% an% semi open spaces& In this case the house iselonate% alon the ma*or a/is an% there are no openins on si%e #alls& ,am$oo$as(ets or the rain storae ma%e up of mu% are use% for creatin partitions inlivin spaces& The house is of mu% #alls #ith pitche% roof #ith earthen tiles- ree%sare use% for partitions& For cattle a temporar' structure is erecte% either in front ofthe house or alon the si%e #alls&

+ The ha$itats on plains have mo%erate climate as compare% to the


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+ The ha$itats on plains have mo%erate climate as compare% to thehill' reions&

+ The houses on plains sho#n in Mo%el I an% II follo# hierarch' ofopen- semi open an% covere% spaces& This helps in re%ucin thesolar ain- in covere% areas& The semi open spaces lo#er %o#nsthe temperature of air $efore it enters into covere% spaces&

+ The pitch roof of covere% space allo#s hot air to escape from the

perforation an% *oint of the roofs an% creates air %raft& The thermalain in the covere% space is retaine% %urin #inters& Theinha$itants prefer to sleep in open court'ar% in summers- in semiopen areas %urin monsoon an% particularl' #hen the humi%it' ishih an% in covere% spaces in #inter&

+ The open court'ar%- lo# heiht semi open spaces an% covere%spaces #ith pitche% roof mo%ulates the air movement& Theelonate% house plans #ith minimum internal partitions orpartitions create% $' storae $ins- allo#s an eas' passae for crossventilation&

+ The multilevele% "oor an% the strateic staerin openins help inenhancin the air velocit'

+ The pro*ecte% eaves- semi covere% spaces aroun% the main livinarea an% the cattle she%s a%*oinin the houses re%uces thee/posure of sun on #alls an% also protect the mu% #alls from rains&

+ The ventilators- circular in shape- #hich are a$ove the lintel level

allo#s %i0use% sunliht an% maintains privac' of inha$itants&


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ou

Influence of Climate on Vernacular Architecture

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