Influence of Biochar and Earthworms on Mycorrhizal Colonization and Plant Growth
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Transcript of Influence of Biochar and Earthworms on Mycorrhizal Colonization and Plant Growth
![Page 1: Influence of Biochar and Earthworms on Mycorrhizal Colonization and Plant Growth](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051820/553ddc5355034684398b4824/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Influence of Biochar and Earthwormson Mycorrhizal Colonization, Plant
Growth, and Fusarium Crown and RootRot of Asparagus
W. H. Elmer,The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment StationP. O. Box 1106,
New Haven, 06504
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Replanting asparagus usually fails
No VAM
VAM
Fusarium crownand root rot
Allelopathy fromrotting residues inhibits
young plants
Low soil levels ofbeneficial microbeslike vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM)
F. oxysporum
F. proliferatum
VAM
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Two new strategies to reduced the replantproblem
• Earthworms Canadian NightCrawlers (Lumbricus terrestris)
• Biochar = form of activatedcarbon
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Earthworms
• Increase aeration, flocculation, water-holding capacity, and fertility of soil.
• Suppress soilborne diseases.
• ProblemsEarthworm densities in asparagus soils are
typically low due, in part, to toxic rootresidues, chemical inputs, and low foodsubstrates.
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1 day later
Earthworms Feeding Studies
25 Earthworms
Ground alfalfasprinkled on top
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AR
AR A
G A
ARM G A
AR MG A AR MG A
ARM G A
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Day 4 Day 5 Day 6
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
M = Sterile millet, AR = Asparagus Roots, G = Grape leaves, A = alfalfa
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Biochar
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Objectives
To examine whether or not earthworms andbiochar applied alone or in combination could:
• Improve growth• Improve growth
• Suppress Fusarium crown and root rot
• Increase VAM colonization of roots
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Control
Control Earthworms
Effect of earthworms (4 adult/pot)
EarthwormsControl
Control Earthworms
Burrows
Actinomycetes
Earthworms
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Root weightRoot weight
(g)(g)
% Roots% Rootslesionslesions
Fluor. Pseud.Fluor. Pseud.
(Log cfu/g soil)(Log cfu/g soil)
Effect of earthworms on asparagus rootweight, crown rot, and fluorescentpseudomonads
(g)(g) (Log cfu/g soil)(Log cfu/g soil)
CKCK 2828 1414 5.125.12
EWEW 44*44* 7*7* 6.18*6.18*
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Effect of biochar
Three rates, none, low, or high (0, 1.6 % or 3.2 %w/w.
Three rates of allelochemicals none, low, or high (0,Three rates of allelochemicals none, low, or high (0,5.0 or 50.0 µg/ml)
In autoclaved and naturally infested soil.Equal 3 x 3 x 2 = 18 treatments, 12 reps.
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Dis
ease
rati
ngs
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Untreated
Allelochemicals (5.0 µg/ml, 50 ml)
Allelochemicals (50.0 µg/ml. 50 ml)
Ro
ot
wei
gh
t(g
)Autoclaved soil
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Untreated
Allelochemicals (5.0 µg/ml, 50 ml)
Allelochemicals (50.0 µg/ml. 50 ml)
Root weights (g) Disease severity
Biochar (% w/w)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Ro
ot
wei
gh
t(g
)
5
6
7
8
9
10
Biochar (% w/w)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Co
lon
ies
Fu
sari
um
spp
./cm
roo
t
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5Fusarium-Infested soil
Biochar rate Biochar rate
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Biochar protects asparagus from allelochemicalsand from Fusarium crown rot.
Control Allelochemicals Allelochemicalsplus biochar
Allelochemicals Allelochemicalsplus Biochar
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20
30
40% VAM root colonization
Effect of biochar on VAM
Control
0
10
20
Biochar % w/w
0 1.6 3.2
VAM
Allelochemicalsadded
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Effect of earthworms and biochar onroot disease ratings
20
25
30
Infested soil
CK EW BC EW&BC CK EW BC EW&BC
0
5
10
15
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Field Studiesin progress
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Summary• Earthworms have a positive effect on
root health of asparagus byincreasing beneficial microbes.
•Biochar negates the deleteriouseffects of allelochemicals and mayindirectly promote root health byincreasing VAM fungi.
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Challenges
• Combining earthworms and biocharpresents many obstacles.
• Technological advances are needed toincrease the availability of earthworms.
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New Technology
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Challenges
• Biochar production needs to increase tomake it affordable.
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Joe Pignatello CAESDr. Clive Edwards Ohio State UniversityMr. Peter Thiel CAESMr. Peter Thiel CAESMs. Caitlin Steckler CAESMs. Christina Connelly CAES