Barnaby Young Infectious Diseases registrar Communicable Diseases Centre,
Infectious Diseases (Communicable diseases). Start with an activity What does infectious mean? How...
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Transcript of Infectious Diseases (Communicable diseases). Start with an activity What does infectious mean? How...
Infectious Diseases(Communicable diseases)
Start with an activity
• What does infectious mean?• How many infectious diseases in children can
you list?• How are they transmitted (passed on)?• Are the diseases you have named preventable
through vaccination?
Worldwide causes of death in children under 5 years old (WHO, 2011)
Today’s focus....• Meningitis• Pneumococcal disease
• Measles• Mumps• Rubella
• Impetigo• Varicella
Remember...
• Meningitis is like a symptom caused by a pathogen (virus or bacteria)
• Any vaccines developed have to be aimed at the pathogen
• There is not one vaccine which protects against all causes of meningitis
3 main causes of meningitis in children (historically)
• Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal)• Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)• Streptococcus pneunomaie (pneumococcal)
Presentation• Headache• Fever • Cold hands and feet• Stiff neck• Photophobia• Lethargy• Drowsiness• Loss of consciousness• Shock – tachycardia, tachyapnoea• Purpuric /petechial rash (meningococcal disease only)
These are not in any particular order and you must remember that the age of the child will impact on the assessment
Meningococcal disease (HPA,2012)
• Caused by infection with Bacteria Neisseria meningitidis
• Gram negative diplococci, divided into 13 serogroups• -Groups B and C are most common in the UK• -Less common serogroups include A, Y, W135, and Z• Healthy individuals carry the bacteria in their nose and
throat without symptoms• Transmission occurs through frequent and prolonged
contact with respiratory secretions of a carrier from coughing, sneezing, kissing
• Most common presentation of meningococcal disease is meningitis and septicaemia
• Disease onset is sudden• 1 in 8 people who recover are left with long
term complications• Case fatality rate is high but varies with age,
serogroup, clinical presentation and prompt treatment
Meningococcal septicaemia
Impact of the introduction of Meningitis C vaccination (DH, 2010)
Prognosis & Complications
• 10% mortality in UK• Higher in cases with septicaemia• 25% of survivors experience reduced QOL• 10-20% permanent sequelae• Common are skin scars, hearing loss, limb
amputations, seizures and brain damage
Pneumococcal disease (HPA)• Caused by infection with bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae• This bacterium (also called the pneumococcus) is responsible for causing
pneumococcal disease• The bacteria are carried in the nose and throat• Transmitted through infected droplets through coughing, sneezing & close
contact• Asymptomatic carriage possible• Whether infection develops or not depends on immune system and on
virulence of serotype acquired• Over 90 serotypes identified (based on differences in polysaccharides in
outer coating)• Not all 90 serotypes cause disease – about 80% invasive infections in UK
children caused by just 8-10 of these types
Invasive PneumococcalDisease (bacteramia)
Soft Tissue Infection (rare)
Arthritis (rare)
Sinusitis (common)
Otitis Media
Pneumonia
Peritonitis (rare)
Spectrum of pneumococcal infection
Meningitis
Pneumococcal meningitis incidence rate per 100,000 population by age group, England and Wales, 1996-2005 (HPA)
Management
• Antibiotics – type depends on pathogen• Commonly cephalosporin group (e.g.
cefotaxime, ceftriaxone)• Treatment of symptoms• Anti-pyretics• Analgesia
Measles, mumps and rubella
• All are viral infections
• All spread by airborne or droplet transmission
• Varying incubation periods
• Immunisation using MMR vaccine
Measles
• Extremely contagious viral illness caused by Morbillivirus
• Most common in 1-4 year olds• Spread by contact with nose and throat
secretions and in airborne droplets released when an infected person sneezes or coughs
• Transmission period is from beginning of first symptoms to 4 days after appearance of the rash
• Incubation period ranges from 7 to 18 days
Symptoms
• Early symptoms include:- runny nose - cough - red and watery eyes
and - small white spots inside
the cheeks (Koplik’s spots)
More symptoms• Followed by:• - A slightly
raised rash develops, spreading from the face and upper neck to the body and then to the hands and feet over a period of three days
• - Rash lasts 5-6 days• - Loss of appetite and
loose stools
Measles
Complications• Common complications• Otitis media• Pneumonia• Diarrhoea• Convulsions
• In 2008, nobody died from measles in the UK• In India there were over 81,000 deaths in
children under 5 years (Black et al. 2010)
• Rare complications• Encephalitis• SSPE• Death
Mumps• Acute viral illness caused
by paramyxovirus• Transmitted through the
air when infected person coughs or sneezes
• Incubation period 14-25 days
• Transmissible for several days before the parotid swelling to several days after it appears
Symptoms• Headache and fever • Parotid swelling which
may be unilateral or bilateral
• Photophobia, neck stiffness (meningism) can develop
• At least 30% of cases in children have no symptoms
• Most severe in adults
Rubella – German measles• Caused by Toga virus• Transmitted through direct
or droplet contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
• Incubation period is 14 – 21 days
• Infectivity period from 1 week before until 5-7 days after the onset of rash
• The peak incidence of infection is late winter and early spring
• Often a mild illness• May begin with swollen
lymph glands, low grade fever, malaise & conjunctivitis
• Maculo-papular discreet rash develops on face, neck and body
• Swollen joints and joint pain common in adults
Congenial rubella syndrome
• Risk for unprotected pregnant women• Risk of foetal damage is estimated at:• - 90% in first 10 weeks• - 10-20% by 16 weeks• - Rare after 20 weeks• Defects include cardiac, auditory, ophthalmic,
neurological problems
How do we treat these infections?
• There are no treatments for these infections• The symptoms are treated• Prevention is immunisation
• Remember: Measles is a major cause of child death in developing countries
What are these?
Impetigo
• Highly contagious• Bacterial • localised• Caused by staphlococcal
or streptococcal skin infection
• Nasal carriage important• Local and/or systemic
antibiotic treatment
Varicella – chicken pox
• Caused by the varicella zoster virus
• Vesicles are infectious until they are ‘dry’
• Infectious prior to vesicles appearing
• Contact or droplet spread (virus in nasopharynx)
• Danger in pregnancy• So common in
childhood that 90% of adults are immune
• Vaccine available• Can be complications
especially in adults• The shingles connection
• There are many infectious diseases some more or less common in children
• We will come across more tomorrow when we look at vaccination
• There are global variations• Nursing care means considering transmission to
others• Some children may be more susceptible to
infections
References/further reading
• Department of Health (2006) Immunisation against Infectious disease. London:TSO
• Health Protection Agency website http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPAwebHome/
• Lissauer, T. & Clayden, G. (2012) Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics 4th ed. Oxford:Elsevier